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Briant, Emma L. (2011) 'Special Relationships'

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Briant, Emma L. (2011) 'Special Relationships' Briant, Emma L. (2011) ‘Special relationships’ - the negotiation of an Anglo-American propaganda ‘War on Terror’. PhD thesis http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2840/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] ‘Special Relationships’ The Negotiation of an Anglo-American Propaganda ‘War on Terror’ Emma Louise Briant B.A. M.Res. M.Sc. Dip. LCW (Open). Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Applied Social Sciences University of Glasgow April 2011 Abstract This doctoral thesis will examine how relations between the United States and Britain, and internal dynamics within each country, affected the nature and development of the two countries’ information strategies in a shared theatre of war. It examines the two governments’ distinct organisational cultures and bureaucratic structures in explaining the shape this took. Going beyond the policy level it considers how cultures and power relationships contributed to propaganda war planning. The research emphasises important changes in policy development and circumstance which, it is argued, despite the obvious power imbalance, situated Britain in a key position in the Anglo-American propaganda effort. The analysis draws on empirical research conducted in both countries. This fieldwork involved elite interviews focussing on the period of the ‘War on Terror’, including policymakers, key bureaucrats, intelligence personnel, contractors and military planners in both Britain and America. 2 Contents Abstract................................................................................................................2 List of Figures .......................................................................................................6 Acknowledgements................................................................................................7 Author’s Declaration .............................................................................................8 Acronyms..............................................................................................................9 Introduction & Theoretical Debates .....................................................................11 Research Questions.......................................................................................... 15 Asymmetrical Nature of the ‘Special Relationship’............................................15 Toward a Theory of Propaganda .......................................................................19 Propaganda Theory: Origins ..........................................................................19 Mid 20th Century to Contemporary Theory: Morality and Democratic Propaganda ...................................................................................................................20 Censorship ...................................................................................................25 Questions of Ethics and Power..........................................................................27 Williams: Culture and Power.........................................................................30 Williams: Communication & Paternalism ....................................................... 30 Williams: Representation & Debate............................................................... 33 Williams: Individualism & ‘Service’ ............................................................... 34 Williams: Gramsci, Agency and Social Structure.............................................36 Security, Propaganda and ‘Counter-terrorism’ ..................................................39 Operational Considerations and their Analytical Implications ......................... 45 Figure 1: Table Showing Levels of PSYOPS - Adapted from US Joint Doctrine for Psychological Operations 2003 (Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2003: ix, x & I-4) ..47 Defining Propaganda ........................................................................................ 47 Categories of Propaganda .............................................................................49 Breakdown by Chapter.....................................................................................51 Design & Methodology ......................................................................................... 53 Assumptions & ‘Objectivity’ of the Research ....................................................53 Scope of the Research...................................................................................... 54 Methodology and Approach ..............................................................................56 Detailed Documentary Analysis .....................................................................56 Primary Method: Elite Interviews ..................................................................57 Figure 2: Table Showing Range of Expertise of Participants ........................ 57 Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviews ........................................................ 58 Email Correspondence ..................................................................................61 Fieldwork Planning and Process........................................................................62 Sampling & Access........................................................................................ 62 Unstructured Nature of the Interviews .......................................................... 67 Analysis of the Data ......................................................................................... 69 Chapter 3: Britain and America: The Rise of a Cross-Government Approach in the Formal Domestic Propaganda Apparatus............................................................... 74 Introduction ....................................................................................................74 Traversing “Boundaries” in Propaganda ............................................................ 75 Traditional Boundaries, Cognitive Separation and ‘Ethical Propaganda’ ..........75 3 The Global Challenge to Boundaries in Propaganda........................................77 The Functional Integration of Propaganda 1: ‘Purity’ vs ‘Consistency’ of Message ....................................................................................................................... 81 The Functional Integration of Propaganda 2: Effects-based Approaches .............87 The Functional Integration of Propaganda 3: Intelligence, Rumsfeld and ‘Covert Action’............................................................................................................90 More than HUMINT: Covert Action and Propaganda ........................................90 Rumsfeld: Co-opting ‘Covert Action’ ............................................................. 94 The Functional Integration of Propaganda 4: Involving Private Contractors ........99 The Functional Integration of Propaganda 5: Involving Academia..................... 115 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 118 Chapter 4: Formal Cross-Government (Mis-) Coordination ................................... 121 Introduction .................................................................................................. 121 Formal Attempts to Coordinate Cross-Government Propaganda ....................... 121 The Failure of Formal Coordination: ‘Stovepipes’ and Institutional Cultures..... 127 American ‘Stovepipes’: Coordinating Rumsfeld’s Pentagon .......................... 129 American ‘Stovepipes’: The CIA and The Pentagon ...................................... 133 British ‘Stovepipes’? ................................................................................... 137 2005 Onwards: Strategic Communications and SMART Approaches ................ 139 Conclusion..................................................................................................... 145 Chapter 5: Culture & the Role of Informal Structures for Britain and America ..... 147 Introduction .................................................................................................. 147 Institutional Culture & the Navigation of Formal Barriers ................................ 147 ‘Service’ Motives, Propaganda and the ‘Real’ World: the Rise of Initiative ... 149 Initiative & Informal Relationships .............................................................. 150 Momentum, Suppression and Dissent ........................................................... 160 Public Service and Dissent .......................................................................... 166 Democratic Propaganda ‘Service’................................................................ 173 ‘The Real World’ ........................................................................................ 178 Conclusion....................................................................................................
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