Issue 07, August 2018

Inside this issue Derby WW1 pubs 08 and breweries The roads 21 of Wakerley The Napoleonic 26 Wars at home

PLUS Nottingham’s great gunpowder explosion of September 1818 • The National Leather Collection and much more 1 HIDDEN VOICES WELCOME AND CONTENTS 3

17 27

11 History and study starting with flexible qualifications Postgraduate 2018 September a historical pursue wish to if you is ideal This course MA History: PhD study. further for or as preparation degree beyond your interest Early Modern and Crusaders; included Crusades have Case studies Genocide, Memory, and Lynching; Race Slavery, and Cultures; Religions Turn'. Holocaust; Social History and ‘The Spatial This interdisciplinary Development: MA Museum and Heritage of museums and heritage interrogation academic combines course practice- with creative, and experiences organisations as ideas, development. in their ongoing It is delivered to approaches based with Museum Development Nottingham East Midlands, collaboration Regiment, Mercian City Museums and Galleries, Museum of the Langham. and Barker Museum the National Justice research advanced and Genocide: Pursue Holocaust research) MA (by the unique will have and Genocide. You in the field of Holocaust with the National Holocaust in research collaborate to opportunity and national within regional and be active and Museum, Centre memoryHolocaust networks. event at an open Book a place www.ntu.ac.uk/hum Heritage at NTU Heritage 25 or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit 6

So write So for us news of your details us have Let and events. community’s about your stories your take We’ll also We’d audience. regional a larger history to broader articles about our region’s welcome 1500- normally between past. Articles are for a look out, long. Keep too, 2000 words that will help illustrate images matching the number of pixels, (the higher work your the image). make can we the larger at us via our website Contact www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected]

of Ralph Lord Cromwell of Wakerley The roads Defences in Firm – Civil Stand II War During World Newark at home The Napoleonic Wars history Writing Leather Collection Derby pubs and breweries War during the Great Great Nottingham’s Gunpowder Explosion 1818 of September or not: volunteer To explaining Leicestershire’s crisis,recruitment 1914-1915 Hall Wollaton The newly built personality Voices from the archives: the from Voices Hall The Ladies of Ogston The National Contents 21 17 18 24 26 29 04 07 08 11 14

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www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit Assistant editors Editor East Midlands History and Heritage Katie Bridger, Dr Helen Drew, Hannah Nicholson Dr Nick Hayes forward to hearing from from hearing to forward help in can If we you. us on contact any way .com emhist@virginmedia on your research, will be research, on your published in our January are 2019 edition. There also some tips on writing at the the magazine for of this issue. back we’d like to help mark to like we’d War the end of the Great and co-ordinating by publishing a series of the across from stories looking at the region during consequences, War that the and after, communities. had on local

to East Midlands to History and Heritage. in the noted As we last issue, the month 1918 of November is embedded with and local great national meaning. Welcome WELCOME AND CONTENTS AND WELCOME 2 HIDDEN VOICES VOICES FROM THE ARCHIVES: THE LADIES OF OGSTON HALL 5

It was not until November 1832 that Little Maria not until November It was were Derbyshire landed gentry; proprietors of an landed gentry; proprietors Derbyshire were The TurbuttThe were family Derbyshire gentry;landed of proprietors of an estate 3,000 2,000 to situated acres in the Parish of Ashover, generating of revenue some £4,000 p.a. estate of 2,000 to 3,000 acres situated in the Parish in the Parish situated 3,000 acres of 2,000 to estate of some £4,000 revenue generating of Ashover, style of Turbutt a life the ladies This afforded p.a. neither so although they were and leisure, comfort as the Cavendish be in the same ranks as to wealthy they among nor were acres, 60,000 with over family, such as the families, Derbyshire notable the more Hall. of Kedleston Curzons appeared first eleven years, (1821-1877), aged family; of the Turbutt in the epistolary network Turbutt Lucy that her sister, in a letter it was at Cheltenham (1817-1838), sent while staying her to with her Mama and Papa, in the Crescent Anne (1816-1835), and Helen sisters, other two School for at Miss Fellowes (1819-1839), away of Knightsbridge. Ladies in the heart Young and Helen that “Mamma wishes you wrote Lucy go and see Maria soon to leave [ask] Miss Fellowes her little [sic] accomplishments how see and to

1819 or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit However, the lived experience that was that was experience the lived However, protect the outsider. Although adult admissions to Although adult admissions to the outsider. protect by domestic occasioned often lunatic asylums were idiot child suicide attempts, or botched violence of been the choice have to admissions seem largely indicate Census returns or guardians. the parents role of the| fulfilled the frequently that domestic staff carer or attendant of the disabled minor or mentally or attendant carer deficient adult (Wright, 1998). This might suggest one more Maria at home was keep that the decision to concern. or familial than of maternal of convention the challenges letters in the family recounted ill of incarceration, image historical traditional This Victorian abandonment. and treatment of fear for Maria away did not hide Little family a story of familial was social stigma; indeed, hers in Gladwyn just once inclusion. Little Maria figures . Maria was Estate of the Ogston History Turbutt’s Stubbing child of Anne Gladwin of the fourth JP andCourt, and William Turbutt, Wingerworth, family Hall. The Turbutt of Ogston Barrister-at-Law, century, Little Maria, century, th The Report of the Metropolitan of the Metropolitan The Report Prior to . ANNE TURBUTT c MOTHER IN THE ARMS OF HER HELEN TURBUTT considered to be an imbecile, remained living with be an imbecile, remained to considered that some Victorian It is suggested her family. patients private had a policyinstitutions whereby thought a threat, only if they were admitted were and as such, cope, unable to was or the family of less a place be considered could the institution to a place more and rather the incarcerated for care in 1844, Little Maria in Lunacy Commissioners as one of the been labelled have would Turbutt less able, at a time when little or no distinction 1845 By lunacy and imbecility. made between was was that there the idea Act supported the Lunatics insane and idiot, or imbecile, a distinction between be lax. to diagnosis continued although medical 1850s the later Melling and Forsythe, to According lack of intellectual saw idiocy described as a complete birth, whilst imbecility from often faculties reason. to capacity having a low to equated those the insane and for Although institutions the on ability had been steadily with little mental the mid-19 from increase

century, century, BY DR ALI FLINT BY th

century saw the rise of century th most famous and probably first While England’s the small or private madhouse, catering more for the for more madhouse, catering the small or private establishments larger classes, whereas wealthier patients, and private might house both pauper in segregated being rigorously with the residents landscape The with the rules of social order. keeping of a greater with the coming gradually changed illness, and with it came of mental understanding the period of public asylum building. The 1850s that on the exterior saw purpose-built structures house but, country on the inside, a large resembled the Before people. of group different a rather housed County Asylum, building in 1849 of the Derbyshire be can which admission records (for Mickleover and later Office), Records in the Derbyshire found Asylum that opened in 1888, Borough the Derby labelled mentally who were of Derbyshire residents the Nottingham to either taken deficient were the to admitted Asylum, or occasionally Borough Hill House, County Asylum or Green Staffordshire the sick and/or for this, provision Before Derby. Poorhouse. ill had been the Ashover mentally When this closed in 1838, the Chesterfield to those considered for care Workhouse provided 1839 did as from be lunatics in Derbyshire, Derby. Road, the Workhouse on Osmaston mental institution, the Bethlehem Hospital or Hospital the Bethlehem institution, mental in the 13 established was ‘Bedlam’, the mentally and support for provision generally of hospitals a network from ill and the sick came it centred establishments; religious to attached housing, visiting, and burial, clothing, on feeding, help them on their journey to prayers not forgetting those with physical However, purgatory. through the blind, and the the deaf, disabilities, commonly within the out their lives lived crippled, generally The 18 community.

OGSTON HALL OGSTON Ladies

These words from February 1839 form the postscript the February 1839 form from These words able to express her sentiments.” express able to with us in best love was she was love with us in best Maria is quite well she w’d unite w’d unite well she Maria is quite

The

Voices from the archives: the from Voices of Ogston Hall of Ogston

family from the nineteenth century. the nineteenth from family letters of three generations of siblings of the Turbutt of siblings of the Turbutt generations of three letters Turbutt, labelled an imbecile from birth, through the birth, through labelled an imbecile from Turbutt, A letter recounts the untold story of Little Maria the untold recounts A letter of letter written by a Victorian mother to her son. mother to a Victorian by written of letter

www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit “ VOICES FROM THE ARCHIVES: THE LADIES OF OGSTON HALL OGSTON OF LADIES THE ARCHIVES: THE FROM VOICES 4 HIDDEN VOICES THE NATIONAL LEATHER COLLECTION 7 BY MATTHEW MCCORMACK MATTHEW BY (London, 1946). Art and Industry (London, in Life, Leather , , ‘Boots, material culture and Georgian masculinities’, masculinities’, and Georgian culture , ‘Boots, material

The acquisition began in the 1940s. The National Leathergoods and and Leathergoods in the 1940s. The National began The acquisition In the 1970s existence. has had a peripatetic then, the collection Since The presence of human remains in the collection reminds us that leather us that leather reminds in the collection of human remains The presence As well as housing 5000 leather artefacts, leather artefacts, As well as housing 5000 3000 books about the collection also holds leather and its history. Further reading: Matthew McCormack 42:4 (2017). John Waterer Social History University of Northampton Matthew McCormack is skin. It is a living material, which in most cases is rendered useful through through useful is rendered which in most cases is skin. It is a living material, has many useful skin, leather Like it putrescing. stop to of tanning the process the Before resistance. and water toughness flexibility, including properties these characteristics article that required any material of plastics, manufacture is objects in the collection of it. from made be variety sheer The typically would the objects are There of this material. the utility and adaptability to testament which one should (for belts and shoes might expect,that you such as bags, are museum). But there in the town’s also visit the national shoe collection protective saddlery, seats, documents, car vellum of wallpaper, also examples name but a few. bound books, to hoses and leather fire gloves, clothing, boxing and a boat. sedan chair include an eighteenth-century items Larger highlight the many to a collection create to resolved Saddlery Manufacturers of the industry value the showcase and to the ages, through uses of leather and John Waterer assembled by was The collection their contemporaries. to designer and a leading leather a well-known was Waterer Claude Spiers. item The first on which he published widely. authority on the history of leather, on which Waterer drinking vessel a black jack, was a type of leather acquired specialist. that The inventory a particular book that lists all the items became at be consulted can including their notes, and Spiers, Waterer by acquired were the museum. but when Street, based on Bridge was and 80s, the Museum of Leathercraft Abington Abbey and then to Delapre to moved that closed the collection it finally for decades, public view being hidden from Museum. After Park shopping centre. Grosvenor Northampton’s in a new home above reopened also holds 3000 the collection artefacts, as housing 5000 leather As well of the study for site a key It is therefore and its history. books about leather centre. a study includes plans for of the venue and the refurbishment leather should of the region in the history and heritage who is interested Anyone that has been find out about a unique material a visit, to pay in order therefore and indeed of mankind in general. the story of Northampton, to so central Visit www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit Northamptonshire has a strong connection connection has a strong Northamptonshire is the home of the National Leather fitting that Northampton It is therefore MINIATURE GLOBE IN RED LEATHER CASE IN RED LEATHER GLOBE MINIATURE COLLECTION) LEATHER OF THE NATIONAL (COURTESY The National The Collection Leather with the history of leather. Historically, Historically, with the history of leather. leather of England’s it has been the centre of various a consequence and shoe trades, the London to its proximity including factors and of pasture and the abundance market, as acorns. such tanning for required materials Northampton During the industrial revolution, with boot and shoe synonymous became is still and high-end footwear manufacturing, this day. to Northampton made in and around Collection. Last autumn, it opened its new museum in the centre of the town. opened its new it museum in the centre Collection. Last autumn, the man to early from history the world of leather tell This museum seeks to include a Neolithic in the collection artefacts present. Some of the earliest man from Age Man, an Iron of Tollund loincloth and a piece a Theban bowl, bog. unwittingly mummified in a peat whose body was Scandinavia

, To the Ladies of Ogston Hall: the Epistolary Hall: the Epistolary of Ogston the Ladies , To (Ogston Estates, 1975). David Wright Estates, (Ogston of Ogston , A History

By October 1840 the family, that is Little Maria and her mother, were once once were and her mother, that is Little Maria 1840 the family, October By a life to her disabled daughter did not condemn That Anne Turbutt of their other with the education positively had engaged parents Maria’s ‘Family Strategies and the Institutional Confinement of “Idiot” Children in Confinement of “Idiot” Children and the Institutional Strategies ‘Family 190-208. 23 (1998), pp. Vol. History England’ in Journal of Family Victorian Mental Illness and Learning Illness and Learning Dale & Joseph Melling, Mental Further Reading: Pamela Kingdom in the United disorder mental for Finding a place 1850: Disability Since Flint 2006). Alison Claire (Oxon, of (The University of Derbyshire Gentry Women of Nineteenth-Century Cultures , 'The sociology Unpublished PhD Thesis, 2017). Arlie Russell Hochschild Derby: (eds.), Simon J Williams of seeing', in Gillian Bendelow, of emotion as a way 1997), Issues (London, Themes and Contemporary Critical Emotions in Social Life in England, Asylums of Public Lunatic , The Landscapes Rutherford 3-16 Sarah pp. 2003). Edouard Leicester, University, 1 (of 3) (De Montfort 1808-1914 Volume Treatment, des Idiots (The Moral Education et Hygiène, Moral, , Traitement Seguin published 1846. Children) of Idiots and Other Backward Hygiene, and Education Gladwyn Turbutt University of Derby kind by (2018). Letters Turbutt Gladwyn Images with kind permission from Archives. permission of Derbyshire fortunate. more was Little Maria complaint.” a “violent bowel from all her siblings, as such, outlived and She survived middle age, into well years. five Maria by predeceased in the family, Gladwin, the only boy for very grows but well “quite now was Maria where home in Derbyshire, again that Maria had problems recount letters of sibling’s generation The next [fat]." add Letters needing support. often with difficulty, and walked with her legs wrote: Her mother ability. and mental constitution Maria’s to details further express she able to was with us in best love unite she w’d well “Maria is quite as noted Maria was Hall, Ogston for return In the 1861 census her sentiments." the optional afforded census on, the 1871 years birth. Ten being dumb from blind, imbecile or idiot and lunatic; in a ten-year and dumb, of deaf categories birth and later had defined Maria as dumb from parlance period governmental as other fifty-year not quite Little Maria was that as an imbecile, illustrating small, of bright cheeks remained Little Maria of the rosy family, the to olds. Yet side. on the chubby a little and probably complexion great, too that the bonds of motherhood were suggests within an institution recounted household. The family in a supportive life Maria a give to preferring of under the care slowly, albeit rather her letters, learning that Little Maria was suited more her with toys fashioned nephew Her young Richard a governess. mental with limited an adult to but possibly pleasing an eight-year-old, to his Mama, “I am very to wrote Willie Turbutt school in Brighton, abilities. At this juncture At sent her." Richard Maria is pleased with the toys glad that Aunt and of age, just shy of 8 years was old, Richard 10 years 1863), Willie was (June the next gift from This thoughtful 42 years. aged now Maria was their Aunt of Little Maria’s the nature to is both revealing family of the Turbutt generation familial and inclusive compassionate the family’s disability and to mental aunt. Little Maria was for, very much cared their disabled, yet to relationship so indeed she remained family; member of the Turbutt as a valued accepted writers. letter of Turbutt generations three across of a boarding new idea the relatively of way and Helen, by Lucy girls, Anne, three they ladies, where young eighteen for establishment school with Miss Fellowes their is paid to attention kindness, and the greatest with parental treated “are that Anne and suggest to It is not unreasonable and improvement." morals Little Maria. for care appropriate in providing also proactive were William Turbutt institutional to that with attitudes speculate to And, as such, it is interesting if she later, had Maria been born 20 years significantly, changing confinement not always was institutionalisation for, institutionalised; been have also would a beneficial, peaceful of providing but instead of ‘hiding away’ seen as a case and supervisioncare of family’s Turbutt the after decades environment. Two in the treatment methodology published his pioneering Seguin Maria, Edouard and education through environment that in a caring impairments: of cognitive a child may develop in mind, sensitivity and sensibility. sensorial experience Dr Ali Flint October 1838; and in April 1839, Helen died, never recovering her spirits 1838; and in April 1839, Helen died, never recovering October th Maria, like her elder sisters, Anne, Lucy and Helen, suffered all the usual and Helen, suffered Anne, Lucy her elder sisters, Maria, like LUCY (LEFT) AND MARIA (RIGHT) TURBUTT (LEFT) AND MARIA (RIGHT) LUCY

www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit childhood illnesses, but the family, although not Maria, were also plagued although not Maria, were childhood illnesses, but the family, Gladwin to 1838 Helen related In August serious bouts of ill-heath. more by that “poor little thing she [Maria] has what no one else has with the measles, on in a similar vein Gladwin commented One month later a good appetite." weeks Three appetite." Maria indulge in her excellent not let Little Maria: “do house in a rented Helen, writing from year Christmas of the same before Maria had now Gladwin that Little of Hastings, informed resort the coastal Anne, the eldest, died in July 1835 from in her cheeks." roses all the “recovered Release. a great and asthma that “her Physician exclaiming, spasms acute would this Illness it from Recovery her effected Had we live. to a frame weak Too might fix in her her disorder of existence, condition a miserable led to have away passed sister, the second Lucy, buried in Cheltenham. Anne was Brains." on 9 Maria was slow with her slow Maria was in her alphabet." and if she is improved going on are disabled and feeble- Charles Dickens’s similar to in likelihood, She was, letters. father his wealthy labelled by Nickleby: in Nicholas Smike minded character birth. from intellect” and imperfect weak as an imbecile that has been “of siblings, of the four style of the letters and conversational The content that (1823–1872), suggests Gladwin Helen and their brother Anne, Lucy, writers aloud. The letter be read to with the intention written they were herself, letters not write included; although Maria did Maria was ensured and ink. paper in the family’s remembered kissed and always she was Little kiss to he sent “a Mamma and Lucy,” to his “love When Gladwin gifted family the Turbutt For the same." “accept to Helen was Maria” and his sister society’s of Victorian representation the private the sending of kisses was to be there, affection: of familial idealisation and romantic expectations the of expressing means writers’ the letter The kisses were not there. yet has, family each For kinship. emotional ties of familial and shared lived dictionary its own or culture, any society as Arlie Hochschild claimed for was correspondents the Turbutt kiss for and emotional bible. The written the symbols of language. of sentiments through the representation VOICES FROM THE ARCHIVES: THE LADIES OF OGSTON HALL OGSTON OF LADIES THE ARCHIVES: THE FROM VOICES 6 HIDDEN VOICES DERBY PUBS AND BREWERIES DURING THE GREAT WAR 9

“Lloyd George’s beer” George’s that “Lloyd concerned were Drinkers beer brewed commercially to A surprising alternative and discovered two glasses of whisky and three empty glasses of whisky and three two and discovered to asked again was glasses smelling of spirits. White He swore authority. the licensing himself to explain and himself for earlier that the spirits had been poured other glasses, the untouched; but remained his wife and soft drinks. The landlord he said, had contained out that their son servingjust found had in the his wife a sniper while had been killed by Sherwood Foresters claimed to The drinks, White in France. service on active them support while give to intended were the constable, false proved mourning clothes. His story was shopping for that they had been admitted when one of the customers was fined £10 or This time, White hours. drinking after 41 days imprisonment, £2 or 14 days and the customer the benefit given were imprisonment. The other customers revoked was of the doubt and dismissed. The liquor licence the by an appeal authority and, despite the licensing by Society Temperance closed. Derby the pub was brewery, Bells Temperance newsletter, Its monthly delighted. was has made a this ideal tenant years short “In a few reported the business has sorry business – or rather mess of the whole made a sorry him? … Drink demoralises!” mess of their call to not allowed were Breweries be tasteless. would a Bass Brewery found . However, Ale” beer “Government Government was that it the fact to attention draw to way responsible that was and not the brewery, restrictions, Ale bottled its Pale It redesigned beer. the weaker for , and adding a rider that it Ale” it “War beer label, calling soft drink manufacturers . Local strength” “controlled was a soft drink “Hop Bitters”, marketed and Sturgess Burrows and Denbigh of beer and Lord the taste have purporting to improve the public to sold to an additive Ale”, bottled “Kent stronger it appear of the beer and make the hop flavour effective they were whether It is not known than it was. the taste. in improving Act of 1880 home-brewing. The Inland Revenue was use personal beer for their own brew to anyone allowed a whopping 6/- annually. costing of a licence on payment fine of £100 with a large resale, strictly not for This beer was breaking imposed for utensils of brewing and confiscation the home-brew regulate to intended This was the law. until the 1960s. in place remained pubs. This regulation assiduous in their duties in visiting all public houses found to be open after 10pm be open after to in visiting all public houses found assiduous in their duties to inspect the glasses of anyone present. The landlord of the Castle Fields Inn of the Castle present. The landlord inspect the glasses of anyone to being in February 1916 after of the regulations foul fell first on Siddals Road plus fined £5 was Arthur White at 10:25pm. Landlord servingcaught alcohol constable 1917, so a police in October again aroused Suspicions were costs. entering spot anyone to an eye on the pub out of hours keep to detailed was one afternoon knocking on the window women two On spying or leaving. raided the pub men, the police by two followed time, closely closing after ADVERT FOR SPA HOP BITTERS, HOP BITTERS, SPA FOR ADVERT 1916-18 TELEGRAPH, DAILY DERBY LOCAL OF DERBY (COURTESY LIBRARY) STUDIES or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit To discourage drinking among the soldiers billeted billeted soldiers the among drinking discourage To Women’s the British of Derby branch the locally, café, a temperance opened Association Temperance the opposite Street, Bell, on Newdigate The Golden the town. on the edge of Barracks Normanton Derby’s extremely active Temperance Society could could Society Temperance active extremely Derby’s billeted drinking among the soldiers discourage To (Amendment No3) Act was of the Realm The Defence “We are fighting Germany, Austria and Drink, and, as far as I can see, the greatest see, the greatest and Drink, as I can Austria and, as far Germany, fighting are “We would that brewing also concerns were There is Drink." of these deadly foes used in making be better that could resources grain valuable consume of the war Indeed, during the course and their families. workers feed to bread of all, Most scandalous than half. more by reduced under hops was the acreage by the vacated roles working in gained from income had spare often women the steadying considered what was from and, free war to men who had gone spending it in the often and sons, were fathers of their husbands, influence number of public houses in the town. large men and even the medical councillors, of several boast trustees among it’s Daily Telegraph Derby of the editor of its views assured and so was presidents, and vice and through committee on the licensing being heard and its followers Society The newspaper. the local the town, be applied to to restrictions licensing for called individuals come from to purporting letters through often pubs for example, for such as “Milly the Barmaid” calling, published in the were letters 10pm. Several close by to call Kitchener’s supporting Lord of the war weeks early a drink. buying soldiers The Society from refrain to to rations the rum stop to also lobbied the Government to brewing to restrictions severe for called and soldiers and grain sugar amount of imported enable the limited of food. the production be used in to of the British Women’s branch the Derby locally, café, Association opened a temperance Temperance the opposite Street, The Golden Bell, on Newdigate of the town. on the edge Barracks Normanton or other non- served were with cups of tea Soldiers homely environment. in a pleasant beverages alcoholic and magazines with newspapers, provided They were their devote to them encourage to writing materials activities. acceptable time to spare licensing to restrictions for in May 1915. It allowed passed were the quantities that brewers and beer strength hours, that ‘treating’, It also prohibited produce. to permitted because another person, of drink for is the purchasing encourage believed widely to was drinking in rounds Thus, a man might be prosecuted drunkeness. general his wife. buying a drink for (and this did happen) for throughout reviewed regularly These adjustments were from of beer decreased strength The average the war. Before of the war. the end by about 2.5% 6% to around 5am open from pubs to for the potential was 1914, there drastically midnight. opening times were to In Derby and three at lunch time and a half hours two to curtailed open a little stay to allowed in the evening. Pubs were were they only sold soft drinks. The police providing longer Beer was a controversial issue throughout issue throughout a controversial Beer was the First World War. On the one hand, beer was a the one hand, beer was On World War. the First Tommy the average drug for popular recreational of also a major part line. It was on the front like towns industrial large the heavily in social life among the rising concern was there Yet Derby. nationally of the forces, and leaders Government of beer would that over-consumption and locally, absenteeism in drunkenness, an increase to lead amongst munitions practices and poor work in 1915: declared famously George Lloyd workers. Wagon and Horses, Ashbourne Road, Derby, whose Derby, Ashbourne Road, and Horses, Wagon prosecuted was Morley, Councillor Edward landlord, quanities of beer. excess brewing in 1917 for © JULIAN TUBBS) (IMAGE BY JANE WHITAKER BY

Just before Christmas 1917, rifleman John Ward John Ward Christmas 1917, rifleman Just before the Great War the Great breweries during during breweries Derby pubs and and pubs Derby wrote a letter home to his local paper, the Derby home to a letter wrote the . Serving in Egypt, he asked Daily Telegraph of his favourite a glass raise citizens of Derby to Ale, in a Christmas toast Nut Brown beer, Offilers the allied forces serving overseas. to

or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit DERBY PUBS AND BREWERIES DURING THE GREAT WAR GREAT THE DURING BREWERIES AND PUBS DERBY 8

HIDDEN VOICES

NOTTINGHAM’S GREAT GUNPOWDER EXPLOSION OF SEPTEMBER 1818 11

BROADSHEET 29 SEPT 1818 SEPT 29  BROADSHEET

or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit “A calamity of the most dreadful description description most dreadful the of calamity “A It is exactly two-hundred years ago this year since Nottingham was rocked by a huge a huge by rocked Nottingham was since this year ago years two-hundred It is exactly

occurred at the warehouse of the Nottingham of the Nottingham at the warehouse occurred 28th, Canal Company on Monday September by o’clock in the afternoon, 1818, about three quantity explosion of a large the accidental in twenty-one of gunpowder, contained each weighing about 100lbs.” barrels, OF SEPTEMBER 1818 OF SEPTEMBER NOTTINGHAM’S GREAT NOTTINGHAM’S ‘tremendous clap of thunder’ a ‘tremendous , on the north side of the Nottingham akin to explosion, the Nottinghamshire to a bustling main artery linking the town was The canal canal. stone, slate, iron, corn, timber, with ‘coals, littered its banks coalfields; and Derbyshire of accounts detailed We have warehouses.’ ‘with their contiguous plaster’ and wharfs broadsheets. and contemporary newspapers local events day from of that the tragic inquest also survives Archives, (Nottinghamshire the original coroner’s Fortunately, summary a useful within his also compiled publisher James Orange CA 749). Local the scene: Nottingham (1840). He thus sets of History GUNPOWDER EXPLOSION BY PETER HAMMOND PETER BY (London, (London, War World and the First , The Deluge: British Society

Caught red-handed, Morley Morley red-handed, Caught with his busy too was said he and blamed the public duties on his brewer, excess beer deaf, rather Joe, “who was and deaf very sometimes my had misunderstood Joe, however, instructions." be conscripted to fit enough was his the army, despite into deafness. supposed severe Rifleman John Ward came home safely at the end of the war to drink to at the end of the war home safely came Rifleman John Ward About us the National £7400 from has been granted volunteers of Derby A group pubs and of the local stories untold the so far research to Lottery will be published they uncover The stories area. in the Derby breweries (Campaign of CAMRA Branch the Derby by supported booklet in a free pubs, from Edition, available the Armistice Drinker, Ale), Derby Real for November. from area in the Derby Centres Information Tourist libraries,

References: Arthur Marwick 1935). (London, and Labour Life of London Survey 1965). H. Llewellyn Smith (ed.), New successful. In 1914 the average number of weekly convictions for drunkenness drunkenness for convictions number of weekly In 1914 the average successful. 449 to the end of 1918 this had fallen 3,388. By was in England and Wales this with some satisfaction, noted Society Temperance Derby As the cases. during the war drunkenness for in convictions an 85% reduction to amounted as punitive of alcohol rise in the cost the rapid due to In part, this was years. ¼d, eventually a mere on a pint of beer was tax Pre-war rapidly. rose taxes war, the after lifted were As restrictions the end of the war. by 3½d rising to lamented, As the Society increased. again once drunkenness for convictions 11,487 to 1918, it rose and September August between 4,165 convictions from 1919. This it blamed on the lifting of the brewing in the same months for 60% below still approximately noting that was although it is worth restrictions, of beer some 35 million barrels had consumed levels. In 1913, Britons per-war barrels. to 30 million fallen this had regulation, increased In 1916, after a year. in again significantly 16 million. Although it rose to again 1918, it had fallen By never consumption per year, some 25 million barrels reach 1920s to the early levels. As one survey was its pre-war life of working-class approached again of as a sign half admired was drunkenness frequent once “Where note: to later squalid and ridiculous.” as, on the whole, rather regarded it is now virility, fortunate. was not so Ale. His son Oliver Nut Brown another pint of Offilers was it his ship HMS Champagne after on-board stay to Having volunteered unfortunately firing on a German submarine, he was continue to torpedoed, war the well throughout fared Offilers brewery, well-known Derby’s drowned. in 1966. Ale until its closure its popular Nut Brown brew to and continued Jane Whitaker History Library Derby Local Studies & Family The anti-drink sailors’ charities, to the charities, to sailors’ up of a Home setting and at Shardlow Guard Belgian refugees. for at its housing Spare Bridge Cavendish over given brewery was Belgian refugees to six months the first for free, rent of the war allowance with a coal included. The houses then offered were use as an for for army hospital soldiers. recuperating throughout campaign very proved the war The brewery also contributed regularly to local fundraising events for events for fundraising local to regularly The brewery also contributed Breweries like Offilers took their duties as responsible employers seriously responsible employers took their duties as Offilers like Breweries It is well known that the army requisitioned horses under War Impressment Impressment under War horses that the army requisitioned known It is well The Government also set limits on the quantity of beer to be brewed be brewed of beer to limits on the quantity also set The Government DERBY DAILY TELEGRAPH 8TH AUGUST 1914 8TH AUGUST TELEGRAPH DAILY DERBY ) LIBRARY STUDIES LOCAL DERBY (COURTESY

www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit the war effort. Donations were made to the Mayor’s fund to solders’ and to solders’ fund to the Mayor’s made effort.were Donations the war throughout the war. Soon after 1914 the brewery was losing men to the was losing men 1914 the brewery Soon after war. the throughout its dependents for to granted were allowances and coal and monetary army, due to decreased As the number of male employees of the war. the duration bottling in the firstly their place, take to employed were women conscription, Miss daughter, clerks, including the owner’s as female and later department at a salary£5 per month. of Offiler, Orders, Section 15 of the Army Act. Breweries were not exempt. Offilers, Offilers, not exempt. Section 15 of the Army Act. were Breweries Orders, of 25 the initial collection book that in the minute records the brewers, war. of the declaration after 1914, the day on 5th August taken was horses had their horses the loss, as it had already been expecting It had obviously the purposes. The army not only relieved compensation for a vet by valued was Offilers but also of the best harnesses and drays. brewery their horses, of regularly returned Office The War occasion. £1,251 on this first compensated the brewery delivery short of leaving wagons. of the war, course the throughout with a horses its requisitioned replaced Stretton’s, brewery, Another Derby By the end of 1915, Offilers soon after. be taken that to only for lorry, steam of its delivery the slowness as it had for service, its customers apologised to vans. and furniture carts greengrocer’s using fish barrows, to resort to at any one time. The landlord of the Wagon and Horses, Ashbourne Road, Ashbourne Road, and Horses, Wagon of the at any one time. The landlord an excise visit from an unwelcome received Morley, Councillor Edward Derby, he had not brewed that showed records written 1917. Morley’s in March officer grain bag of spent a fresh discovered the officer However, weeks. several for found 200 the officer further, On investigating still warm. and the copper red-handed, of soft drinks. Caught of beer hidden behind crates gallons busy with his public duties and blamed the excess too Morley said he was very deaf and had sometimes deaf, rather Joe, “who was beer on his brewer, be conscripted fit enough to was Joe, however, my instructions." misunderstood for fined £50 Morley was deafness. his supposed severe despite the army, into that appear It would his allowance. above and brewing records keep to failing as he served until 1925. councillor, role of his did not affect his misdemeanour However, the Finance Bill of November 1914 created a loophole by stating stating a loophole by 1914 created November Bill of the Finance However, not be should abv, 1016, or 2% below with an original gravity that an ale and premises on non-licensed brewed was it providing classed as beer, use. personal at home for brewed if it was In other words, resale. not for a cheap as and marketed be advertised home-brew kits to for This allowed Almanac of 1917 advertises Derby Harwood’s beer. your get to way and easy (not the mustard of Norfolk Colemans made by a hop and malt extract beer at home. the purpose of brewing sold solely for manufacturers!) or the product, about either the company the lack of information Judging by in either been no adverts have to appear There popular. it did not prove suggest which would papers, or any other regional newspapers, the Derby success. not a roaring it was DERBY PUBS AND BREWERIES DURING THE GREAT WAR GREAT THE DURING BREWERIES AND PUBS DERBY 10 HIDDEN VOICES NOTTINGHAM’S GREAT GUNPOWDER EXPLOSION OF SEPTEMBER 1818 13

No less than ten people lost No less than ten the explosion: due to their lives boys, two eight men and so bodies were most of whose mangled that theydreadfully a “horrid spectacle.” presented or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit sufferers." of the unfortunate of the families “the relief opened for a subscription was Meanwhile, wharf now Clayton’ Morton ‘Fellows old and modern maps it is evident that the current matching By

SMITH AND WILD MAP 1820 SMITH AND WILD He actually He actually of.” “despaired was that his life the extent to still injured impact, though he was missed its full later. died seven years guineas. five contributed of Bunny Hall, who Rancliffe, Lord the Whig M.P., was Among the subscribers and the loss in the warehouse, who had goods many traders to detrimental extremely proved The disaster – though very ever of £30,000 little of this was be in the region said to was the Canal Company by sustained come, to years of Nottingham for the inhabitants by remembered of course, was, The calamity recovered. map of Nottingham in 1820 they even marked Smith and Wild published their detailed and when Messrs. up Sep 28th 1818.” blown Warehouse of the upon it the “Scite the Nottingham Civic this year, 28th September that on report and it is very to the same site, pleasing occupies event. of this disastrous the bi-centenary commemorate to opposite a plaque directly erect to are Society Peter Hammond Peter Society History Family Nottinghamshire Documents reproduced with permission from Nottinghamshire Archives Nottinghamshire with permission from Documents reproduced The majority of the witnesses at the inquest The majority of the witnesses of various labourers were Many of the dead and both coroners by reached The verdict people killed many others the ten from Apart The inquest was held at the nearby Navigation Navigation the nearby held at was The inquest Inn, on what is now Wilford Street, before both before Street, Wilford is now Inn, on what Henry Enfield and Jonathan coroners borough of the victims were of eight remains Dunn. The the jury by viewed there bodies of two and the and John Howell, Stevenson , William others, Infirmary, at the Nottingham inspected were of their they afterwards had died shortly where injuries. severe of the of them employees most boatmen, were Each provided Company. Nottingham Boat and events of the circumstances of the evidence exact can we their statements and from day, on the victims. William Bish, details further identity of one of the confirmed Joyce, of Burton Another witness, nephew. the victims as his own and master dealer of Nottingham, coal John Pyatt two had employed of Canal Street, wharfinger a Riley also gave of the victims, while Hezekiah of the cargo. the nature confirming statement at the He only survived because the explosion walking moment it happened he was exact house. counting the nearby towards district. Nottingham and its surrounding from ages a at the yard had arrived just 15, William Parker, find work. to the explosion prior to minutes few who lived the son of a poor labourer, was Parker William on the outskirts of the town. in Carlton 26, and John Searle, Norman, 58, a widower, lodgings at the in in shared single, both lived High Cross (now Paddock Lane Broad Barracks, and labourer 25, of Trowell, Hayes, George Street). married with one child, was the company, to married with five while Job Barnes, 36, was warehouse. in the company’s He worked children. Richard for maltster 42, a local Thomas Baker, children. similarly married with five was Hooton, the as was masonry, falling by crushed He was boatman were holding. The others he was horse the explosion, Joseph Musson, 32, who caused 28, both of whom and Benjamin Wheatly, Riley. Hezekiah captain, the boat’s for worked from a boatman 23, was William Stevenson, poor John Howell, The final victim was Leicester. who had simply been fishing on boy a ten-year-old occurred. when the explosion opposite the bank local buried in various were Most of the dead the inquest. the day following The verger churches even taken of the bodies were two at Gedling where were that the interred added in the burial register buried in the were Two up at Nottingham.” “blown at Ilkeston. Baptist Chapel ground victims their jury that the ten was at the inquest misfortune, and by casually, accidentally, “did the explosion of a quantity of gunpowder wit by to deaths.” and respective their several to come John Pyatt, or had lucky escapes. injured were at the time, escaped shouting out orders who was Samuel Hall, a unhurt. Meanwhile completely been have would Street, of Bridge stonemason down be stooping killed but just happened to and thereby moment of the explosion at the exact Riley’s Boat Company Warehouse Howell’s House Site of the Explosion Site tops of their skulls ripped away, the remainder the remainder ripped away, of their skulls tops The body and much disfigured. being much torn spread were of Joseph Musson, in particular, parts of a “‘hideous track and wide, leaving out far and flesh, upon of skull pieces blood and brains, had passed his mangled remains where the grass, only be Indeed, many of the victims could along.” of the clothes they had the remains identified by been wearing. Wilkes’s House Wilkes’s Simpson’s Boat No less than ten people lost their lives due to due to people lost their lives No less than ten , 2 OCT 1818 REVIEW, 2 OCT NOTTINGHAM from a table to the other side of the house, and the to a table from Howell’s damage.” considerable sustained furniture less fortunate. shall see, was son, as we young most of boys, and two eight men the explosion: mangled that so dreadfully whose bodies were One had his a “horrid spectacle.” they presented found with were Others off entirely. blown head their bodies or with the from their limbs severed even went to the trouble and expense and expense the trouble to even went Within the vicinity of the canal itself Within the vicinity of the canal The explosion was followed by an by followed was The explosion “Every house in the town was shaken as if shaken was “Every house in the town So how did this happen? The powder The powder did this happen? So how

Visit www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit to produce an engraving of the wharf where of the wharf where an engraving produce to identifying where place, took the explosion The nearby and injuries occurred. the fatalities and Mr Howell, Mr Wilkes by houses, occupied Wilkes, Fortunately, damaged. extensively were out at the time agent, was company’s the canal violence with great thrown “was but his wife “truly distressing.” was the devastation of nearly all of the Warehouses The “Roofs ”, shattered dreadfully on the Canal [were] most of the buildings in the immediate demolished, largely neighbourhood were , windows pane of glass broken” “every while the yard out of their frames, forced with the wrecks strewn were and wharfs “with every of buildings and merchandise The Nottingham of an Earthquake.” appearance Review and dust. As of smoke” “immense volume devastation of utter a scene it cleared, up rolled dense smoke The itself. presented the Market to Gate and Lister Gate Friar’s Grey St and across away, about half a mile Place, an almost by “proceeded churchyard, Nicholas’s Many windows smell.” sulphurous suffocating, the out in blown and casements broken, were so powerful was The shock itself. Place Market that it smashed bottles within the shop of a in Butlin in Bridlesmith Gate James surgeon Other houses had their centre. the town’s the ribbons and houses near to torn curtains the resulting away, torn also had doors canal a presenting and windows doors up boarded spectacle. very strange by an earthquake, and the inhabitants were were and the inhabitants an earthquake, by and the utmost consternation into thrown a very warehouse, The company’s dismay. spacious building, which at the time contained besides of corn, quarters thousand about four completely paper & c., was cheese, groceries, in heaps of ruins, the air and scattered into lifted upon another.” being left standing not one stone had just been delivered by boat from from boat by delivered had just been quantities of along with Gainsborough, molasses, and soap. wool, cotton, flagstones, and two captain, the boat Riley, Hezekiah and Benjamin of his men, Joseph Musson in barrels the powder rolling were Wheatley, spilled – accidentally when some was well-sealed. being particularly not the barrels another day, the following Giving evidence that Musson stated Allcock, Richard boatman, Simpson's from hot coke of red a piece took sticks. two it between and carried boat ignite to he simply wanted It seems likely see what happened. a small amount to Joseph another boatman, to According announced, Champion, Musson then ‘flash’). (i.e. a flush,” have I’m going to “Lads, the tremendous thing they knewThe next was at heard that it was – so powerful explosion and Castle Donnington, such as Bingham places away. miles or more ten at least each NOTTINGHAM’S GREAT GUNPOWDER EXPLOSION OF SEPTEMBER 1818 SEPTEMBER OF EXPLOSION GUNPOWDER GREAT NOTTINGHAM’S 12 TOHIDDEN VOLUNTEER VOICES OR NOT: EXPLAINING LEICESTERSHIRE’S RECRUITMENT CRISIS, 1914-1915 15

KITCHENER POSTER 1914 PUBLIC DOMAIN POSTER KITCHENER COMMONS) WIKIMEDIA (COURTESY Certainly, the South Highfields study suggests suggests the South Highfields study Certainly, Though many men in the city did not enlist been comparatively may have While recruitment <<  that local adherence to socialism and attendance attendance socialism and to adherence that local dissuaded probably churches at non-conformist also pointed enlisting but the study some men from as another reason booming economy Leicester’s to in 1914 Leicester why so many did not volunteer. built on a thriving town wealthy a relatively was sector. and hosiery manufacturing footwear in the city companies of war, On the outbreak clothe to contracts government huge given were This new virtually work army. the expanding and pushed up pay. unemployment banished during in the hosiery trade wages example, For 14% higher than in September. were 1914 October considerably earn at home could Men working earned than servingmore privates in the army; could while a warehouseman 7 shillings a week men would as much as 40 shillings. Few earn those for of work. opportunity the Life down turn working-class from times, especially in pre-war Being out of work be tough. could backgrounds, and and the workhouse destitution mean could could employment unionised even men in regular jobless veryfind themselves quickly. be taken this should not necessarily in the forces, considered Many the war. of rejecting as evidence the war support to on the home front working as serving as important in uniform. effort of St John’s Coward, J.T. Rev. clergyman, Leicester in his congregation told Albion Road, Church, men ought 1914 that “all…eligible November joining not forthwith for cowards termed be not to of local stress seeing that the excessive the forces, aid and strenuous prompt for called employment equipping both Navy and adequately help in to essentially were labours their Army…hence in fighting our those engaged to serviceable battles abroad.” country’s of the and also in many parts poor in Leicester, disparate. were patterns in practice county, 1914, 6% of the male population in August late By yet, had volunteered, of Clipston the village Though many did men in the city not enlist in the this should forces, not necessarily be as evidence taken the war. of rejecting

Historian Adrian Gregory believes that Leicestershire’s believes that Leicestershire’s Gregory Adrian Historian on the low perspective a different taken have Others “widespread failure failure the “widespread by be explained can poor showing committee. recruiting of the county leadership” of local of members record the poor attendance He points to 25 times, and highlights that it met of the committee meeting a single attend to failed but 13 members one. had only attended and 22 members men chose that Leicester level of recruitment, suggesting the act rejecting political as a collective volunteer not to of the in a 2015 study this is found for evidence The war. War. during the Great of Leicester South Highfields area military service men eligible for all 128 local This traced in 1914 voluntarily that only 19 men enlisted and found became men of the remaining and 1915. In 1916, three 106 were and the remaining objectors conscientious many so that the reason It concluded conscripted. because was service into be pressed to men waited in the city’s rooted the war, to of their “resistance” of traditions anti-establishment deep-seated religion. unionism and non-conformist socialism, trade the supposedly was Leicester Britain, In Edwardian . and the home of cranks” of non-conformity “Mecca Britain’s had been a chorus of opposition to There and labour and church, local from of war declaration a create tradition But did this radical union leaders. trade enlist? men not to that persuaded consciousness political BY DR TOM THORPE DR TOM BY The Last Great Great , The Last

, A Son Moore 2008). Aubrey (Cambridge, During the first half of the Great War, there appeared to be a major recruitment be a major recruitment to appeared there War, half of the Great During the first

www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit War the Somme to Leicestershire From of the Rectory: , Leicester 1982). Matthew Richardson (Gloucester, Street Saxby 2014). How (Barnsley, War in the Great of One and the People War Got its Name, World 2015). South Highfields (Highfields Neighbours, References: Adrian Gregory crisis in Leicestershire; fewer men were volunteering for military service relative to to relative military service for volunteering were men fewer crisis in Leicestershire; male population 1915, only 2.6% of Leicester’s 30 March of the UK. By other parts and with similar towns compared figure low a comparatively khaki, wearing were and in 5.2% of men had enlisted Derby, the East Midlands. In nearby cities across not only level of enlistment was of men. The low neighbouring Nottingham, 18.5% that reported In June 1915 it was as a whole. but the county Leicester to restricted three-quarters or roughly still “not with the colours”, were 60,000 men of military age authorities and municipal The recruiting 18-40 years. of its male population aged the for the reasons This article examines this as a civic embarrassment. regarded of conscription the introduction before in Leicestershire level of recruitment low 1916. in March

1914-1915 recruitment crisis, crisis, recruitment Leicestershire’s Leicestershire’s or not: explaining explaining or not: To volunteer volunteer To TO VOLUNTEER OR NOT: EXPLAINING LEICESTERSHIRE’S RECRUITMENT CRISIS, 1914-1915 CRISIS, RECRUITMENT LEICESTERSHIRE’S EXPLAINING NOT: OR VOLUNTEER TO 14 HIDDEN VOICES WOLLATON HALL 17 ,

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- part a on us with At the University of Northampton we have a vibrant History MA vibrant a have Northampton we University of At the specialists histories ofhave in the We programme. , gender Campus. find out visit:more, To https Or [email protected] MA History at MA History Northampton Wollaton Hall is a spectacular Elizabethan mansion and a Grade One Listed Listed One mansion and a Grade Elizabethan Hall is a spectacular Wollaton of their free some give people willing to from hear to happy always We are including supporting our gardeners roles a number of outdoor We also have Lushey Karen Coordinator, the Museum Volunteer contact more find out To building, set in five hundred acres of remarkable gardens and parkland. Herds Herds and parkland. gardens of remarkable acres hundred in five building, set which includes wetlands, the site, throughout freely deer roam and fallow of red Hall houses Wollaton trees. of mature and avenues woodlands grasslands, some of the best items History Museum; on display are Natural Nottingham's and zoology. botany million specimens in geology, of a quarters the three from at the include assisting staff in the house opportunities us. Volunteer time to helping with public and storytelling, children’s tasks, hall with day-to-day friendly events and object handling. family with tasks team our grounds and helping gardens of the formal with the upkeep suit you! to a role have to sure are we interest your - whatever the sites around on 0115 8763100/ [email protected] Wollaton Hall Wollaton

when one of us, one of us, when who, recall I don’t that suggested go and join the we sooner army. No done! said than By March 1916, comparatively few Leicestershire Leicestershire few 1916, comparatively March By Acknowledgements Heritage by This article has been supported the Century through of Funding Lottery County of Leicestershire project Stories to also like Council 2014–2018. I would to access for thank Mathew Richardson of Great interviews he conducted oral of the Perkins and Patricia veterans War for Society Historical Harborough Market sources. on local information Dr Tom Thorpe Dr Tom Front Association Western Monk, to join, but to assume that men who enlisted assume that men who enlisted Monk, join, but to to of patriotic the victims largely in 1914/15 were a present is to and social pressure propaganda man as of the British working image patronising power. or will intellect agency, one who lacked universal The UK population in 1914 had near media, a mass-circulation to and access literacy sources, and other information public libraries As a result, union newsletters. such as trade of with a wider world people had daily contact making and society, culture politics, economics, to generation able than any previous them more in position and that of Britain their own evaluate level of recruitment low The the wider universe. months of the war eighteen in the first in Leicester able to quite that many men were demonstrates army and local the government, by attempts resist enlist. them to persuade authorities to and enlist in the volunteer men had chosen to of the UK, with other areas compared forces far seen, were have as we although patterns, and political Some had ethical uniform. from but the majority of about the war, reservations in its thriving employed was population the urban secure clothing and boot industries with relatively observed It was in and rising wages. employment “business as usual” that the slogan Leicester needs you.” country than “your potent more was in the same of conscription The introduction and the enlistment month ended voluntary crisis in Leicestershire. recruitment Some historians have suggested suggested have Some historians is no doubt that these There was another factor. Jack Horner factor. another was with his friends that he was recalled who, recall “when one of us, I don’t go and join the that we suggested No sooner said than done!” army. boosted while the war Finally, other industries in Leicester, key disrupted. severely were sectors National of the branch The Leicester House and of Operative Society 1915 in early stated Ship Painters unemployed that half its men were “much distress”. and this caused pressured that many men were of joining up as a result into In tactics. government coercive as with other places Leicestershire, during 1914/15, there in Britain giving of women reports were as a symbol of feathers out white dress. men in civilian to cowardice Leicester Hannah, a former Alice used that “there resident, recalled on different officers be recruiting to join up, the men to corners…asking force” tried to on they and as it went enlist.men to These bullying tactics Charles in some cases. worked the after many years Monk recalled that he had joined up because war of the “propaganda”. and be oppressive could tactics like many, pressured probably These men, whether from rural or urban or urban rural from These men, whether more dominant in rural areas than in Leicester than in Leicester areas dominant in rural more some in persuading perhaps influential and was employer of their the example follow men to in enlisting in the forces. leaders and community Magna as close Appleby described Moore Finally, everybody’s knew everybody knit and “where majority view with the comply to Failure business." It appears or worse. in social ostracism result could enlist left to did not want that some people who of such social because community their local wheelwright from a Weston, George pressure. on the Staffordshire/ of Blackfordby the village the army in 1914 and joined border, Leicestershire that Bill surprised was that he his parents to wrote to had “gone in his village, resident Dawson, a local the army”. going in to “avoid Birmingham” range complex had their own Leicestershire, Some cited joining up. for reasons of personal as their motivation. of Britain the defence he believed that up because joined Weston anybody “in the possession of a spark of patriotism against…our striking a blow leapt at have would with this were enemies”. Running parallel country’s military that linked notions of masculinity societal of manhood and adventure. with ideals service Brigade, Howitzer of the Leicester Cross, Driver deemed not a poem about men who were wrote that this He lamented service. for fit medically a man, himself not “prove class of individual could puts him underneath verdict, the doctor’s But no, amongst friends and mates pressure Peer a ban." The autobiography of Aubrey Moore gives an gives Moore of Aubrey The autobiography RECRUITING POSTER 1915, PUBLIC DOMAIN RECRUITING POSTER LICENCE]) IWM NON COMMERCIAL (COURTESY

or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit insight into life in rural Leicestershire, which may Leicestershire, in rural life insight into areas in rural the higher enlistment explain help to Leicester. with urban as compared and small towns of Appleby community up in the 650 strong He grew His rather rector. village Magna, the son of the Leicestershire rural of pre-war portrait romantic absent from which were factors three illustrates influenced that may have Leicester metropolitan population of the non-urban proportion a greater as a describes poverty Moore enlist.to Firstly, he Wigston, Nearby life. of rural feature regular down for haven a “temporary had become noted, about 1 shilling cheap, and outs…[the r]ents were in a terrible were [but]…some of the houses a week a was poverty of Britain In many parts condition." men. many working-class enlistment for for driver that community describes a rural Moore Secondly, and paternalism where conservative, socially was example, For class relations. dominated deference his his mother because to curtsied women local much was Such deference a clergyman. was father by January 1915, it was reported in nearby Market Market in nearby Januaryby reported it was 1915, of the 1,470 men of military that 42.7% Harborough calculate is impossible to It uniform. in were age military for who enlisted number of men the exact of introduction the before in the county service the Leicestershire that but it is known conscription, Christmas by eight battalions raised Regiment eight thousand at least that 1915; suggesting the colours. men joined Leicestershire TO VOLUNTEER OR NOT: EXPLAINING LEICESTERSHIRE’S RECRUITMENT CRISIS, 1914-1915 CRISIS, RECRUITMENT LEICESTERSHIRE’S EXPLAINING NOT: OR VOLUNTEER TO 16 THE NEWLY BUILT PERSONALITY OF RALPH LORD CROMWELL

BY JAMES WRIGHT FSA

Tattershall helped to The newly built rekindle interest in the form and established an architectural fashion for brick personality crenellations towers which affected This article is based on research for a design for over a collaborative doctoral award between the century to come. University of Nottingham machicolations THE NEWLY BUILT PERSONALITY OF RALPH LORD CROMWELL LORD OF RALPH PERSONALITY BUILT THE NEWLY of Ralph Lord and the National Trust entitled ‘Tattershall Castle: Building a History’ which is funded by the secular English architecture, although there was Arts & Humanities a tradition of brick construction stretching back Research Council. into the late thirteenth century in eastern counties. Cromwell Two fourteenth-century Lincolnshire buildings - the gatehouse at Thornton Abbey and St Mary’s Tattershall Castle stands in southern Lincolnshire between Guildhall at Boston – may have offered inspiration Boston, 12 miles to the south-east, and Lincoln, 21 miles to the to Tattershall as they both share some structural north-west. Today, it is in a remote location. However, during similarities with the castle. However, the use of brick to build something quite as impressive as the mediaeval period it would have been intimately linked to the the great tower was probably inspired by wider world through the port of Boston, via the rivers Witham continental models. and Bain. The castle is dominated by a 33.5m tall, brick, great tower constructed in the middle years of the fifteenth century Castle building in brick stretched back centuries in the Baltic states, Germany and the for Ralph Lord Cromwell. It looms over three moated enclosures Low Countries. It is significant that the name of which once contained multiple gatehouses, stables, lodging Cromwell’s master brick-maker was recorded ranges, chapel, kitchens, a great hall and arcaded curtain walls FIGURE 2: GREAT TOWER as Baldwin Docheman (i.e. Dutchman) – a word studded with towers. which described anyone of Germanic origin in late mediaeval England. The implication is that Ralph Cromwell was born around the year 1393 into a Midlands family Baldwin was a man employed specifically because that was primarily based at its manor house at Lambley in Nottinghamshire. of his previous experience of brick buildings in The family had done well in the third quarter of the fourteenth century, northern Europe. Additionally, Cromwell had when it received a boost in its social position via marriage with the Bernacks himself travelled extensively in France, where the of Lincolnshire. This eventually brought Tattershall into its ownership. tradition of great towers, with stacked central Cromwell’s uncle used his influence at court to place the young Ralph into chambers flanked by corner turrets, had been the household of Thomas, Duke of Clarence by 1401. This began a meteoric revived by the Valois monarchy at Vincennes in political rise due, in large part, to the re-ignition of the French wars by the mid-fourteenth century. It is likely that patron Clarence’s own brother – Henry V. Fiennes at Knole (Kent). Royal patronage enabled • At the top of the stairs is a double-height these men the finances to express their new-found arcaded parapet surrounding a space open to and master builders worked closely together on Cromwell saw active campaigning from 1412 and was present on the status and power through innovative architecture. the sky which is completely unique in English the design of Tattershall which took influence field of Agincourt three years later. This young man proved himself to be mediaeval architecture; from a number of sources. such a sound administrator during the conquest of Normandy that he Work at Tattershall continued from roughly • The machicolations (floor openings) crowning The great tower had been a feature of castles was given the captaincies of several captured towns. He demonstrated 1434 until 1451 on a site that has always been the tower (figure 2 and 4) are purely decorative in England since the eleventh century but had seen his worth to such an extent that the king employed him as one of the dominated by the great tower. It features a stack and acted as a symbol of lordly status rather a relative decline in use during the later thirteenth chief diplomats at the treaty of Troyes in 1420. The year before, Cromwell of four large central chambers, placed between a than of genuine military intent - projectiles and fourteenth centuries. Tattershall helped inherited the old thirteenth century castle at Tattershall. Just two years basement and roof parapet, which are embraced by launched from them would fall either into the to rekindle interest in the form and established later, he was appointed to the royal council. four corner turrets containing closets and a newel stair (figure 1). moat or onto Cromwell’s own great hall roof! an architectural fashion for brick towers which His star was certainly rising, but it was the death of Henry V in The fireplaces contained in the four main chambers • The very early use of deliberately overfired affected design for over a century to come. August 1422 that placed Cromwell at the heart of government. As a royal have been described by architectural historian L. A. bricks to create diaperwork patterns on Within Cromwell’s lifetime, the local Lincolnshire councillor he was one of the men tasked with ruling the kingdoms of Shuffrey as “the high-water mark of Gothic fireplace the external walls picking out geometrical gentry began to build towers at Fishtoft, Boston England and France during the minority of the nine-month-old Henry VI. design and ornamentation." However, beyond the designs, a heraldic shield and the initials M, and Spalding. As the century lengthened great Cromwell eventually reached his political apex in 1433 when he was fireplaces, the castle contains many other prime and interlocking-Vs which probably indicated churchmen and magnates built in a similar style appointed Lord Treasurer of England, a position that he held for 11 years – examples of innovation: devotion to Mary the Virgin of Virgins; at sites such as Esher Palace in Surrey (c. 1462-72), significantly longer than any other Lancastrian treasurer. Buckden Towers in Cambridgeshire (c. 1480-94) and • The internal lobbies, window embrasures and • The newel stair contains an elaborate Kirby Muxloe Castle in Leicestershire (c. 1480-84). This was the moment that Cromwell chose to begin construction work at countersunk handrail engineered so that the corridors contain some of the earliest and most Tattershall Castle and, around five years later, Wingfield Manor in Derbyshire. part which the hand clasps stands proud of the elaborate brick vaulting in the country. Cromwell served on the royal council with high- Many trusted soldiers from the French wars were later granted positions ranking men such as Humphry, Duke of Gloucester, wall by 32mm ensuring that users do not catch The use of brick as a building material had of authority, such as Cromwell’s contemporaries John Fastolf at Caister and Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester. their elbows on the masonry; never been attempted on this scale before in (Norfolk), Roger Fiennes at Herstmonceux (Sussex), and his brother James FIGURE 1: NEWEL STAIRCASE Gloucester and Beaufort were implacable

18 19 Visit www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] Visit www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] HIDDEN VOICES THE ROADS OF WAKERLEY 21

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BY MARK DOBSON BY Has any evidence survived on the ground to survived to on the ground Has any evidence might feature with this encounter A first the ground and the reedbeds indicate the site of the the site indicate the reedbeds and the ground the are the east fishponds, while to ancient village house of the 17 of a great earthworks substantial “must have involved involved the building of which “must have century, such as that of at least one road, the diversion bridge, which until the 19 the medieval leading to was reached by a circuitous route, as seen route, a circuitous by reached was century the for . A map prepared map” on Eayre”s in both roads 2) shows (figure estate Burghley later map is dated Eyre’s 1772. (Since in existence road straight that the former it may be suggested 1772 and 1779, between only removed actually was but he died in 1757 and so his survey have must further and no that year, out before been carried upon accuracy its current check made as to in 1779.) publication yes. Well, probably ran? this road where reveal is a there the bridge In the field on the right after high, which runs feet about five mound, or bank, and the course the river and between to parallel the 3). It bends slightly to (figure of the railway continuing yards, hundred about two right for sharply turning before direction in a westward railway the under the left and disappearing to in the field emerges The bank embankment. side as a slight hump and joins on the opposite the Old Rectory. opposite main street Wakerley’s a causeway, is called road Such a raised or wet when it rises above particularly land. marshy of a levée – example that it is an early indicate prevent to up beside a river raised an earthwork otherwise. map suggests flooding – but Eyre's the south of the village rises just to A small brook mostly the fishponds: it now fed have which would briefly, until reappearing underground flows the railway in the field between northwards flowing a culvert It then enters and the causeway. or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit

It is said that the shortest distance between two two between distance It is said that the shortest Figure 1 is a detail from a map of Northamptonshire, drawn after a survey by Thomas Eyre (also Eayre) a survey (also Eayre) after by Thomas Eyre drawn a map of Northamptonshire, from detail 1 is a Figure In the early middle ages it was thought that the devil could only travel in a straight line. A track with a line. A track in a straight only travel thought that the devil could it was middle ages In the early FIGURE 1: THOMAS EYRE'S MAP OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE 1799 PUBLIC DOMAIN (COURTESY NATIONAL ARCHIVES) NATIONAL 1799 PUBLIC DOMAIN (COURTESY FIGURE 1: THOMAS EYRE'S MAP OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE points is a straight line. Yet many things conspire many things conspire line. Yet points is a straight that assertion. challenge to kink in it could confuse him, hence many church paths run diagonally across a churchyard before making a before a churchyard across run diagonally paths many church him, hence confuse kink in it could English “The rolling explanation: up with an alternative came G. K. Chesterton Later, the church. into turn be due may road a winding for reason prosaic a more However, English road." made the rolling drunkard The Making of the English to in his introduction G. Hoskins noted, W. landowner. of a local the whim to bend in it, inexplicable quite house “has a right-angled suburban his Victorian , that a lane near Landscape run around to that, contrived I assume that it was so it bend like make to obstacles no physical are as there of historical a form was that the English landscape . He argued existed” that already estate some Saxon history its own on it, wrote generation as each layer, upon time, layer palimpsest, evolving through best observed He also thought this was via boots stories. of earlier the remnants overwriting in parts on the ground. the road show to in 1779. The map appears William Faden by and published engraved of Kettering, Welland, River the crossing shortly after making a sharp right turn and Wakerley Barrowden between centre. west of the village to the well Wakerley reaching the left before to another turn by followed former village the opposite Wakerley entering the bridge, on after straight proceeds the road Today in the depressions railway, dismantled the now after the west Arms. In the field to public house, the Exeter The roads The of Wakerley of

purse treasurer's treasurer's

the design of the windows was subtle More points architecture Cromwell’s Much of Ralph James Wright FSA University of Nottingham on the third floor of the great tower. This level tower. floor of the great on the third intended probably of rooms a suite contained Deincourt. Margaret wife, Cromwell’s use by for contemporary by framed are Although the windows within looks tracery the arches, style four-centred period of Gothic the Decorated to a century back style Aspects of this anachronistic architecture. at the time and works in royal been noted have and bay also utilised it in the porch Cromwell It may be that this at Wingfield Manor. window style, but it could a court a nod towards was been another signal that Cromwell equally have history of his the powerful pointing towards was family. wife’s social engineering. Although it must be towards innovations that many of the technical stressed the skills of might be ascribed to at Tattershall which of status the messages builders, master the patron. to back only be linked can they contain great enjoyed a man who clearly was Cromwell century social mobility during the mid-fifteenth his new- demonstrate to keen and he was architecture. advanced position through found his gentry between caught, as he was However, position - newly and his ancestry elevated the most powerful to subordinate immediately is present – a tension family of the royal members still be read which can architecture in Cromwell’s century. in the twenty-first crenellations Other repeated signals in Cromwell’s buildings signals in Cromwell’s Other repeated the Cromwell century, Until the mid-fourteenth FIGURE 3: FIREPLACE to show? His later life was certainly mired in mired certainly was life His later show? to into spilled over which occasionally litigation of law and during the break-down swords drawn of the Roses. the Wars up to in the lead order (battlements). include the use of crenellations on the summit of be found to of course, They are, he also saw fit 2). However, (figure tower the great on the cornice versions miniature incorporate to 3), on the principal (figure fireplaces of the castle and on the even tracery, within window rafters, at church collegiate at the adjacent pulpit pedestal use to seemed determined Cromwell Tattershall. emphasise his new-found to of status this marker drive manner to position in a visually recurring home his point. of members obscure had been relatively family is a this, there Despite the East Midlands gentry. in the obsession with history and lineage strong The very of the form of Tattershall. architecture of an ancient power a revival was tower great many carvings are Within it there statement. of the patron’s which emphasise the pedigree in the recurrent notable This is particularly family. bosses ceiling and on the fireplaces use of heraldry the (somewhat distant) which points towards ancient and to of the treasurer connections such as the Albinis, Tateshales, families powerful of other markers are Interspersed and Greys. of himself which include perception Cromwell’s and evil good on the fight between motifs Christian piety (St Michael and the dragon), – the latter weed a Gromwell eating (a meek rabbit legends family or heroic play on words) a knowing a lion on crusade). (Hugh Neville battling

machicolations

Elements of Cromwell’s architecture betray betray architecture Elements of Cromwell’s gentry. of the East Midlands of the East obscure members members obscure had been relatively relatively had been the Cromwell family family the Cromwell fourteenth century, century, fourteenth Until the mid- Until TATTERSHALL_CASTLE, DETAIL, FIGURE 4: TOWER WIKIMEDIA COMMONS) (COURTESY ALAN MURRAY-RUST

tensions relating to anxieties around social around anxieties to relating tensions the use of the repeated position. In particular, in his buildings - on the fireplaces purse treasurer’s at the inner gate 3), above (figure at Tattershall at the parish Wingfield and even on the chancel as somewhat across at Lambley – comes church at a time when most treasurers This was forced. and years, one or two only held the position for with The job came in many cases. months mere and several of scandal accusations associated was not The position executed. were officials pride in such great took Cromwell yet secure, it via permanent name to his it that he staked is purse carvings. The treasurer’s architectural own motto: combined with Cromwell’s often We might ask I not the right?’). ’ (‘Have ‘Nay je droit asking the question, and why? of whom he was himself over-reaching Treasurer the Lord Was began the cracks the point where to politically political rivals and Cromwell gravitated towards the the towards gravitated Cromwell and rivals political required did so as he He probably orbit of the latter. dominated largely on a council of his own a patron himself Cromwell family. of the royal members by never a member of the upper echelons of was in his the fractures and this is where aristocracy may be discerned. confidence political www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit THE NEWLY BUILT PERSONALITY OF RALPH LORD CROMWELL LORD RALPH OF PERSONALITY BUILT NEWLY THE 20 HIDDEN VOICES THE ROADS OF WAKERLEY 23

FIGURE 6: WAKERLEY CHURCH, SHOWING TRACK THE STONE THE LEADING TO DOOR NORTH

Glen Foard, (1913). Glen Foard, English Road , The Rolling References: G. K. Chesterton none of this lane is a lane is a of this none or right-of-way, public footpath even a permissive Rockingham Forest: an atlas of the medieval and early the medieval Forest: an atlas of , Rockingham Partida David Hall, Tracey G. Hoskins, 2009). W. Society, Record (Northamptonshire modern landscape Thrush and John P 1955). Andrew (London, The Making of the English Landscape of Parliament: the House of Commons 1604-1629 (Cambridge (eds) The History Ferris Monuments, An Inventory Commission on Historical 2010). Royal Press, University 1, Northeast Northamptonshire , Volume in Northamptonshire Sites of Archaeological (HMSO, 1975). Wakerley church, dedicated to St John the Baptist, redundant to has been declared dedicated church, Wakerley 1 listed A Grade Trust. Conservation the Churches by for cared and is now article. visiting and will be the subject of a further worth building, it is well south from the main street, opposite Poplar Farmhouse, behind Keeper’s behind Keeper’s Farmhouse, Poplar opposite main street, the south from 6), with a well- north door (figure church’s the up to straight and Cottage section of this has much of its length; a for of cobblestones surface metalled surface of the road’s yards some 50 Sadly, in the churchyard. been exposed never were laid; the stones pipeline was when a gas in the 1950s removed was century them. In the nineteenth no-one and what happened to knows replaced still be seen, This can the main street. from yards a few erected lamp was a gas much provided have it cannot though lamp, only street one and Wakerley’s none of Strangely, of the track. the start indicate than to illumination more it despite footpath, or even a permissive this lane is a public right-of-way, Way, The Jurassic of years! many hundreds use for having been in constant boundaries of skirts the north and western footpath, a national long-distance the west, and this from wall the stone through with an entrance the churchyard Arms. former Exeter up the side of the the village from route a legitimate does offer Mark Dobson Barrowden and Wakerley Parish Magazine Parish Barrowden and Wakerley or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit FIGURE 4: THE ENTRANCE TO THE CULVERT UNDER THE CAUSEWAY THE CULVERT TO FIGURE 4: THE ENTRANCE (CAMBRIDGE FIGURE 5: AERIAL VIEW OF WAKERLEY MANORIAL EARTHWORKS RESERVED) © COPYRIGHT OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY COLLECTION UNIVERSITY FIGURE 3: THE CAUSEWAY OR BANK SEEN FROM WAKERLEY BRIDGE; THE RAILWAY BRIDGE; THE RAILWAY OR BANK SEEN FROM WAKERLEY FIGURE 3: THE CAUSEWAY IN THE BACKGROUND THE TREES EMBANKMENT IS BENEATH suggests that the map maker may have intended to record a building here, a building here, record to intended may have the map maker that suggests been have to he does seem However, in the way. name got but the village in Barrowden correctly shown one is anyway: churches in recording selective only another is there in Tixover and or Duddington, Harringworth but none in in Wakerley, is a church there be. Be that as it may, it should where smudge seen on be clearly this can the village; it from up to a lane leading is and there that this this map is from is also clear 2). What (figure map of 1772 an estate that the century in the eighteenth only it was the church; to the only way was The lane runs the Fineshade Road. to eastwards extended was churchyard Eyre’s 1779 map appears to ignore a church in Wakerley, which should which should in Wakerley, a church ignore to 1779 map appears Eyre’s bedechamber [sic ]… my lady’s chamber … the parlour …and … the green … the green … the parlour …and chamber [sic ]… my lady’s bedechamber the to gardens of terraced remains substantial also are There bedechamber." Earl William, the 2nd his brother predeceased house. Sir Richard of the east son David inherited heir Richard’s had no direct but as the latter of Exeter, Wakerley House and Burghley to and titles. He removed estates the Burghley the end of the towards until sometime tenants various to let Manor was demolished, with some of the house was when the manor century seventeenth open fields were housebuilding. In 1749 the Wakerley in local re-used stones that a new was of this enclosure consequences later enclosed, and one of the runs straight, now which and the village, the bridge built between was road in front the main street to the river over the bridge from noted, as previously in the aerial photograph seen be clearly Arms. This can Exeter of the former hump running a shallow the field on the left of the picture 5). In (figure road, may be the line of the earlier road the present to parallel approximately mentioned above. route the circuitous by replaced there name; a smudge in the village “e” the second just above be located Whether Richard had a completely new house built in Wakerley a completely new house built in Wakerley Whether Richard had be one is a question that cannot easily or took over an existing although of its construction, survives as no record answered a clue. to provide would be likely excavation of the site In the early seventeenth century, the manor of Wakerley was owned by by owned was of Wakerley the manor century, seventeenth In the early FIGURE 2: WAKERLEY IN 1772 (COURTESY NORTHAMPTONSHIRE RECORD SOCIETY) RECORD NORTHAMPTONSHIRE FIGURE 2: WAKERLEY IN 1772 (COURTESY

www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit Sir Edward Griffin of Dingley, a village a few miles east of Market Harborough, Harborough, of Market east few miles a a village of Dingley, Griffin Sir Edward of Cecil, grandson Sir Richard to In 1618 he sold the manor Leicestershire. of state secretary Queen Elizabeth’s Burghley, William Cecil, the 1st Lord some six miles in Collyweston, then living was Sir Richard and chief advisor. by and occupied owned in the manor house previously of Wakerley, east had a completely of Henry the mother Richard Beaufort, VII. Whether Margaret that one is a question existing an over or took new house built in Wakerley although survives of its construction, as no record be answered easily cannot it is clear a clue. However, provide to be likely would of the site excavation a fairly that it was on the ground and the remains sources written both from death his after made goods building. An inventory of Richard’s substantial the chamber, “The hall, the great including in 1633 mentions 30 rooms, the yellow the gallery and study, chamber, chamber … the wainscot lord”s beneath the causeway and re-emerges a few feet from the river (figure 4). (figure river the from feet a few and re-emerges causeway the beneath of a levée: rising suggestion any pre-empts of this culvert The existence it! through back flow merely would floodwaters THE ROADS OF WAKERLEY OF ROADS THE 22 HIDDEN VOICES STAND FIRM – CIVIL DEFENCES IN NEWARK DURING WORLD WAR II 25 FIGURE 2 ” the Home Guard the Home not attempt should hibernate. to The risk of is invasion still real. A larger number of maps also exist for the for number of maps also exist A larger faced fared actually have would Newark How “

to be situated at each end of the bridge, with a end of the bridge, at each be situated to to men were More of 20 riflemen attending. total along the North in buildings further be stationed The map also station. the railway and around Road Road the Lincoln at defences the proposed details 30 men and the east, comprising to bridge, railway gun. a Lewis which at a cursory glance villages, surroundings those solely for defences for be mistaken could these positions replotting However, locations. that the various clearly on a modern map shows the prevent designed to blocks were and wire road of Newark. In figure the town reaching enemy from blocks with the road for are markers the red two blocks. The road wire indicating purple markers blocks were whilst the wire anti-vehicle blocks were infantry. stop designed to German assault, only one can with a full-blown time that Newark not the first imagine. This was position, being strategically Castle held a defensive in which occurred during the sieges important On those 1218 and during the English Civil War. negation, by determined was the result occasions, This would engagement. or protracted quick retreat in 1940 or 1941. been the results have unlikely Ruth Imeson (Inspire) Archives Nottinghamshire FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF HOME FIGURE 1: LOCATION NEWARK (COURTESY UNITS GUARD ARCHIVES) OF NOTTIGNHAMSHIRE or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit Figure 1 details 1 details Figure the defences to be to the defences in the mounted vicinity immediate Castle. of Newark Home The Newark had a total Guard of 78 men, strength armed with rifles and machine gun. a Lewis to riflemen were Ten within the be situated giving grounds, castle them an unimpeded firing position over Trent. the River were blocks Road immediate invasion crisis passed morale and morale crisis passed invasion immediate issued at were in. Warning set dissolution would that “the Home Guard of 1941 stating the beginning The risk of invasion hibernate. to should not attempt of issued with 30 rounds All men were is still real.” rifles load not to ammunition, along with an order man to duties were first “without an order”. Vann’s and Devon Village in Winthrope block the road Road. on Farndon Bridge

th Invasion discussions centred the maintenance the maintenance discussions centred Invasion in No 2 Section, 18 a teenager was S A Vanns There were also national concerns about the also national concerns were There As on such committees. lack of women marked of female “the matter noted: the County Controller . direction” Ministerial is a recent representation Mrs invite to instructed was therefore, Tallents, councillor of a local the wife Parlby, Florence join the , to Advertiser of the Newark and editor do this. to some reluctance He showed Committee. of supplies, the evacuation and water of food medical shelters, trench for the population, sites burial of the transport, services, fire services, was scheme A draft storage. and petrol dead, April 1942. Not everythingpublished on 3rd was the County Air Raid example, For forward. straight removeto plans that commented Officer Precautions be would outside Newark towns to casualties only act could Committee “the Invasion as unfeasible the and if it is not isolated is isolated when the town . be open” would assistance usual channels of Medical 11 Home Guard, Newark D Company, Platoon Notts Battalion. From August 1940, the Home August From Notts Battalion. and regularised increasingly became Guard improved. discipled, and equipment slowly that as the persisted worries Nonetheless, BY RUTH IMESON BY Amongst the four million items at Nottinghamshire Archives are two sets of documents which relate which relate of documents sets two are Archives at Nottinghamshire million items Amongst the four and the FIRM” order observe to the “STAND expected population was the In the event of an invasion England in 1941. districts across and country in towns established were Committees Invasion times. “In the past the Army has always extraordinary that these were also acknowledged it was Yet in contingencies” meet primarily with making plans “to charged was Thus, the Committee Clerk. Town and Newark’s solicitor a local DSO, Colonel Hugh Tallents, by chaired was The Committee to the invasion threat. The first is part of the Nottinghamshire County Council collection, which contains which contains collection, County Council of the Nottinghamshire is part The first threat. the invasion to by a member of collected been to have appears and official instructions. The second reports minutes, in and of defences a number of maps which specify the locations It contains Home Guard. Newark’s posts, Lewis blocks, observation as road include such obstacles of Newark. The defences the town around and stores. headquarters gun positions, bomb posts, trenches, all else. above of military communications prioritise the maintenance to instructed civil authorities were disrupt the German attack. and to society maintain designed both to were Such instructions provided the enemy Do not tell our troops; to can all the help you should give included: “You advice Other useful him anything. Do not help him in any way.” anything. Do not give and things as cars and mobilise such useful if the Germans came charge take to was Their role of the Committee in the work military involvement Direct in the event of an emergency. megaphones power had “no executive representatives military made clear, official guidance As the muted. remained of the and planning, and the education exploration consultation, Their function will be purely whatsoever. therefore, power, Emergency which might arise.” the sort of emergency them for preparing public by of civil, domestic matters. in the civic authorities in terms vested remained time the planning of the first for necessitates of invasion The threat of fighting abroad. thought in terms Kingdom, the Army in the United fight successfully to Kingdom. In order in the United operations military and the public.” Authorities the Civil needs the fullest support from to“the enemy [being] in temporary invasion” bombing before scale “large from ranging circumstances A July audit revealed essentially limited. were resources of the neighbourhood”. Its own occupation of rope. and 220 yards boilers 4 tar it had at its disposal 175 picks, 191 shovels, the ARP, Service, the National Fire the Home Guard, the police, from included chief officers Other members and Council: the Mayor of Newark and members officers and other senior the military section commander had also a dual Tallents and the County Divisional Surveyor. of Works Services the Director Deputy Mayor, oversight, civilian reinforcing in a statement Again, for the Borough. Officer Executive as the Food role chair the Committee. could personnel, army or home guard specified that no military member, it was ”

You should You all the give help you can troops; our to Do not tell the enemy anything. Do not give him anything. Do not help him in any way.

During the summer of 1940 the Royal Air Force overpowered the might of the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain. This was This in the Battle of Britain. the might of the Luftwaffe overpowered Air Force During the summer of 1940 the Royal

“

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During World War II War World During Civil Defences in Newark in Newark Civil Defences STAND FIRM STAND swiftly followed by the postponement of Hitler’s planned invasion of Britain, codenamed Operation Sea Lion, in September. Lion, in September. Sea codenamed Operation of Britain, planned invasion by the postponement of Hitler’s followed swiftly alert, to as it was on high invasion remained country the Union. Nonetheless, the Soviet In June 1941 Germany invaded English be made by to continued and preparations seemed very still real, of invasion The danger come. to years several for inland as Nottinghamshire. authorities, both military and civilian, as far STAND FIRM – CIVIL DEFENCES IN NEWARK DURING WORLD WAR II WAR WORLD DURING NEWARK IN DEFENCES CIVIL – FIRM STAND 24 HIDDEN VOICES THE NAPOLEONIC WARS AT HOME 27

LORD BYRON (PUBLIC DOMAIN WIKIMEDIA COMMONS) BYRON LORD Besides Byron’s support for Emperor Napoleon, the opposition to the war the war Napoleon, the opposition to Emperor support for Besides Byron’s most … On the in France interfere no right to have indeed, we “Abstractedly, think it will be I incline to against the war. I voted consideration, mature be impolitick, it to if not unjust. I conceive but I believe short and successful, most dangerous be a to XVIII upon the throne, of seating Louis the project of Kings … In my conspiracy any future by be followed to likely precedent preserved.” been might have opinion, peace of that “in the particular circumstances however, did concede, Sir Robert class who had combatted the aristocratic some gain to was “Doubtless there population the the working but to Parvenu, against the Corsican so fiercely loss, and loss only.” was result of the effects feeling still was Britain the end of the Napoleonic Wars, At intended of Pentrich village the Derbyshire of men from In 1817, a group

and the actions of the Luddites, there are other local instances of dissent. instances other local are there and the actions of the Luddites, between Grimsby Great MP for the Whig born in Newark, was Heron, Sir Robert at Stubton lived 1819-1847. He between Peterborough 1812-1818 and for Writing on June 17, and Nottinghamshire. of Lincolnshire Hall on the border about his concerns he voiced the Battle of Waterloo), 1815 (the day before in the British confidence a lack of and displayed in Europe of affairs the state albeit in a slightly in France, with the turmoil dealing to approach government’s reserved manner than Byron: more the ruin which the from ourselves to save an effort make ought to we the case, must, and I fear bring upon us.” of Napoleon may, re-establishment secure of the and the resolution of Napoleon at Waterloo, Nevertheless, the defeat ruinous financial already Britain’s alleviate did little to in Europe, conflict argues: cogently Peel and the plight of the labouring classes. Frank problems, the to According of its resources. and the depletion taxation war continued of the Corn Laws in 1815 served of the first Nottingham Date-Book, the passing exacerbating , so further rate” at an unnatural of corn up the price “keep only to of 1815, the frequency of the people of Nottingham. After the hardships working fairer for alongside calls and demonstrations, protests organised be partly can These protests increased. reform, and parliamentary conditions many of in society, by some of the poorest suffered the hardships by explained policies such as the Corn Laws, or direct of government as a result which were which were forces of market in the form of the Napoleonic Wars consequences their aftershocks. by generated the government overthrow via Nottingham, to London, to their way make to of the rebellion, leader of a nationwide uprising. The principal as part others, along with two subsequently executed, was Brandreth, Jeremiah government. by the it had been suppressed 1817 after on 7th November

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Lord Byron,Lord critican outspoken passionately war, of the the defence to came Luddites of the “I have seen them meagre with famine, sullen with despair … Will you erect erect … Will you sullen with despair with famine, seen them meagre “I have these the … Are scarecrows? and hang men up like field in every a gibbet of such a bill … The framers populace? and desperate a starving for remedies whose edicts lawgiver of that Athenian inherit the honours to must be content not in ink, be written, but in blood.” said to were motives. economic seen as having purely is often movement The Luddite of the response movement, and the scale the timing of the Luddite Given was Luddism counter in to brought that was One of the policing measures was and Warding 1816, Watching and December November Between him; but I believe All seems against will decide his fate. "Napoleon!–this week to we and hope he will win–at least, What right have beat back the Invaders. France?" to sovereigns prescribe principles, tried to stamp out trouble with policing measures and severe and severe with policing measures out trouble stamp principles, tried to Breaking of the Frame 1812, the introduction In legislation. repressive During the offence. a capital frames Act made the destruction of stocking passionately critic of the war, an outspoken Byron, Lord debate, legislation in his maiden speech in the House of Lords: of the Luddites the defence to came the plight of demonstrate, blockade of Napoleon’s as impacts However, war the ongoing to also connected was knitters framework Nottingham’s in Europe. partly were that the protests quell the unrest, it is likely to the government by as the the Luddites to referring with Byron concerns, political by motivated saw Jacobinism Nottingham Gazette of politics”. Indeed, the Tory “Lutherans a revolutionary making Luddism in the town, of frame-breaking as the root in 1816, Henry which erupted Enfield, the town Amidst the panic protest. in public houses, suspicious meetings the Home Secretary to clerk, reported . of revolution” including “talk introduced. was and Warding” Nottingham. In 1812, “Watching also unique to out on go upon, at any time, to be called liable to All able-bodied were men suspicious any and be vigilant for the streets guard to duty at night in order would Constables spotting Luddites. eye towards with a particular activity, Thomas Carver man was One such who, and ward. watch literally quite knitter. also a framework was ironically, which time Carver during of Luddism, a new wave to in response reintroduced or not the of whether Regardless on 13 occasions. served as night constable is little doubt that their there possessed revolutionary tendencies, Luddites been views have which would expressed Byron, Lord defender, most ardent On February 18th 1814, during the events which be treasonous. to considered in his journal: he wrote as Emperor, abdication first Napoleon’s led to

 If some dissentient voices heard in 1797-8 were of the when the aftermath still lingered Revolution was in the land, there enthusiasm increased in the patriotism of 1801, and burning ardour coupled unanimity with absolute in that of 1803-5. As the war dragged on into 1806 and 1807, 1806 and on into dragged As the war the threat by outraged In 1811, the Luddites, the greater problem for the government was was the government for problem the greater but of protest, radical not one of suppressing the and enthusiasm for national interest retaining its reached had perhaps already Enthusiasm war. height in Nottingham in 1805, when the news of with widespread met was the victory at Trafalgar thanksgiving, including a general celebration, in the infantry volleys by of three the delivering dinner at the and a Yeomanry the market-place, ‘Continental Inn. In 1806, Napoleon’s Flying Horse the British economy strangle sought to Blockade’ John allies. with its European trade restricting by that in Nottingham, interest has suggested Beckett of the depressed declined as a result in the war about as a result brought of the hosiery trade, state blockade. of Napoleon’s knitters, as framework of losing their livelihoods rapid to the tide of due and being left destitute prices, food industrialisation and astronomical Nottinghamshire across havoc wreak to began machine-breaking. with sporadic villages greater, of the need for aware The government, of violence, disapproving production, cheaper revolutionary of French of the spread and terrified

The number of men who volunteered to help defend the country against a against the country help defend to The number of men who volunteered in Nottingham sympathetic groups numerous were During the 1790s, there Coinciding with the bi-centenary of the Battle of Waterloo, of the Battle of Waterloo, Coinciding with the bi-centenary

The The Napoleonic at Wars home French invasion was unprecedented. By 1804, numbers reached a record high a record reached 1804, numbers By unprecedented. was invasion French a in uniform, one-in-five able bodied men were that nearly of 480,000, meaning of Henry deemed an “insurrection which the Prime Minister Addington response the government on and raged as the conflict later, than a decade . Less loyalty” a be quite would there taxation, levels of war impose extortionate to continued form of insurrection. different the end of 1792, the town’s By Revolution. of the French the causes to organisation a popular democratic to risen had given undercurrent radical this point From and male suffrage. reform parliamentary which advocated split into the people of Nottingham were as Blackner argues, onwards, and aristocrats.” hostile parties, under the appellations of democrats “two Republicans and alleged Loyalists clashes between the decade, Throughout the time of the Napoleonic Wars, by However, commonplace. became as the not so apparent, were in the country of disloyalty allegations noted: Indeed, Wheeler and Broadley indicate. statistics volunteer there has been increasing interest in the connection between between in the connection interest has been increasing there in Britain. life (1803-1815) and domestic the Napoleonic Wars In These Times: Uglow’s such as Jenny works Whilst recent 1793-1815 (2014) War Napoleon’s Through Living in Britain between the relationship insight into a valuable provide needs that there it is clear conflict, and foreign domestic life happening what was be a closer association between to and social, economic and its wider on the continent and especially particularly in Britain, effects, political such as Nottingham towns in the East Midlands, where violent protest. and radicalism for a reputation gained impact of the war’s the extent examine This article seeks to at of people living in Nottinghamshire on the livelihoods and the economic to it contributed the time and how after and before movements of protest motives political of examples fascinating provide to 1815. It also intends influential some of the more from the war to reactions of the British aristocracy. members BY EDWARD HAMMOND EDWARD BY

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BY DR HELEN DREW AND DR NICK HAYES About the paper This paper is based on a lecture delivered in January 2018 to the Friends of Nottinghamshire Archives, a version of which was printed in the Friends of Nottinghamshire Archives (FONA) THE NAPOLEONIC WARS AT HOME AT THE NAPOLEONIC WARS newsletter, 18 (2018), pp. 4-5, available for download at https://fona.org.uk

RIGHT: WATCHING AND WARDING 1812 (COURTESY NOTTINGHAM-SHIRE ARCHIVES) BELOW: JEREMIAH BRANDRETH SATIRICAL PRINT BY GEORGE CRUICKSHANK 1817 (PUBLIC DOMAIN WIKIMEDIA COMMONS COURTESY BRITISH MUSEUM) Writing history

Having a plan is also very helpful when considering the second tip: picking So you’ve dragged yourself away out key points. Too much information crammed into a small space can be overwhelming, and disastrously can cause arguments and important messages from the car and the hoover, and you’re to become lost or confused in a mass of narrative and data, so clearly identify sitting in front of that pristine white which are the important points you wish to make. Information for information’s sake is distracting. We’ve all been there. Sometimes you’re glad to have found screen waiting for words to appear. any information; sometimes there is simply too much. But it’s important to recognise that some points and details are much more important than others. Hmmm … Where to start? Here are Every historian has to go through a process of selection, or books would go on forever. Ask yourself if the particular point you’re considering adds to five top tips to help you create an your article; does it help you to reach the conclusion you wish to make, or is it maybe a distraction to the story you are telling? Make your points clearly, and article and write good history. ditch any unnecessary details, confusing facts, or waffle. Most people will probably not have prior knowledge or a detailed The first thing is the need to tell a good story. The award-winning American understanding of the subject area you’re discussing. Nor will they know author and historian, David McCullough, believes that “We are and must be the background to the story you’re trying to tell. This leads us to the third storytellers… And communities have stories”, many good stories, waiting to tip: the need to provide context. This magazine covers a wide topical and be told. Storytelling helps engage your reader; it keeps them turning the page chronological range and it appeals to the general reader. It’s important, through to the end of your piece. Good history is a mix of storytelling and therefore, that you ground your story in at least some of the relevant specifics data (evidence). Putting these two together is not always an easy balance of the period; better still, if you can provide brief outlines of historical to achieve. Facts by themselves aren’t history, no matter how many you've explantion (we can help with this). But its not just about providing background Brandreth had fallen victim to a government plot, 700 injured. The events in Manchester only led to apostrophising the Duke of Wellington, exclaimed collected during your research. A list of dates, names or events is chronicle. knowledge for its own sake, important as that is. Almost all of what we publish designed to test the loyalty of the population even greater calls for reform across the country, “I should be delighted to learn who, save you and History, by contrast, involves narrative, information, context, and explanation. are what you might loosely call case studies: detailed research on the specific. by tempting revolt by planting spies to infiltrate and political discontent reached its climax in yours, have gained by Waterloo.” But the key thing is to have a conversation with the reader; to paint a picture To give your story bite you need to tell it against the backdrop of broader groups of well-known radicals. Two years later, in Nottingham in 1831, when the castle was burned for them. Everyone likes to conduct their own research. That’s the easy bit. events: that is, to show how your own research illustrates or is related to the 1819, the ‘Peterloo Massacre’ occurred at St Peter’s down during the Reform Riots. Your job is to present your findings to a new wide and varied audience, in whole, or at least part of that whole. Doing this means you have a bigger story Field in Manchester. The vastly disproportionate Edward Hammond effect telling the story of your research. The writing process is rarely a smooth In the years shortly after the Napoleonic Wars, to tell. History is largely about explaining change or continuity across time: parliamentary representation of urban centres Nottingham Trent University one, but don’t be put off by this. Take the bad with the good. Be prepared to to quote Lucy Worsley, Britain looked like it was sometimes across centuries, sometimes decades, sometimes only years or in the north of England, combined with chronic edit – to come back to a piece. Working to a word limit can be challenging, so “at war with itself”, and the labouring classes months. Setting your own work against the times gives it extra meaning. Don’t levels of post-war economic depression, led to make each word you write count. Before you start to write jot down a plan, certainly did not feel any increase in prosperity offer lists of names, dates, random facts and events; focus on the material that one of the largest demonstrations (60,000 – 80,000 References: John Beckett (ed.), A Centenary History and structure a beginning, a middle and an ending to your article. This will after the war’s end. In fact, their prospects only corelates to your own research. strong) to be witnessed by the government of the of Nottingham (Manchester, 1997). John Blackner, help your piece to flow, but will also assist in achieving reader engagement deteriorated. The continued cutting of wages day. Indeed, the Peterloo Massacre is so called in The History of Nottingham (Nottingham, 1815). Frank and capturing interest. Imagine you’re in a bookshop, browsing for your next Indeed, if you are thinking about why things change or why they stay largely without relief, famine and chronic unemployment Peel, The Risings of the Luddites (London, 1880). Jenny an ironic comparison to the Battle of Waterloo, as a holiday read. You open a book, read the first few sentences, but they fail to the same, then you’re already writing history in your head. Good articles have was a far cry from the financial extravagances of the Uglow, In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon’s force of Yeomanry charged towards the protesters, grab you. What do you do? You put the book back and continue your search – a sense of purpose and direction. They seek to ask questions and provide Prince Regent. Again, Lord Byron can summarise War 1793-1815 (London, 2014). H. F. B. Wheeler and A. M. which included Waterloo veterans, and, in the panic Napoleon and the Invasion of England: The Story so imagine the first few lines of your article are your first page, and it’s there explanations about why this or that happened, or sometimes why it didn’t. this turbulent episode in our history for us, who, Broadley, and chaos which ensued, 15 were killed and up to of the Great Terror (London, 1908). you need to start engaging. To take a common example. It’s frequently suggested that both the First

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Have a sense of purpose a sense of purpose Have and direction In short... a good story 1. Tell points 2. Pick out key context 3. Provide 4.  5. Use direct quotes 5. Use direct Most of what we write comes in the form of a synopsis. We piece together together of a synopsis. We piece in the form comes write Most of what we Ali’s quotes allow us to enter into a private world; Peter’s, indirectly, tell us tell indirectly, Peter’s, world; a private into enter us to allow quotes Ali’s perhaps only It was of sensationalist reporting. of the nature too, something, a grizzly end. to came fitting that the perpetrator offer to histories other and from evidence the historical from information are what we directly, quote events. But when we of certain accounts coherent the moment or say something that capture or words phrases are looking for of of Minutes the extract Consider representative. striking or particularly in 1917 established ex-servicemen paralysed House, a home for Ellerslie through public subscription and by for is paid 1). The home/hospital (Figure is not what it seems. But all the Ministry from of Pensions. fees capitation are There the transcript. through read a veryof this as you sense clear get You the disquiet that implicitly capture in this short extract quotes so many good of the staff. anger and muted of these men, and the frustration and torment when they put their hands expected this is not what the subscribers Clearly House writing about Ellerslie were the home. If you fund to in their pockets account, your into find their way surely would words some of those highlighted the “It was voice: both the human and institutional capture they starkly for and their rudeness, put up with everything, have the nurses, patients. They, home drunk and sick.” come bed when they put them to and having to swearing, writing history is easy! Sometimes Dr Helen Drew and Dr Nick Hayes Trent University Nottingham or email [email protected] www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk Visit Storytelling helps engage your reader; reader; your engage helps Storytelling through the page turning them it keeps piece. end of your the to . quotes use direct story is to a good of telling One of best ways Again, achieving a good balance can be tricky. What you don’t want is to is to don’t want What you be tricky. can balance achieving a good Again, or the narrative, which swamp quotations endless ‘scissor and paste’ have that extract is the shortest do want What you page. half a that run for quotes quoting secondary (this applies to make wish to the point you illustrates help bring really can material quoting of archival The direct too). sources past: the so it brings from voices all, direct after are, These life. storyyour to article is built Ali Flint’s quote? The question then is what to nearer. that past to relating in this case letters, family of intimate a collection around largely parlance birth, who in today’s dumb from described as being Maria Talbutt, found some difficulties. Ali has learning be seen as having severe would poignantly that: mother writes “Maria is quite Maria’s extracts. wonderful her sentiments.” express she able to was with us in best love unite she w’d well “poor little thing she [Maria] has what no one else has tenderly, notes Her sister Maria not let “do yes, replies: Her brother with the measles, a good appetite.” to better article, how Hammond’s In Peter appetite.” indulge in her excellent that one warehouse note to than of the destruction caused the scale illustrate in heaps of ruins, not one stone the air and scattered into lifted completely “was of the man responsible the fate We also learn upon another.” being left standing and out far spread Nottingham in 1818: his body was in explosion the great for and flesh, upon of skull pieces of blood and brains, a “hideous track wide, leaving moments All capture had passed along." his mangled remains where the grass, the story they our understanding. and add to importantly in time, but more and Second Worlds had a major and lasting impact on British society, changing on British society, a major and lasting impact Worlds had and Second that this is being told constantly we’re this is because Partly it significantly. so big that they must surely the events were because it’s partly and the case, articles in this issue that explore good two are There had a major impact. have had on drinking habits War the Great looks at the impact this. Jane Whitaker Thorpe examines 1914-18. Tom between (and indeed elsewhere) in Derby of years two in the first in Leicester patterns and recruitment volunteering with the all familiar all probably first. We’re piece Tom’s take To the war. and became iconic : it’s Needs You” Kitchener Lord “Britons poster recruitment join the that floods of men rushed to We know of the national story. a part of 1914 some 1.2m the end By 100,000 volunteers. for called Kitchener colours. points out is that in Leicester, But what Tom cry. this rallying had answered and cities, the rush towns and in other local in the county but also particularly, The evidence why. And he then explains muted. distinctly was volunteer to put a first, or, and beliefs interests personal that many placed suggests and respect limited was in this war of impact that the immediate way, different of article looks essentially at the impact Jane’s not as its been remembered. - etc taxation, punitive opening hours, – reduced regulation wartime restrictive Movement Temperance that a vocal note to interesting on drinking habits. It’s but that the war society, and Edwardian of Victorian a feature already was under the guise of this message broadcast to opportunities enhanced provided consumption that wartime true, as she shows, certainly, It’s national necessity. But, as she points drunkenness. for as did prosecutions sharply, fell of alcohol albeit rose markedly, both war, the after relaxed were out, when regulations people local of how her accounts liked levels. We particularly pre-war not to popular loosely call might the law (what you or ignore circumvent sought to picture. a broader illustrate to stories personal telling she’s Here’s resistance). well. It works FIGURE 1

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