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CHALLENGES FACED by WOMEN FOOTBALL PLAYERS WHO PARTICIPATE in FOOTBALL LEAGUES Gorreti Wangari, Prof

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CHALLENGES FACED by WOMEN FOOTBALL PLAYERS WHO PARTICIPATE in FOOTBALL LEAGUES Gorreti Wangari, Prof CHALLENGES FACED BY WOMEN FOOTBALL PLAYERS WHO PARTICIPATE IN FOOTBALL LEAGUES Gorreti Wangari, Prof. Elishiba Kimani and Dr. Geofrey Wango Journal of Developing Country Studies ISSN 2520-5307 (Online) Vol.2, Issue 1 No.2, pp 13 -35, 2017 www.iprjb.org CHALLENGES FACED BY WOMEN FOOTBALL PLAYERS WHO PARTICIPATE IN FOOTBALL LEAGUES 1* Gorreti Wangari Master‟s student, Kenyatta University *Corresponding Author‟s Email: [email protected] 2 Prof. Elishiba Kimani Lecture, Kenyatta University 3 Dr. Geofrey Wango Lecture, Kenyatta University Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify challenges faced by women football players who participate in football leagues. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive survey design. It was conducted in Gatundu North and Thika West. The target population for this study was the 8 and 6women football teams in Gatundu North and Thika West districts, respectively. Focus group discussion guide, Interview schedule and Questionnaire were the instruments of data collection. The study mainly yielded qualitative data. This was sorted out, analyzed quantitatively and presented in tables. Results: There were several challenges that faced women football players. Among them, funding was the main one. Others included; society‟s negative attitude towards women football which translates to poor participation of women in football activities in the area; biological factors such as menstruation and pregnancy; poor governance of the football organizations; limited access to facilities and equipment and women‟s gender roles and responsibilities. Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommended that the National government, county government as well as the Football Kenya Federation should be keen on women football and give it the attention that it deserves in order to improve their participation in football. Keywords: Football leagues, challenges, women football players. 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The importance of sports is diverse and broad, ranging from its role in individual economic value, health promotion and fitness, to peace building and community regeneration in post- conflict (Brady, 1998; Butler, 2010; UNESCO, 2015). The UNESCO International Charter of Physical Education, Physical Activity and Sport (UNESCO, 2015) acknowledges that cultural 14 Journal of Developing Country Studies ISSN 2520-5307 (Online) Vol.2, Issue 1 No.2, pp 13 -35, 2017 www.iprjb.org diversity in physical education, physical activity and sport forms part of humanity‟s intangible heritage and that these includes physical play, recreation, dance, organized, casual, competitive, traditional and indigenous sports and games. The charter recognizes that physical education, physical activity and sport can bring a variety of individual and societal benefits, such as health, social and economic development, youth empowerment, reconciliation and peace. Recently, Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) prevention programmes have begun to incorporate sports into efforts to adopt intervention strategies. Further, HIV prevention messages are disseminated and life skills are taught during sports (Brady, 1989). Sport is also considered as part of the local culture, linking young and old and creating opportunities for young people to realize a potential that is non academic (Nyanjom, 2010). Sports is considered as a tool in promoting gender equity and social inclusion for girls and women (Butler, 2010). Today, sport is big business, a source of youth employment and enjoyment, often keeping them away from negative influences and activities (Mwisukha et al, 2003). According to Alegi (2010) football has been in existence since 1100 and was introduced to Africa by the colonialists. It is one of the greatest phenomena in terms of attraction to people of all ages, gender and nationality. The number of spectators has recently achieved staggering numbers – nowadays stadiums and sport arenas have to be gigantic so they can fit tens of thousands of football fans (Owen, et al, 2007). With the arrival of television, the number of football fans has grown to billions of people. Billions of people around the globe are attracted by the Federation International de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup that takes place every four years. In 2010, the world cup in South Africa and the slogan “it‟s time for Africa” brought a sense of belonging to many African football lovers (Andre, 2010). Being a loyal fan to a particular football team is undoubtedly a highly meaningful activity for football fans (Tapp, 2004). In Kenya, the modern football fan base is Euro-centric and is defined by a shift of the fan- base from local football to the English Premier League and European Champions League. Most of the Kenyan football clubs virtually have no fans but English clubs such as Arsenal, Manchester United and Chelsea have a wide fan-base (Andre, 2010). The first women‟s football world cup was held in 1991, sixty one years after the first men football world cup. It is held after every five years though little is known about as (Alegi, (2010) argues that there are inexcusable delays by the organizers that make women football more difficult for fans and media to participate in the competitions. It is clear that women World cup is not as publicized as the Men‟s world cup a fact that shows that women football still has a long way to go. According to the FIFA women‟s world cup Report (2011), Germany and USA has won twice while Norway and Japan won the other matches. Nigeria and South Africa has represented Africa in the Women‟s world cup though with poor performances often losing the matches early (FIFA Africa Report, 2010). In Africa, women football is not given much attention (Saavadra, 2007). Only Nigeria and South Africa seems to be leading as they have both made appearances in the FIFA women‟s world cup and has continually participated in African women championships. Both teams have played in several editions of the women football world cup though none has ever gone beyond the quarter finals (CAF, 2011). According to Alegi (2010), their performance is greatly attributed to the fact that Nigeria and South Africa have a more established league system although the countries are 15 Journal of Developing Country Studies ISSN 2520-5307 (Online) Vol.2, Issue 1 No.2, pp 13 -35, 2017 www.iprjb.org still struggling to get their women‟s national team to international level. According to Saavadra, (2003), other African countries such as Senegal, Ghana, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea have participated though unsuccessfully in Africa Cup of Nations(CAF) organized by Confederation of Africa Women Football (CAWF). Kenya‟s national women football team, Harambee Starlets has been in existence since 1984 but has had dismal performance often not appearing or withdrawing from championships before end of season. The poor performance can be attributed to lack of funds. For example, FKF in its financial report-2013/2014 financial year indicated that Ksh.101 million was spent on Men‟s football while only Ksh. 1.5 million was spent on women‟s football. Though men‟s football often gets the lion‟s share of the FKF budget, the performance of the national team is still poor as compared to other African teams but the men‟s football league is more established. The National women football team Harambee Starlets played in qualifying matches for the Olympics in 2006 and Africa cup of Nations in 2007. It also played in Africa Women football cup in 2010 but withdrew before the end of the season citing lack of funds. Both men and women national teams have never been in the world cup (FKF, 2011). Despite the great importance and popularity of sport for both men and women, women‟s participation in sport is still quite low all over the world as they face a lot of challenges that bar them from active participation (Fahmy, 2011; FIFA, 2015; Xhakaza, 2005). This was the concern of this study by investigating women participation in football in Thika Sub-county. Sport, like certain other activities in society, has been perceived more as more masculine than feminine. These findings are consistent across the globe (Hardin & Croston, 2012; Feldman et al., 2003; FIFA, 2015; Koivula, 2005) considered a highly male domain and football appears to have been a masculine filed. Various analysis and reports by FIFA have pinpointed to a lower involvement of women in football (Fahmy, 2011; FIFA, 2015). In addition, studies conducted on physical activity and sedentary activities have found that there are more girls than boys in the low and moderate physical activity groups and more boys than girls in the high activity group (Feldman et al., 2003). FIFA in turn conducted a survey on women‟s football in 2014 (FIFA, 2015) that included perceptions of women football, investment in women football and priorities for women‟s football. This study enhances gender equity through sports and football in particular. 1.2 Statement of the problem From the foregoing background, football is one of the leading participation and spectator sport in the world over. However, females continue to be poorly represented in football, world over including Kenya. To increase the participation in football, there is need to have a sustainable system of competitions such as leagues. In most countries, the women leagues are not regular and suffer from challenges such as inadequate funding and low motivation for players. In Kenya, the national men‟s football league has been ongoing since 1963, while the first National women league in Kenya was held in 2010. Worse still the women‟s leagues have been on and off and in some regions, the grassroots leagues are not held at all. It is out of the concern for low 16 Journal of Developing Country Studies ISSN 2520-5307 (Online) Vol.2, Issue 1 No.2, pp 13 -35, 2017 www.iprjb.org participation of women in football that this study was initiated.
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