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Nationhood in Citizenship Tests and Loyalty Oaths

Nationhood in Citizenship Tests and Loyalty Oaths

CEU eTD Collection

Evidence from Nationhood In of fulfillment partial

in Master Studies ProgramNationalism Studies Central European University Austria, Austria, Denmark, the and . Advisor: Tests by Budapest, Hungary s of Arts s of Benjamin Tjaden Benjamin Submitted to Submitted the requirement the Dr. 2014 Anton Pelinka

in Nationalism

and Loyalty :

s

for thedegree of

CEU eTD Collection largelymay symbolic, incertain of casesthey however, a control. immigration form be lifestyle norms. defined by people Austrian ‘nation’ isdefinedby nation’ as anofloyalty object an object and ofkno nationhood inAustria, and loyalty Toevaluate thepurpose oaths. of In decade, several thelast Abstract

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CEU eTD Collection whose IyearEuropean Last, grateful University.wi am shared have this to Kevin Tjaden, reminders and I Acknowledgements a cknowledge a debt to cknowledge to a debt kindness

d the irection made support of support an excellent foil an .

Kerry Hunte Iam thankful for late the

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Jasper LiCalzi Jasper ii

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opportunity to studyopportunity at to Central without without th Sayyokhat Dushanbieva words Jane ZinkJane and provided

CEU eTD Collection Bib Purpose andConclusion: Complexity Chapter Case Four: Chapter Three: The Methodology Chapter Two: Theory Chapter One: Tests Political Introduction Discussion: Procedures,Contracts, andSymbols TheLifestyle Netherlands: The Denmark: of People Prestige Austria: The PatternedDivide HandlingData the LoyaltyData CitizenshipTests onand Oaths Selecting theCases Nationalist,Political, Banal Categories at Work Finding‘the nation’ The The Oaths: ThreeKinds Oaths: Two Problems Acknowledgements Abstract liography The Dutch Citizenship TestThe Dutch Citizenship TheLoyalty Dutch The DanishTest Citizenship LoyaltyThe Danish Oath The Austria TheLoyalty Austrian Oath Test Test Citizenship

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54 54 47 45 43 43 40 38 38 35 33 33 33 30 28 26 26 23 20 20 17 15 13 11

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CEU eTD Collection 2009) 6 Europe.” 5 Netherlands,the France, and Germany,” 4 3 2 and Exclusion,” breakdown refer to: formal test, andothers Eastin and Central Europe added f a 1 testing and concepts such as tothe This extends the European tests. citizenship added states dormant added a testtothe France, theNethe Denmark, theNetherlands. and principles. paper testsandloyalty This compares ofcitizenship thecontent oaths Austria, in concepts, practices. andsocial the last decade. The Introduction

Marc Morje Howard, Sarah Wallace Goodman, “Fortifying Citizenship: Policy Strategies Civicfor Integration in Western Christian Joppke, “Tra Christian Joppke, Montserrat Guibernau, The countries I here list created formal tests. In addition, several countries created amore strenuous

far right,

. The practice isnew citizenship In toEurope. oftesting for Denmark, thelast decade Severaladopted testing citizenship European states oaths over and loyalty mandatory ‘civic integration,’ In World Politics field of forum onthe forum 2

extends toevenextends thesmallerfor suchas details citizenship questions theproper policy borrowing, RSCAS/EUDO citizenship citizenship rlands, the UnitedKingdom,Luxembourg rlands, Citizenship and Immigration : The citizenship Sarah Wallace Goodman, “Naturalization Policies in Europe: Patterns Inclusion of theoretical

citizenship test citizenship

The Politics of Citizenship Europein

nsformingImmigrant Integration: Civic Integration and Antidiscrimination in 64, no.4(October 2012): 659 The Identity of Nations EUDO Obser

Content Puzzle Content 4

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procedure. literaturewith The loyalty oaths includea co

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include migration World Politics vatory . 2010

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and ‘restriction The , (Cambridge: Polity Press, , (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010)

eleven authors gave their opinion on how to tell agave onhowtotell eleven authors their opinion questions about events history, in political - scholars placingscholars 07

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ormal test well.as For acomplete

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mmitment tosupport liberalmmitment Austria, Norway, and Germany , but anuary 2007): 243 tests within broadertests within contexts include political pressure from disagreement on explanations on explanations disagreement a firm islacking answer a

2007)

tests in tests in ridge University Press,

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. hy CEU eTD Collection Canada,” 8 (July 2011): 861 Recent Immigrant Integration Policies Observatory, 7 nation’ isdefined tests incitizenship substance. substance, and thepersonal. Denmark, theNetherlands and three European states. authority. twopolicies complement andI The deployment each other, here compare in their function a naturalization, andsymbolic procedure add citizenship a component tothe empirical features. there commentary islittle on loy values. The oath aprocedure. is mandatorycitizenship of the part loyalty oath. tests. These include ceremonie languageandcitizenship exams testsprovide acitizenship good for basis wayanalysis forward iscontent there aconsensus was on no evidence and liberal from anilliberal question.

Christian Jopkke, “Through European the Looking Glass: Citizenship Tests in the USA, , and Rainier Baubo classical positions liberal The Europe creation testsin of citizenship isaccompanied by integration other several In paper this , Citizenship Studies

s political tests. Theylearns political tests. to aboutrequire theapplicant andacknowledgea political or a or In particular IIn particular

2010; Triadafilos Triadafilopoulous, “Illiberal Means A loyalty oath is a is pledgeA loyalty oath , principles, toobey legal and taken the moral

question here orthere ck andChristian eds.,Joppke, - 880.

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I he twopolicies originatehe inthesame political climate

compare

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12, no. 1,(2013): 1 8

steadfast

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. the content ofthe . S C alty 7 itizenship itizenship test

Foucauldian ystematic of accounts The authors took one as these three in Europe,”in ,

oaths and loyalty oaths. to make ato make broader rule pect of the substance: ofthe pect explaining and characterizingexplaining testing and citizenship

, butthe twopolicies share normative several and “How Liberal are Citizenship Tests?” for the proper questions in a citizenship test proper questions a for in citizenship the - 15. loyalty

Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies d 2 positions s contain three dimensions imensions I imensions theprocedure study

Kantian and positions oaths a oaths

InI portionof discussion thethesis the point about citizenship testing, aboutpoint citizenship but . Each the questions states incl nd

to Liberalto Ends? Understanding

s. One strikings. One the addition is nationhood. approach citizenship citizenship Unlike citizenship testing Unlike citizenship

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The begins paper oaths. obligation emphasis placed onk is The paper . state, The person’s knowledge of nationhood is tested is byaboutThe the ofnationhood person’sknowledge questions actual . Loyalty andt . citizenship oaths

nationhood

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found during and aliens. theboundary between and citizens hird

history, lifestyles, culture, and political institutions ests ,

oaths create political tests

to fill outthe comparison to fill both act as oaths. oaths. ‘the Austrian nation,’ ‘the Danish Austrianand nation,’ ‘the nation,’ ‘the 3

citizenship ceremoniescitizenship where to symbols nation.as ‘the such Loyalty oaths In practice t political test .

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econd and The only oaths citizenship in

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CEU eTD Collection author. paper onfile with the author. For a copy of the paper and permission for cit ASN World Convention, Columbia University, New York, NY, 18 April 9 testsandloyaltycitizenship oaths ideals. ways ofdefining nation.’ ‘the Austria, theNetherlandsoaths testsin Denmark, andcitizenship puzzles. structuralI at features. the authors ofandtestsinste look theoaths of the category. Toe case includes goods as accessoffice public certain such voting to and privileges or rights. wayscertain for purposes Brubaker is puzzle andgenerally, moredo states institutionalizenationhood why is puzzle. Thethird puzzle second Iconnections betweenand proceduresthentur attheend. nationhood ideals defines andI the‘Dutch isdefined the‘Danisha nation’; lifestyle. nation’ ex as is historical anddefinedby the18 Austria, Inationhood a typology borrow of defined law. and into turned Brubaker argues

Szabolcs Pogon -

Austria, Denmark, andAustria, theNetherlands Denmark,

In each To compare the three ‘nations’ ITo compare three‘nations’ Brubaker’s the onRogers draw InI theresearchconclusion and the summarize findings. Denmark,

whyI idealsFor differ? each donationhood consider answers. possible several argues gettowork categories put case, yi, “Citizenship Tests Eastin Central Europe,” (paper presented at the 18 scholars

and the Netherlandsand the

the xplain

symbolic

. For oaths andt shoul

differences thenatureI migration, politics, and of movebeyond In

Forcase, nationhood ideals each accompany thedistinct political

d spend more looking time atget ofpeople howcategories oaths and tests oaths andtests - - work by thecategory done o

what thepurpose is ofeach nationhood ideal? 20 if citizenship testscitizenship the purpose is to is the purpose th

century;string aanddesigners ofnotable scientists I find ests this includesItests this symbolicalso dominance. . Incate words,. other -

distinct nationhood‘Austrian ideals.distinct The I at the look the category is‘thenation.’ 4

. 9

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maintain privilege rights or symbolic in oaths and tests? The in oathsand third tests? f ‘the nation’ is f ‘the nation’ gories getgories The comparisonThe of ad. Thisraises several - 20, 2013). 20, 2013). is workingThis a

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citizenship tests. citizenship a largersecond scale. The avenue ethnographies of isperforming .

To end the thesis I The thesis To endfirstnote twolimitations. limitation the is theresearch

ountries. The second limitation is thelanguage is ountries. The limitation second barrierand the

5

the process of CEU eTD Collection 12 “immigrants donot share a common cultural and moral horizon.” 11 “largelyis considered unwanted.” Countries Baubock al., et Vol. 1of 10 places.integration occurs inmultiple set First, ofideas the about inclusion. protectsarbitrarine prejudice, againstand discretion, official processesapply,procedureandand opencreation the The istransparent toreview. of tests official Whenmeeting different therules. follow same therules with same and people old decision aftera shortconversation. traditiona for testing loyalty citizenship and oaths The ismaking third get. more citizenship difficult to clearrules The for second naturalization. is coincides with testing. moral panic immigration,‘unwanted’is alsoMuslim which immigration inEuropean is states driven by Chapter

Christian Joppke Ewa and Morowska, Joppke, “Through European the Looking Glass,” 2. According to Joppke primary the su De Hart and van Oers, “European Trends Nationalityin Law,” - style of integration. evaluation informal The standard issetlaw, in and the The first I The The political backdrop andThe political backdrop n Europe

l part o (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006) family reunification a family reunification . second 11 One

The current politicalThe climate isthe backdrop current a policy trendcreating integration is clearfor standards f citizenship inEurope f citizenship policy ,

states :

trend Political Tests Political

The Acquisition andLoss Nationality:of Policies and Trends in 15European b

face immigration they control cannot ackdrop is the return ofis thereturn assimilation

nd asylum , which consists ofthree consists , which trends. t The are testsandoaths new. he immigra character of The Return of Assimilation In for citizenship, example,t burden is on the burden ison . . In. officials thepast and testedintegration, made a

, which areas legal protected , which rights placing onth the burdenofintegration 6

. The 12

immigrant to

, The returndescribesassimilation of a

318. According the to authors immigration three loyalty oat in in tion ss.

. . Comparative Analyses

Contemporary immigration is trends

- The new tests standardize the The tests new

The first ‘unwanted’ and‘unwanted’ Muslim o

na integrate provide aprovide broad . Integration. a is hs and citizenship citizenship hs and turalize

trend . .

Second, 10 an immigrant applicant and

is creating The creating e individual. spicion is that ,

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context context -

a CEU eTD Collection 17 conditions naturalization.for For originthe of the concept Christiansee Joppke, however, re citizenship policy.It signals desire a select,to or 16 citizenshipof as an identity status,” 714. (May 2010): 713 International Framework andDomestic Trends,” 15 its concreteof territorial i acquisition plus a commitment theto political values that constitute aliberal democracy, independently 14 2006) Nationality: Policies andTrends 15in European Countries Nationality,” 13 how tointerpret of the purpose absence a public debt,clean criminal or of record. affectadding immigrants by language ceremoniescitizenship tests,and thenaturalization into process the second more ofcitizenship title makesmeaningfu the classes exclusive immigrants meet to states acc naturalization and function its inintegration. committing toliberal politicalvalues. Integrationstate. is the economy of and regime. health maindomain The might need

Waldrauch, “Acquisition of Nationality.” The extension of ties to ethnic kin abroad, or “re Maarten P. Vink andGerard Joppke and Morowska argue the only legitimate criteria of integration in the liberal state “languageis For an overview ofmaterial conditions for naturalization Harald see Waldrauch, “Acquisition of omplished in two ways. One ways. intwo is omplished ,

understood 147 . In The 15

. Here ‘earn’a immigrants citizenship valuable Both make more citizenship valuable. first The makesmore naturalizing difficult and - practice, 154. -

ethnicization is more about emigrants than migrants, ator whenleast compared to new to third

in in prove employmentprove

Comparative Analyses - 734. The 734. The authors argue there is

trend

integration asaintegration States nowcreate natural process.

the tested with thin liberal withthin idealtested them

three trends is ncarnation.” (2003, 6)

making making in order tobecomeThe citizens. second is - - Rene deGroot, “Citizenship Attribution in Western Europe: on to previous qualificationson toprevious suchas

the

citizenship citizenship or even goodor even health.

testing integration before awarding citizenship. Intesting before integration awarding citizenship. thepast new, largely symbolic, components. new, largely symbolic, include ,

ed. Baubock et al., Vol. 1of

14

the

more valuable promote, the immigration of compatible individuals; Making citizenship moreMaking is citizenship valuable Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies an “increasing emphasis on the symbolic importance - introduction tests,loyalty of citizenship oaths, 7 ethnicization,” is an important part contemporaryof s, which include

17

Scholars express widely differentScholars expresson widely views

citizenship policycitizenship 13

(Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press,

, which isgiven substance intests Theseintegration into wouldsignal l.

. The

The Acquisition andLoss of

learning languageand the trend residence, employment,residence, the standards making cit making

is

is integrationthe into The mainquestions The

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Selecting by Origin 16

These conditions - packaging of packaging

and ask izenship izenship , 36, no.5, and ,

CEU eTD Collection works an in oath. Ipolitical tests. section by thenext introduce a exploring‘the political test howto nation’ InIframeworks.concludingchapter function portionofthe theas tie these totheir ideas on loyaltyIcitizenship oaths tests. and and e present normative issues raised testsdependcitizenship by onthefunction. oathI and Here theliterature review mandatory, thenthe isanexample ofstrong practice state power. of the addition oathscreate of aIf obligation. oath enforceable problem is an for acceptance orposi also testquestions the oath violate taker. freedom conscience Certain citizenship asking of by raise concerns ofconscience. freedom of , over Oaths inparticular, loyalty tests. citizenship oaths and political parties. immigrantsMuslim wit climate. Tests and oaths Is tested towards? a it liberal include: ofmore whobears brunt exclus the

oath andobligation taker thethem toperform Loyaltyand testsshare citizenship oaths certai To provide a reference point for this thesis it helpsreviewTo provide it to athesis for reference point this

tive feelingstive about h the h

come pairedpublicwith heateddebates onthe compatibilit - European state or astate nation or

political controversial such topics, as homosexuality ive rules, and whatisintegration of kind state - state? The answerstate? isconnected tothe political 8 order, andriseorder, populist ofxenophobic, the

createcommitments hard n features. On the normative leveln features. both On the normative mpirical questions and mpirical questions

In thenormative practice

by law , thenthe duties test . the

If oath the i

literature the belief of y of . In.

s on CEU eTD Collection or theor principles behind law. In second the case, the oath is values,to which is matter a of allegiance. 23 22 Democracy,”Liberal 21 (1990): 113 Seriously: A Comment onCarter and Sunstein,” Journal of Law and Humanitiesthe 20 Requirements,” 19 (New York: Palgrave Mac Communities: Political Solutions to Cultural Conflict 18 allegiancefrom obedience. interest believe something freedom ofconscienceand violates reaches deeper feelings allegiance commitment the commitm and Orgad defines which which violate oath exception is ceremonies, Oaths: Two Problems

Ibid. One reason for this conclusion is the wording of loyalty oaths. The objec Ibid., 10 Liav Orgad, “Liberali For two examples Casssee, R.Sunstein, “Unity andPlurality: CaseThe Sarah Wallace Goodman, “Controlling Immigration through Language Country and Knowledge Damsholt,Tine “Makin Citizens: On the Genealogy Citizenship of Ceremonies,” in a s in political test

endanger [s] On L

. principle

iterat Obedience is -

, but behind eachbetween concepta is distinction , butbehind regulating

11. of the community - the normative 117. 18

Liav Orgad to ent. Anoath cana carry

ure onloyalty oaths freedom of conscience.freedom of integration three oath functions. three oath . It aperson’s. about and is beliefs West European Politics

believe s

, and he , and he personal freedompersonal . Each Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence

sm, Allegiance, and Obedience: The Inappropriateness of Loyalty Oaths a in about aperson’sabout and behavior

the law ’s analysis’s millan, 2008), 53

function

end, tests, t ouches on

He an argues unavoidableloyalty allegiance of the is part oath . ”

22 a 19

is good is

loyalty oatht raises The issue raiseOrgad a by iswhether

, 2,no.1 (1990): 101 and oaths

is a possible purposeis apossible ofthe oath in

. His empirical analysis. Hisempirical of oaths andimmigration of oaths An oath acts as

, 34, no. 2 (March 2011): 235

citizenship is citizenship

two points commitment to commitment

Oaths legal create obligati . - Orgad 72. and law

Yale Journal of Law and Humanitiesthe

draws this draws 9 . Oaths imp

feelings , ed. Per Mouritsen and Knud Erik Jorgensen rare

, w a 20 -

111; Sanford111; Levinson, “Taking Oaths o issues. The first issue is the natureo issues. The firstisthe of issue social contract actions

obey thelaw but . creates Work isdone .

distinction betweendistinction not The mandatory commitment to commitment mandatoryThe questions ose commitments . . Allegiance, theother on 21

, (forthcoming, 2014).

oaths in a

His n undue - 255. ons .

because it is right, is because it

normative , a

of Compulsory Oaths,” without clearwithout terms the purpose ofoaths

on citizenship on citizenship citizenship. loyalty oath canloyalty oath separate nation behavior

pledge t oft loyalty be can law

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to “the best to Constituting

and regulating

, 2,no.1 One

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, a and . . Yale 23

,

CEU eTD Collection Discourse on Political Obligation,” obligation is essencein a contract obey to the Forlaw. anoverview see Bhiku Parekh, “A Misperceived 25 and Littlefield Publishers, Inc 24 problem ofinterpretation. theoathholds and parliament right is states, the law. oath couldbe a obligation legal inthe principles tobelieve oflaw,a obligation orlegal toobey enforceable. is issue iswhether theobligation above general,a or political obligation, specific, a obligation legal determines the citizenship creates byB,action a right,definite special held tosome or performance.” theoryan obligation is case ofa an oath bars an which effectively applicantfrom naturalization, testsfor loyalty oaths Orgad T

his creates

A political obligation is a general, systemic, and perhaps moral obligation obeyto A law. legal George Klosko, agrounded more

is whether the actionis whether definite a is behav the lossofnationality todisloyalty due ispossible sidesteps The whether second withoathsis legally problem theyenforceable. are consequential In each enforcement case, legal i ramifiesthenormative example, issue.For , and social categories such as ‘the nation.’ , andcategories‘the social suchas nation.’ is

a big normative question fora liberals normative big contribute little toensuringgoodcontribute little the

special right to rightspecial to

thi llegiance issuperfluous llegiance The Principle of Fairness and Political Obligation oath who s problem b s problem reason tooppose loyalty too.Oaths create legal oaths obligations. is created

. , which t Examples of Examples

can demand the action demandcan the

., 2003), 8.

he loyalty holder and theoath “through a specific transactiona“through specific y

q Polit individual individual uestioning oath

ical Studies,

holders include holders include as well as a as as well applicant signs orrecites

t he value . ior, obedience, aior, allegiance. belief, or The The two together makeforvariety aThe ofoaths. An 10

be This is a problem is intheory,This but

41, (1993): 236 havior a bout

violation of violation T

of a

. he terms of the oath dependhe on terms oftheoath whether can an oath

the politi . In. this H . e points out that e out points of n oath The . 25

[where] The - special right special , New Ed., (Lanham: Rowman 251.

o case, freedom ofconscience. cal such institutions as bedience to the law bedience

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allegiance .

The a definite ind a definite t he holderhe ofthe special

24

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CEU eTD Collection 28 27 26 contain a law agreementparties about between two oath cana legal marksocial or contract. contract The social backed not by is force, an butis project Oaths citizenship,with oathsin practice butin function? howdooaths known beforehand. normative i standpoint, ofnationalityloss disloyalty duechange to the This The behind point the ‘faithfullyfulfill’ the duties ofacitizen Dutch imprecision conclusion create a specify an obligatory oath toassure is overthrow”crea loyalty oaths literal commitment

Orgad, “Liberalism, Allegiance, and Obedience,” 11 Ibid. 684 Cole v. Richardson, 405 U.S. 676(1972), 677 conclusion . In this case the questions IIn . case thequestions this important. abovebecome raised , and a

One question O : Three Kinds n multiple dimensionsmultiple

aths function in enforceable legal

. Onthe . For example, in political test

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12

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29 a ,

CEU eTD Collection 33 32 31 expressed by political,andcultural historical, questions. and effect oftests. European trend. “coerciveof thecharacterat of andleasttests,”which is some punitive pra testscancitizenship from be angle. critiqued this as testsis a politicalcitizenship tothe failure solution ofmulticulturalism. signal these part new testsis of integration civic policy. integration one author Accordingt to along with naturalization is The tests. compleme same tests.The time theywork testsservesadopted oncitizenship good citizenship as a of other features the entity isnamed political entity theorcan like constitution legal be primary as is aan function political oath test. of paired with problems for liberals o ath

Baubock and Joppke, “How Liberal.” Christian Joppke, “Thro de Hart and van Oers, “European Trends,” 353. ctice citizenship testing.cticecitizenship s

Citizenship Test create a of duty

the The robust testsis literaturecitizenship on

intention to“ intention nt to the discussion. InI thediscussion. nt to following oncitizenship the section review theliterature

language requirements, citizenship ceremonies, citizenship andlanguage loyalty requirements, oaths.

disloyalty clauses intherulesdisloyalty 32

. One interesting. feature ofloyaltyoaths state is a

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rms of categoriesasking andacategory begin social by how isdefined, Ibid., 164 Rogers Brubaker, “Ethnicity Groups,” Without Pogonyi, “Citizenship Tests” Orgad, “Liberalism, Allegiance, egories instead of groegories of instead - 189. In on Brubaker’s nationalismscholars heinvites terms Rogers work in of tothink Citizenship t

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CEU eTD Collection Press, 1992), 16. 57 Transylvanian Town Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), Rogers 3; Brubaker al., et Morowska, Koopmans, and Challenging the Politics of Ethnic Relations Europe: in Comparative European Perspectives “Mobilization of Culture and Reform the Citizenship of Law: Germany andthe United States,” in 56 Bourdieu,” 55 54 53 game accumulate intrying consists capitalmake to rules and about th or capital is sociological of Pi work a powerfulandpolitical claim. enduringHereBrubaker cues theoretical from takeshis the income immigrants?’ purpose make isto accesscitizenship goodseasierorcertain difficult to people. more for to scarceand resources determines life chances. privilegesgoods. isvaluableand statusofcitizen governs it The inglobal termsaccess because or serving inpublic andcitizens, offerscertain national themelectionsand suchas obligations privilegesin voting the state needs Theassociation. membersa state beas definesits to membership ofas thought that restrict membersgoods to of access a to categor closure. work, which me pledgingAustralian loyaltyto ‘the nation?'

Pierre Bourdieu, and Loic J.D. Wacquant, For examples of the concept of ‘field’ in citizenship Rogers Brubaker, “Re Shachar, The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology “ a

set of objective, historical relations between positions anchoredset between ofobjective,positions forms relations of power, historical incertain The main InBrubaker argued social isanobjectearly work his citizenship andinstrument of

His are chosen certain categories . ” The Birthright Lottery Theory andSociety Towards 57

lens is based on Max Weber’s onMax conceptdescribeslens isbased ofsocial closure, practices which

The field is Paul Statham Oxford (Oxford: University Press, 2000), 157; Christian andJoppke, Ewa

ans andcosts. benefits sociological

(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006) Assimilation andCitizenship: Immigrants Liberalin Nation office.

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14 (November 1985): 745

concept for citizenship isthecitizenship concept for field. .

of forces , 4 . ? Why ? 55 th

Ed. (London: Penguin Books, 2000), s.vv “so An Invitation Reflexive to Sociology

oriented towards a oriented Ina words, category be to other needs connected to is ‘the Australianinsteadchosen of‘lowis ‘the nation’ 21 54

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certain kind of capitalcertain kind es on why ‘thees nation’ issuch onwhy 56

InBourdieu’sa field theory e proper and e improper proper nd Everyday Ethnicity in a , (Cambridge: Polity - States

Christian Joppke,

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CEU eTD Collection 60 Practical Category, Contingent Event,” 59 58 GeorgeIflaw inGreatBritaa Washington. Incitizenship.” the claim theUnitedwords, is States otherbelongs tothedescendants of might official,the caseis on law theformal of focus definitions. make? particularcatego the case this citizenship the includes of thedivision of world nation into symbolic. choice notdifficult. testis The purposec of stay istherealFurther, prize. i someone’s lifesecuring is chances permanent residence. rights national in electio of institutional such as claimsof the about ownershipsta the state, which can be by Brubaker claimed a set is arguesof political actors. nationalism obligations capital. as well as The ofcitizenship symbolic symbolicdimension ownership is of Inrelations ofpowerandcase citizens capital. the of ways ofdoing things means ofaccumulating capital.

Joppke, For a short discussion of nati Ibid., 101. material state,

How isownership defined? The use of ‘the nation’ in citizenship testsandloyaltyThe citizenship use nation’ of‘the in example of oathsan is What What ‘ the Citizenship and Immigration The of power tomakeappear symboliccapitalis the a of In division world natural.

closure is weak. isweak. closure

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nation ns, and therightbut abode, to The include ofcitizenship benefits certain rights, social voting onhood see, Rogers Brubaker, “Nation Institutionalizedas Form, is ’

The final question is: whatofThe kind symbolicclaim dostate final is: question n most casesann most oath orpassing taking an 18

in order to defend andin ordermaterial secure todefendand symbolic dominance. made The waysaccumulating capital toingrained of correspond te. Political actors define socialte. Politicalactors categories and institutionalize

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in made the same claim for descendants of Isaac thesame forin made of claim descendants itizenship testsandloyalty case inthis itizenship is oaths can be gathered befromcan 22 , 4, no.1, (Fall 1994).

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. 61 idea ofhowidea

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is acategoryanalysiscomparing ofpatterns for different of roduced by Michael Billig describe to everyday practices used to

63

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See Gary Freeman, “ModesImmigration of Politics in Democratic Liberal States,” Bauboc See Kay Hailbronner, “Nationa See Christian Joppke, ed., ests explain policyconvergence.ests explain

67 In this chapter I describe the method IInthe methodI tests chapterand cases toselect this compare describe used citizenship core features. IchoseEurope threecases from ,

k et al.,

and new immigration countries.and new immigration ed. Baubock al., et Vol. 1of (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006).

model rrier and the secret nature of some citizenship tests Isecretrrierand tests thecitizenship ofsome nature country relied reports, on

First, each in casevaluable is rights because naturalization additional it ofthe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

The Acquisition and Loss Nationality:of Policies and Trends in 15 European

, which is a , which is

29, no. 4, (Winter 1995): 881

ee I three chose and Each cases: theNetherlands. Austria, Denmark, case share .

Igathered cases informationsecondary onthe to from sources. Due : For on For

(Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2006), 35 The Methodology The

Challenge to Nationthe e, they unique dynamic.

lity Public in International Law and European Law,” in

are liberal democracies, The Acquisition and Loss Nationality:of Policies andTrends in 68

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s CEU eTD Collection (Spring 2008): 163 and Switzerland: Courts, 75 Players:Veto How Political Institutions Work Institutions 74 Florence Passy, (Lanham: Lexington Books, 2006): 171 “Influencing Migration Policy fromInside,” in Politics and Societies Populism beSuppressed in a Democracy? Austria, Germany, European andthe Union,” States,’” 73 received 13.3%, VVD received of 17.9% the vote. 72 71 256.2006), Nationality: Policies andTrends 15in European Countries Nationality,”of in naturalization civicis and political rights. Isabelle Chopin, “Administrative Practices thein Acquisition access publicto e citizenship provides civic and political rights, residence benefits and family reunification privileges, 70 Austria, theConstitutional ( Court Denmark, theNetherlands and as strategic actors. discourse and policy religious can dampenof the the farright influenceboundar by setting policy citizenship however, differcertain features ineach state. process. eachcase canby be toframing prone or common politicians prejudices themedia, r citize gives immigrants. estrictive outcome

Christian Joppke, generalFor a introduction see, Kenneth Shepsle, See, Rogers Brubaker, “Comments on‘Modes of Immigration Politics in Liberal Democratic Electoral support at the introduction of the citizenship FPO test: received 11 Howard, The benefits Austrian of citizenship include social rights and family reunification. In Denmark nship issues. When issues. When nship inthethe publicisinvolved policy process, the literaturea predicts On 72 International Migration Review

the far right moved the public enough to exert afar exert right moved thepublicenoughstrongthe onpolicy to influence , 2 Thesecover macro common features the important most

Politics of Citizenship the structural cases side the nd

Ed., (New York: Norton, W.W. 2010); Fora mployment and public social pension. In Netherlands the primarythe of benefit Comparative Analyses - . 70 192. 74 Challenge to Nationthe The literature suggestselites suchThe as parties theleaders of or political .

71

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73

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Legislatures, and Administrators,” This is supportedThis is bygeneralchoice literature theonrationalcourts and n each politicalparty farright case, a

. the chance of court interventhe chancecourt of

Verfassungsgerichtshof)review can and legislation , 29, no.4, (Winter 1995): 903 -

show different levels of court involvement in ofcourt levels involvementshow different ed. Baubock al., et Vol. 1 32; - State

Triadafilos (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002). Dialogues o

; Claus; Hofhansel, “Citizenship Austria,in Germany,

27 Analyzing Politics: Rationality, Behavior, and

- 192. Triadafilopoulos and Andrej Zaslove,

n Migration Policy (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, International Migration Review

theoretical model see, George Tsebelis,

tion inthe policytion process varies. of - The Acquisition and Loss of 908; Marc908; Morje

- mobilized thepublicon mobilized variables for variables % of% vote,the the DPP , and trigger effects.Inand ,

ed. Marco Guigni and 75

I citizenship; n Austria, n Austria, East European Howard, ies on

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CEU eTD Collection Damsholt,Citizens: Tine. Onthe “Makin Genealogy Ceremonies.” In ofCitizenship Cinar,Waldrauch. Dilekand Harald “Austria.” in Isabelle. Chopin, Practices “Administrative of Acquisition Nationality.” inthe in Brubaker, et Rogers al. — — Brubaker, “Re Rogers. Bourdieu, Wacquant.Loic J.D. Pierreand Billig, Michael. LiberalBaubock, Eds.“How RainierJoppke, and Christian Tests?” Citizenship Are Baubock, Rainier et al., PoliciesImmigration “What’sAdamo, on thePoint? Language Silvia. and issue in the Bibliography — — — — “Ethnicity Groups.” Without

“CommentsImmigration ‘Modes on of Politics International Migration International Migration Review Bourdieu.” Polity Press, 1992. Working Papers European Countries Denmark.” European Countries al., Vol.2of University256. 2006), Press, PoliciesNationality: and 15European Trendsin Countries Analyses Princeton: Princeton University 2006. Press, , Banal Nationalism

edited by Rainier Baubock et al., Vol. 1 of et Baubockedited al.,Vol.1 by Rainier

Theory andSociety Working RECODE Online Paper Series

The Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: of andLoss The Acquisition Policies 15 andTrends in - thinking Classical Social Theory: The Sociological Vision of ClassicalVision The Pierre Theory:thinking Social Sociological Nationalist Politics andEverydayNationalist Ethnicity Town inaTransylvanian ed RSCAS 2010/41. RSCAS

. . Amsterdam: Amsterdam 2006. University Press, . Amsterdam: Amsterdam 2006. University Press, The Acquisition andLossThe Acquisition Nationality: of Policies Archives Européenes de Sociologie XLIII Archives Européenes de Sociologie . London: Public Sage

14 (Nov 29, no. 4, (Winter 1995):29, no.4,(Winter 903

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