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Study on Child Participation in EU Political and Democratic Life Study on child participation in EU political and democratic life Final Report Written by RAND Europe: Barbara Janta, Michaela Bruckmayer, Annemari de Silva, Lucy Gilder, Andreas Culora, Sam Cole, Emma Leenders; and Eurochild: Mieke Schuurman, Alice Hagger-Vaughan February 2021 Justice and Consumers Study on child participation in the EU political and democratic life EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for European Commission Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers Unit C2 Fundamental rights policy Contact: VALERIA SETTI E-mail: [email protected] European Commission B-1049 Brussels EUROPEAN COMMISSION Study on child participation in EU political and democratic life Final Report Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers Unit C2 Fundamental rights policy EUROPEAN COMMISSION Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). “This document has been prepared for the European Commission however it reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.” More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021 Print ISBN 978-92-76-28504-5 doi: 10.2838/847 DS-04-21-006-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-76-28505-2 doi: 10.2838/388737 DS-04-21-006-EN-N © European Union, 2021 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers Unit C2 Fundamental rights policy Study on child participation in EU political and democratic life TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. II 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Policy background ....................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Concepts and definitions ................................................................. 1 1.1.2 The benefits of child participation ..................................................... 3 1.1.3 The challenges to child participation .................................................. 4 1.2 Methodological approach .............................................................................. 4 1.2.1 Research questions and analytical framework ..................................... 4 1.2.2 Research methodologies .................................................................. 6 1.2.3 Contributions from a panel of experts and the Eurochild Children’s Council .................................................................................... 9 1.3 Limitation of this research ............................................................................ 9 1.4 Structure of this report .............................................................................. 10 2 MAIN MECHANISMS, STRUCTURES AND STAKEHOLDERS FOR CHILDREN’S PARTICIPATION ................................................................................................. 11 Key findings ...................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Overview of key mechanisms ...................................................................... 12 2.2 Children’s and youth councils ...................................................................... 13 2.2.1 International and European level .................................................... 13 2.2.2 National level .............................................................................. 14 2.2.3 Regional and local levels ............................................................... 21 2.3 Children’s and youth parliaments ................................................................ 21 2.3.1 European level ............................................................................. 22 2.3.2 National level .............................................................................. 22 2.3.3 Regional and local level ................................................................. 26 2.4 Children’s participation in the work of Ombudspersons for Children’s Offices ...... 28 2.5 Main stakeholders involved in the mechanisms and processes that facilitate children’s participation in political and democratic life ..................................... 30 2.5.1 International and European levels ................................................... 30 2.5.2 National, regional and local levels ................................................... 33 2.6 Educational institutions and teachers ........................................................... 36 2.7 Characteristics of child stakeholders ............................................................ 37 2.7.1 Children’s knowledge about children’s rights and the right to participate .................................................................................. 37 2.7.2 Children’s sex and age .................................................................. 37 2.7.3 Inclusion of vulnerable and disadvantaged children ........................... 39 2.7.4 Children’s experiences with particular mechanisms............................ 40 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN’S PARTICIPATION MECHANISMS ........................... 44 Key findings ...................................................................................................... 44 3.1 Purpose of children’s participation in the political and democratic life ................ 44 3.2 Stages of children’s participation in the political and democratic lifecycle ........... 45 3.2.1 Design and planning ..................................................................... 45 3.2.2 Implementation ........................................................................... 47 3.2.3 Monitoring and evaluation ............................................................. 47 3.3 Topics of children’s participation mechanisms in political and democratic life...... 48 3.4 Timing of children’s participation mechanisms in political and democratic life ..... 49 3.4.1 Time of establishment ................................................................... 49 Study on child participation in EU political and democratic life 3.4.2 Timeframe of operation ................................................................. 50 3.5 Format of children’s participation in political and democratic life ...................... 52 3.6 Impact of children’s participation in political and democratic life....................... 54 3.6.1 Children’s degree of influence on policies and decision-making ............ 54 3.6.2 Children’s degree of influence on children’s participation levels and children themselves ...................................................................... 57 4 FACILITATORS AND BARRIERS TO CHILDREN’S PARTICIPATION ............................... 59 Key findings ...................................................................................................... 59 4.1 Facilitators of children’s participation mechanisms in political and democratic life .............................................................................................................. 59 4.1.1 International and EU policies, legislation and programmes ................. 60 4.1.2 National laws, policies and dedicated government bodies ................... 61 4.1.3 Use of digital tools ........................................................................ 63 4.1.4 Support from high-ranking decision-makers ..................................... 65 4.1.5 Training and preparation ............................................................... 66 4.1.6 Ways to facilitate the inclusion of vulnerable children ........................ 67 4.1.7 Children and young people themselves ............................................ 68 4.1.8 Availability of and access to participatory spaces .............................. 68 4.2 Barriers to children’s participation mechanisms in political and democratic life ... 69 4.2.1 Lack of accessible language ........................................................... 69 4.2.2 Complex bureaucracies ................................................................. 69 4.2.3 Adult attitudes towards children ..................................................... 69 4.2.4 Lack of information on opportunities for participation and follow-up after participation ................................................................................ 71 4.2.5 Lack of resources to include vulnerable children ................................ 72 4.2.6 Digital inequalities ........................................................................ 73 4.2.7 COVID-19-specific barriers ............................................................ 73 5 LESSONS LEARNT AND WAYS TO INCREASE PARTICIPATION ................................... 75 Key findings ...................................................................................................... 75 5.1 Lessons learnt .......................................................................................... 75 5.1.1 Comparison of structures, stakeholders and mechanisms is challenging .................................................................................
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