DOCSLIB.ORG

Upper Palaeozoic Fusulinid Assemblages, Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Upper Palaeozoic Fusulinid Assemblages, Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland Upper Palaeozoic fusulinid assemblages, Wandel Sea Basin, North Greenland Inger Nilsson Eight fusulinid assemblages are recognized in the Mallemuk Mountain Group of North Greenland. They are of late Moscovian (Wedekindellina assemblage), late Kasimovian (Rauserites ex. gr. simplex assemblage), early-middle Gzhelian (Rauserites ex. gro rossicus assemblage), late Gzhelian - ?early Asselian (Schellwienia arctica assem­ blage), early Asselian (Sphaeroschwagerina aff. S. vulgaris assemblage), middle-late Asselian (Schwagerina ex. gro nathorsti assemblage), latest Asselian - earliest Sak­ marian (Schwagerina aff. S. moelleri - S. ex. gro exuberata assemblage) and late Sakmarian (Schwagerina plicatissima assemblage) ages. These assemblages show close similarities to faunas described elsewhere in the present Arctic region, i.e. Arctic Russia, Southwest Barents shelf, Svalbard and Arctic Canada. I. N., IKV Petroleum Research, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway. Present address: Saga Petroleum a.s., Torvet 7, Postboks 1/34, N-940I Harstad, Norway. Biostratigraphical information from most Upper Palae­ drup Basin of Arctic Canada and eastwards to the Timan­ ozoic deposits of the Wandel Sea Basin in North Green­ Pechora Basin of Arctic Russia. Sediments of the Malle­ land is limited (Fig. l). The zonation of Stemmerik & muk Mountain Group are exposed in Peary Land in Håkansson (1989) is based mainly on biostratigraphic central North Greenland and in Holm Land, Amdrup work of Dunbar et al. (1962) and Petryk (1977), with Land and Prinsesse Ingeborg Halvø in eastern North some additional fusulinid datings by J. E. Whittaker (in Greenland (Fig. 2). They comprise more than 1100 m of Stemmerik & Håkansson, 1989). Additional stratigra­ shelf carbonates and siliciclastics with subordinate eva­ phicai information has been provided by Nilsson et al. porites (Stemmerik & Håkansson, 1989; Fig. 2). Deposi­ (1991) based on a few fusulinid bearing samples from tion probably occurred in small, isolated fault-blocks Peary Land, Prinsesse Ingeborg Halvø and Amdrup Land separated from the stable Greenland craton by major fault (Fig. 2). Five fusulinid faunas of late Moscovian, Gzhe­ zones during the Moscovian and on a more widespread lian, middle-late Asselian, late Asselian - ?early Sak­ shelf during late Carboniferous - early Perrnian times marian and late Sakmarian ages were reported. (Håkansson & Stemmerik, 1984; Stemmerik & Håkans• No documentation of fusulinid faunas has been pub­ son, 1991; Stemmerik & Worsley, 1989). lished from this region, apart from one paper dealing with The Mallemuk Mountain Group comprises three for­ fusulinids from Holm Land and Amdrup Land (Ross & mations: the Kap Jungersen Formation, the Foldedal For­ Dunbar, 1962). This paper documents the fusulinid fau­ mation and the Kim Fjelde Formation. Early Moscovian nas presented by Nilsson et al. (1991) and discusses their shelf deposits ofthe Kap Jungersen Formation are present biostratigraphical relevance to the adjacent areas of Spits­ in the southern Holm Land and southern Amdrup Land bergen, Bjørnøya and Barents Sea (Finnmark Platform) blocks (Fig. 2). The base of this formation is, however, (Fig. 1). In addition, it includes re-examination of the diachronous as the formation onlaps an irregular mid­ fusulinid material described by Ross & Dunbar (1962) Carboniferous relief. Late Moscovian to Gzhelian shelf from Holm Land and Amdrup Land (the Pseudoschwa­ deposits of the Kap Jungersen and Foldedal Formations gerina zone of Dunbar et al., 1962) and Petryk's (1977) were far more widespread covering Holm Land, southern material from eastern Peary Land. Amdrup Land, most of Peary Land and possibly also Prinsesse Ingeborg Halvø (Stemmerik & Håkansson, Geological framework 1991). During the late Carboniferous the mixed silic­ iclastic and carbonate deposits were succeeded by rather During the Late Palaeozoic North Greenland, together uniform deposition of shallow water carbonates of the with the Barents Shelf region, formed part of a sedi­ Kim Fjelde Formation (Fig. 2). A continuous carbonate mentary basin which connected westwards to the Sver- platform was gradually developed along the entire 1ength Rapp. Grønlands geol. Unders. 161, 45-71 (1994) © GGU, Capenhagen, 1994 46 Fig. l. Locality map in 110lth polar projection silOwing Norlh Greenland (Wandel Sea Basin). Svalbard (including Bjørnøya). W and SE Barellls Sea (Finnmark Platform) and Timan-Pechora 8asin af North Russia. af tile \Vandel Sca Basin (Stcmrnerik & Håkansson, zel1oel/o Iibrol'ilC!Ji (Dutkevieh). Bea/eina paradistenta 1989). Shallov,:ing condilions took placc during tile Early (Safonova) and Fuset/inella cf. F backi MolJer (Nilsson d Permian mainl)' in AmJrup Land while the derositiona! al., 1991: Fig. 3). This fauna closeJy resembles the fauna basin apparently became gradually cleeper during Ille ol' the up per !v1oscovian Wedeki/ldel/ina zone af Dunbar same time in Peary L.and <:Ind Prinsesse Ingeborg lIalvø el al. (1962) from Holm Land and Amdrup Land, and (Stclllmerik & Håkansson, J991). tllus suggests an age ulder than previously proposcd for the lower pan ol' the Kim Fjelde Formation in Ihis area Fusulinid assemblages (cL Stemmerik & Håkansson, 1989). Onc sample (GGU 221337) eollccted in northern AIll­ FusuJinid bearing samples from severaJ scctions ol' dru]) Land contai ns poorly preserved specimcns or the North Greenland have bcen invesligated and eighl loeal genus F/lsl/iil/cl/a (Nilsson et al., 1991; Fig. 3). Tilis assemblages have becn rccognized (Fig. 3). Tlle faunas indic;,llCS aMiddie Carbonircrous. possibie late Moseo­ have been compared with faunas in stratoLype areas of (Ile vlun uge for lllese sediments which previousty were be­ Russian Platform and Urals and lO faunas elsewhere in tieved to bc of Enrly Permian age (cf. Stemmerik & Ille Arctic region (Fig. 4). Håkansson. 1989). Wedekinde!!ina asselllblage (Iate Moscovian) RaL/ser/les ex. gro simplex asselllblage (Iate Kasilllovian) Sample GGU 221386 from the Kim Fjelde Fonllatiol1 in soulhern Amdrup Land (Fig. 2) comprises Wedekindel­ Fusutinids or Late Carboniferous age ('Triticitcs' spp. lilla duJkell;chi R,IUScf-Chcrnousovll & BeJyLle .... , Taj!- and Pseu{/(4il5ldineJ/a spp.) have preyjously been re- 47 pOrLeJ from eastern Pearl' Land (Petryk, 1977; Stcmll1C­ simplex (Sehcllwien), and the Pseodn.lil."iulincllu spp. be­ rik & Håknnsson. ]989). Re-cxamination ol" Pctryk's col­ 10ngs to the PselldoIlIsll1i1lel1a usvae gruup (Fig. 3). leetions from the Foldedal Formation shmvs thilt the PselldofilslIlinella usvae (Duktcvich) is long-ranging, 'Triticites' fauna in the ]ower p<ln of the section are marc occurring in Upper Carboniferous strata as \vell as in primiLive Lhan Lhose from the upper part. The assemblage Lower Pcnnian beJs. Rauserites silllplex (Schelhvien), or 'Triticiles' spp. in the samples 171. 172. 175 and !82 howevcr. has <l more restricted stratigraphi<.: occurrence. (sec Pdryk, [977) are here assigned LO f?ollseriles e;", gI'. It is presenl in up per Kasirnovian 10 ]ower Gzhelian Slrata 82' I z z w, z< ", ~ii :5 [;i >< "<-" MIDNATF'JELD • .?" FORMATION ----?- (Pcary Land only) z z z< ~~ ~ii n .,<. wo Ww Wz Øo • <7 KIM FJELDE ----------?--- FORMA lION GGU 22086 z ~ ~---------------E'!9-------1 ~ GGU 196343 O. GI 72168 '0 " /O GI 72371 ~~ FOLDEDAL ~~ -'-'-d GI 12370 I ? I FORMATION ~~ "'--------1 ~ KIl,P JUNGERSEN !!! FORMATION ~~-------- pnlNseSSE S HOLM LAND N. HOLM LAND S. AMDRUP LAND N AMDRUP LAND INGEBORG HALVØ E. PEARY LAND BLOCK BLOCK 8LOCK BLOCK BLOCK BLOCK Fig. 2. Lithoslratigraphic cor're1alioll af marine Upper Palaeozoic .\ediments in No]"lh Greenlano wirh position of the fusulinid bearing samples. Solid Jines indicatc lilhostraligraphic units: dotted line suggested biostr<ltigraphic correlalion by Stemmerik & Håk;:wsson (lY~9). [ll~el Illap shows distrihutiol1 ol' Upper Palacozoic sediments. From Nilsson er al. (199!). 48 assemblages age 1lO"'" Schw. p1lca1isg.lma---."s~"}"~~a~":~<i;;;n=ano;c~-1 - 1.~ --1/1",.. Schw. aff. moollari - lal8 Asselian _ ",n'" SChw. eX.gr. exuberata ? early Sakmarian '§ '" • ,,~ ------I';. ,~ Schw. eX,gr. nalhorsli m. -I. AsseHan 0117'1"·" ~ "~, Sphaeroschwag8rina n-"~ early Assa/ian att. vulgaris "",," ~twie,nia arcti]·ii.:=+JJ,,"~I~~]''i:.]A",,~I. --- _,o RaUS8,ites sarly· mlddle _'o_.. ex. gr. rossicus Gzhelian -,~ Ol n,.. "'''.m ;o 1~10 _,el Rauserites lals '" eX,gr. simplex Kasimovian -_,o_'" """111 ~'JM oou Wedekindellina lals Moscovian 00tJ:>:l"'" Fig. :1. COlllposite-distribution chart af fusulinid species from Nonh Greenland.. = loose blod. in tne Russian Platform (Rosovskaya. J 958) and lhe lIpper Gzhclian beds (Rauser-Chernollsova et (Il.. 1979). Urals (Davydov in Chuvashov et af., 1986) while only Ql/{lsifllslllina? sp. and RlIgosQ.(us//!iI/({ art". l? diplica Lhis species is common in upper Kasimuvian beds af Rosovskaya occur in thc same leveIs as RauscrilCS ex. gr. Spitsbergen (in the Ral/seriles qllClsial'cticlfs zone ol' Nils­ I"Ussicl/s (Schellwien) (Fig.3). Duc to Jack af Iypical up~ son & Davydov, 1993). per CJ7.helian fusulinic1s Ihe asselllblage is suggested as In the Peary Lmd seclion lhe Rauserires ex. gI'. .rimp/ex bcing ol' carly-mide/le Gzhelian age. asselllblage is overlain by the Rauseriles ex. gr. rossicl/s Sample GGU 196343 from [he upper part of the Folde­ assemblage, indicating early-middle Ozhelian age (see dal Formation in eastern Pcary Land contains Ral/saites discussion belo\v). No distinct lower Gzhelian fauna oc­ rossicl/.s (Schcllwien). Rugosojusl/lina? sp., QuasUilsu­
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Richards, Chair of SCCS Geological Survey of Canada-Calgary 3303-33 Rd St
    1. TITLE OF CONSTITUENT BODY and NAME OF REPORTER SUBCOMMISSION ON CARBONIFEROUS STRATIGRAPHY ANNUAL REPORT 2012 SUBMITTED BY Barry C. Richards, Chair of SCCS Geological Survey of Canada-Calgary 3303-33 rd St. N.W. Calgary, Alberta, Canada Office Phone: 1 (403) 292-7153 Cell Phone: 1 (403) 650-3682 Fax: 1 (403) 292-6014 Email: [email protected] 2. OVERALL OBJECTIVES, AND FIT WITHIN IUGS SCIENCE POLICY The SCCS promotes and coordinates international cooperation among various geologic specialists for the purpose of defining standard Global chronostratigraphic boundaries within the Carboniferous System. The GSSP for the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary is at La Serre in southern France (Paproth and Streel, 1984; Paproth et al ., 1991), and the Carboniferous-Permian boundary GSSP at the top has been selected in northern Kazakhstan (Davydov et al ., 1998). The Mid-Carboniferous boundary GSSP is preserved in Arrow Canyon, Nevada, U.S.A. (Lane et al., 1999; Richards et al ., 2002), and it subdivides the Carboniferous into two subsystems, the Mississippian Subsystem below and the Pennsylvanian Subsystem above. There are serious problems with the GSSP at the base of the Carboniferous (Kaiser, 2009), such that the boundary needs to be at least placed at lower stratigraphic position, and both a new event marker and stratigraphic section are probably required. The immediate SCCS goals are to redefine the Carboniferous-Devonian boundary and select the best stage boundaries within the two Carboniferous subsystems to facilitate global correlation within the system. 3. ORGANIZATION 3a. Officers for 2012-2016: Chair: Barry C. Richards (Canada) Vice-Chair: Xiangdong Wang (China) Secretary: Markus Aretz (France) Website During the Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Analysis of Population Structure of Hedysarum Grandiflorum (Fabaceae) in Samara Region and Bashkortostan Republic
    Rastitelnye Resursy. 52(2): 225–239, 2016 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POPULATION STRUCTURE OF HEDYSARUM GRANDIFLORUM (FABACEAE) IN SAMARA REGION AND BASHKORTOSTAN REPUBLIC © L. M. Abramova,* V. N. Iljina,** O. A. Karimova,1, * A. N. Mustafina* * Botanical Garden-Institute of Ufa Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia ** Samara State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities, Samara, Russia 1 E-mail: [email protected] SUMMARY Hedysarum grandiflorum Pall. is a рerennial polycarpic with tap root 25—40 cm high. It is included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and is protected in 11 regions of Russia. In Bashkortostan Republic it is assigned to category 3 (rare species), in Samara region to 4/F (a rare species with a stable population). Species area includes the Volga-Kama and the Volga-Don interfluve, Trans-Volga region, the Urals, part of Ukraine and of Kazakhstan. In Bashkirian Cis-Urals the species grows on the north-eastern border of the area and is often found in the mountain remnants of erosional origin, and represent refugia of steppe flora and steppe plant communities in co-agrolandscape. In Samara region species grows in petrophyte steppes of the Zhiguli Mountains on the plateau and the watershed flanks of the rivers in the Predvolzheon and Trans-Volga, on Mountain Reefs on Syrtovaya hill. The aim of the work was to determine the characteristics of the ontogenetic structure of H. grandiflorum coenopopulations on the border of area in petrophyte steppes of Ural region in Bashkortostan Republic and in the central part of the area in Samara region (Trans-Volga and Samara Bend).
    [Show full text]
  • Residence Village
    проект «Residence Village» [“Residence Village” project] О компании [Company Info] ООО «УК Регион-Недвижимость» — крупная и динамично развивающаяся компания в LLC “Region-Realty” is a large and dynamically developing company in the market of сфере коммерческой недвижимости. Основным видом деятельности нашей компании commercial real estate objects. The principle activity of our company is land development. является лэнд девелопмент (land development). Land development is a complex of actions and operations with a ground area, including Лэнд девелопмент — комплекс мероприятий и операций с земельным участком, purchase/assignment and development aiming at increasing its market price, transforming включая покупку/отведение и освоение в целях повышения рыночной стоимости non-mastered territories to engineering-prepared zones and working out projects on земельного участка, преобразование неосвоенных территорий в инженерно- complex development of grounds. подготовленные зоны и разработка проектов по комплексному развитию земель. Most of our projects are connected with the cities of the Privolzhsky Federal District: Основная часть проектов нашей компании связана с городами Приволжского Samara, Tolyatti, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Perm, Izhevsk. Федерального округа: Самара, Тольятти, Ульяновск, Саратов, Пермь, Ижевск. LLC “Region-Realty” is guided by partnership with the leading Russian and world В своей работе «Регион-Недвижимость» ориентируется на партнерство с ведущими companies, working in spheres of retail trade, logistics, development and consulting. российскими и мировыми компаниями, работающими в сферах розничной торговли, Today the circle of partners of “Region-Realty” includes such companies as “X-5 Retail логистики, девелопмента и консалтинга. Group”, “METRO”, “Castorama”, “Magnit”, “Sportmaster“, “KESKO“. В круг партнёров «Регион-Недвижимость» сегодня входят такие компании, как «X-5 Retail Group», «METRO», «Castorama», «Магнит», «Спортмастер», «KESKO».
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic Phenomena of the Samara Bend: the Fractal Organization of Taxonomic Diversity G
    Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communities The fourth International Scientific Conference on Ecology and Geography of Plants and Plant Communities Volume 2018 Conference Paper Floristic Phenomena of the Samara Bend: The Fractal Organization of Taxonomic Diversity G. S. Rozenberg1,3, D. B. Gelashvili2, D. I. Iudin2, S. V. Saksonov1,4, and V. N. Yakimov2 1Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia 2N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, 603950 Nizhni Novgorod, Russia 3Samara State University of Economics, 443090 Samara, Russia 4UNESCO Chair ‘The study and conservation of biodiversity of the Volga Basin ecosystems’, Institute of Ecology of the Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, 445003 Togliatti, Russia Abstract Considering the problem of taxonomic diversity as a fractal object is the aim of this Corresponding Author: article. The prerequisites for such an approach were articles with varying degrees of G. S. Rozenberg detail and argumentation that substantiate taxonomic diversity from the standpoint [email protected] of fractal geometry. Common to these papers is that the authors in their theoretical Received: 12 September 2018 constructs start from the Willis rule (law) describing the rank distribution of the Accepted: 15 October 2018 relationship between the number of taxa and their volume. The flora of the Samara Published: 29 October 2018 Bend (the bend of the Volga River in its middle reaches) has become an object of Publishing services provided by Knowledge E the research. The authors distinguish seven basic floristic areas on the Samara Bend, the boundaries of which coincide with the respective landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Manufacture of Sledges and Carts in the Middle Volga in the 19Th-Early 20Th Centuries: Regional Features of the Craft and of Cultural Interaction
    THE MANUFACTURE OF SLEDGES AND CARTS IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA IN THE 19TH-EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: REGIONAL FEATURES OF THE CRAFT AND OF CULTURAL INTERACTION Vladimir Aleksandrovich KRASNOSHCHYOKOV Introduction The traditional culture of the Middle Volga region1 remains an active driving force that influences various aspects of the formation and development of everyday life; it is a transforming and enriching factor in contemporary culture. Lately, there has been an active rethinking of values and previously neglected forms of everyday life, as well as greater awareness of past experiences. One such area of consideration has been the manufacture of sledges and carts, which were not only one of many types of handicraft produced as part of the complex framework that supported life on the road, but also a significant cultural phenomenon. Subsistence farming in the European part of Russia was falling into decline from the mid-19th century; as a result, from the middle of the 19th century, the manufacture of household items became a type of specialised industry - in other words, a handicraft. Craft production by the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century was becoming increasingly important, and was a necessary supplement to peasant farming.2 Since the Middle Volga region was colonised relatively late (the establishment of the Russian population in the Middle Volga region happened during the 16th-19th centuries due to migration from other places), Russian handicrafts appeared in the region in an already established form. Russian immigrants from different regions of the European part of the Russian Empire brought to their new place of residence manufacturing techniques for creating various Volga Region State University of Service, Russian Federation; e-mail: [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Кашина Е.Г. Samara 2001.Pdf
    МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ САМАРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ Кафедра английской филологии SAMARA МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ ПО ОСНОВНОМУ ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ {ПРАКТИКА УСТНОЙ И ПИСЬМЕННОЙ РЕЧИ) для студентов I курса филологического факультета специальности «английский язы к и литература» Издательство «Самарский университет» 2001 Печатается по решению Редакционно-издательского совета Самарского государственного университета Учебно-методические материалы по теме «Samara» предназначены для студентов I курса филологического факультета специальности «Английский язык и литература» и составлены с учётом программных рекомендаций относительно включения регионального компонента в учебный процесс, ориентированный на подготовку специалистов в области английской филологии. Составитель канд. пед. наук, доц. Е.Г. Кашина Рецензент канд. филол. наук, доц. А.С. Гринштейн © Кашина Е.Г. составление, 200] “Oh a day in the city square, there Is no such pleasure in life” R. BrownIng Samara Is one of the largest RussIan cities. Its hIstory is closely Inter­ woven with the entIre hIstory of the RussIan State. Samara in the 20th century Is one of the foremost IndustrIal centers of Russia with hIghly developed aerospace, engIneerIng and oil processIng In­ dustries. Samara In its older sectIon, has preserved the general style of buIldIng from the late 19th to early 20th century, makIng it an archItectural “open-aIr museum”. Samara has deep-rooted cultural tradItIons. Its past and present pre­ serve the names of famous wrIters, artIsts, musIcians and actors. Samara Is a city of active political lIfe: it was an arena for uprisIngs and revolutIons and a temporary capital of the USSR durIng World War II. Samara Is a place of peaceful coexistence for dIfferent peoples and re­ ligions (ChrIstIanIty, Islam and Judaism).
    [Show full text]
  • Josephson, Paul R. "Industrialized Nature," and "Pyramids of Concrete
    Full citation: Josephson, Paul R. "Industrialized Nature," and "Pyramids of Concrete: Rivers, Dams, and the Ideological Roots of Brute Force Technology." Prologue and Chapter 1 in Industrialized Nature: Brute Force Technology and the Transformation of the Natural World. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2002. http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/3609. Rights: All rights reserved. Copyright © 2002 Paul R. Josephson. Reproduced by permission of Island Press, Washington, D.C. Link to Island Press website featuring above title: http://islandpress.org/ip/books/book/islandpress/I/bo3559292.html Contents Prologue Industrialized Nature 1 1 Pyramids of Concrete: Rivers, Dams, and the Ideological Roots of Brute Force Technology 15 2 The Cellulose Factory 69 3 Corridors of Modernization 131 4 Cold-Blooded Machines 197 Epilogue Nature Irrevocably Transformed? 255 Notes 265 Acknowledgments 299 Index 303 vii Prologue Industrialized Nature IN OCTOBER 1948, loyal members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union assembled in Moscow to decide the fate of their country’s natural resources. For too long, climate and geography had played cruel tricks on the worker and peasant. Droughts and famine, floods and pestilence, energy shortfalls, long winters, and short summers were enemies of Soviet power no less than the capitalist nations that surrounded the country. Unanimously, the party loyal voted to adopt the Stalinist Plan for the Transformation of Nature. They would straighten rivers and shoals, dredge shallow areas to permit larger shipping vessels to use them, and build huge dams for irrigation, electricity, and municipal uses. They would plant thousands of kilometers of “forest belts” to protect the land from hot, dry winds.
    [Show full text]
  • Bike Tour Volga Kazan Samara Program
    VOLGA HIGHLANDS "WHERE the EAST MEETS the WEST" Adventure cycling tour 11 days/10 nights Kazan - town-island Sviyazhsk (UNESCO World Heritage Site) - Ulyanovsk - Sengiley Mountains National Park - Samara Bend ( Ziguly Mountains) National Park - Samara Itinerary day by day Day 1: Kazan Arrival to Kazan. You will be met at the station and taken to the hotel. The hotel is located in the heart of Kazan just a few steps from the Kremlin walls and the main historical sites. After breakfast we go sightseeing. We visit the KREMLIN with its famous mosque and after lunch will go on a cycling tour around the city Kazan - In the Late Middle Ages, Kazan was an important trade and political center within the Golden Horde. In 1438, the city became the capital of the Khanate of Kazan. In 1552, Kazan was captured by Ivan the Terrible and became part of Russia. The city was largely destroyed during Pugachev's Rebellion, but was later rebuilt during the reign of Catherine the Great. In the following centuries, Kazan grew to become a major industrial, cultural and religious center in Russia. Kazan is renowned for its vibrant mix of Oriental and Russian cultures. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the "sports capital of Russia" and it still is referred to as such. Day 2: Kazan - Sviyazhsk In the morning we continue sightseeing of Kazan and after lunch take a river boat to the town-island of Sviyazhsk.
    [Show full text]
  • Function-Topological Model of Urban Space Sectoral Zoning
    E3S Web of Conferences 164, 04016 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016404016 TPACEE-2019 Function-topological model of urban space sectoral zoning Denis Denisov1, Tatyana Zhuravleva2,*, Mikhail Zhuravlev2, and Elena Kabanova1 1Samara State Transport University, 443066, 2B Svobody st., Samara, Russia 2Samara State Technical University, 443100, 244 Molodogvardeyskaya st., Samara, Russia Abstract. This study supplements the function-topological model of analysis of city organization and development with a sectoral model of administrative-territorial division. The function-topological model allows revealing unique features of objects of the same profile, located in different space sectors. Besides, significant objects are usually placed in strictly defined sectors. Identification of general principles of spatial arrangement at all levels from geopolitics to the structure of private farmsteads on the cases of various cities, metropolitan areas and architectural ensembles is of great general scientific significance. It deals with the principles described in regional traditions: the Indian Vastu Vidya and the Chinese Feng Shui. The analysis shows that, on an intuitive level, the same principles are implemented in the activities of specialists, designers, who make decisions about the location of industries, residential areas and architectural complexes. Recognition and study of these principles are hindered by the materialistic attitudes of twentieth-century science. The results of the study lead to a radical step in recognizing many spatial elements of the mythological picture of the world as reliable ones. 1 Introduction Functional zoning of a city is an integral part of its existence, ensuring its rational functioning. The city area is differentiated by numerous methods of its use and the typology of development.
    [Show full text]