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The Loddon Company: Water Management and Alluvial Mining at Fryerstown

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The Loddon Company: Water Management and Alluvial Mining at Fryerstown The Loddon Company Water Management and Alluvial Mining at Fryerstown Jodi Turnbull, Peter Davies and Susan Lawrence Messmate Press Melbourne 2017 The Loddon Company: Water Management and Alluvial Mining at Fryerstown © Jodi Turnbull, Peter Davies and Susan Lawrence © Messmate Press [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 2017 ISBN 978-0-9924332-8-4 Cover photo: Siphon 13, Loddon Company/Bradfield Syndicate water race Project funding: Australian Research Council Discovery Project DP110100437 ‘Cultural Landscapes of Colonial Water Management in Victoria’s Central Highlands’ Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Australian Research Council, La Trobe University and the following individuals and organisations: David Horner and Jeannie Lister of Pyrnees Quarries; Ian Rutherfurd from the University of Melbourne; Damien Hynes; and the Castlemaine Historical Society. LiDAR data were originally generated by the the Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment as part of the Victorian Statewide Rivers LiDAR Project. Access to these data has been facilitated by a Licence Agreement between the University of Melbourne and La Trobe University. All conclusions remain our own. Contents Summary vii 1 | Introduction 1 Sources and Limitations 2 Castlemaine Landscape History 2 Aboriginal Community 5 Squatting 6 Gold at Castlemaine 6 Water for Mining 9 Water Management and Regulation at Castlemaine 17 2 | Archaeological Context 21 Archaeological Research on Water Management 21 Local Archaeological Context 22 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 23 Fryerstown Region 25 Discussion 28 Water Races at Fryerstown 30 3 | The Loddon Race 33 The River Loddon and Tributries Water Supply Company, 1865–1885 33 Symes Phase 1900–1930: Muddy Waters and Dirty Tactics 40 1930s Depression 48 The Syndicate 1937–1963 51 4 | Fieldwork 55 Aims and Methods 55 Results 55 Red Hill Sites 55 Loddon Race Sites 61 Dan Smith’s Gully Poddy Dams & Jet Elevator Sluicing Site 70 Fryers Channel and Extension 72 5 | Discussion 77 6 | Cultural Heritage Significance 82 7 | Recommendations 84 Glossary 85 Appendices 90 1. Survey Notification 90 2. Subscribers to The Fryers Creek Sluicing and Water Supply Company Limited 91 3. Companies Operating in the Fryer’s Creek Mining Division 1898–1948 93 4. Survey Plan for Water Right Licence 833 94 5. Survey Plan for Water Right Licence 1161 95 6. Edward Wardle at Daylesford in the 1850s 96 References 97 iii Tables Table 1: Archaeological mining sites (VHR and HI) related to water management within 23 Mount Alexander Shire Table 2: Mining sites related to water management on the VHR within Mount Alexander 24 Shire Table 3: Channels associated with the Coliban Water Supply System included on the 24 Heritage Inventory Table 4: Sites within the study area on the Victorian Heritage Database (VHR and HI) 25 Table 5: Previously recorded sites re-inspected. Sites where original co-ordinates were 58 over 100 m inaccurate have been updated Figures Figure 1: Location of the study area 3 Figure 2: Digital relief model of the Castlemaine area 4 Figure 3: Aboriginal clans (after Clarke 1990) and mining districts 5 Figure 4: Fryer’s Creek Mining Division 7 Figure 5: Puddling machines and adjacent dams in the Chewton area (Department of 8 Mines 1861) Figure 6: Chinese mining at Guildford, near Castlemaine, c.1861. Photo by Richard 9 Daintree, courtesy State Library of Victoria Figure 7: Horse puddling at Castlemaine, S.T. Gill 1855 (source: SLV H94/83.4) 10 Figure 8: Variations in sluice-heads in Victoria’s mining districts in 1868 (Smyth 1980:405) 11 Figure 9: Proposed Coliban scheme c.1867 around Fryerstown and Chewton area. The 14 Fryers Channel eventually constructed did not follow this route Figure 10: Location of the Loddon Company race – water flowed northward 15 Figure 11: Crocodile Reservoir today 16 Figure 12: Coliban System of Waterworks 1938 (south of Castlemaine) with Loddon race 16 in green Figure 13: Heritage places in the vicinity of the H1230 Red Hill Hydraulic Sluicing Site 26 Figure 14: Heritage Overlay registrations south of Fryerstown including the Loddon Race 29 (HO 857) Figure 15: Water races and channels at Castlemaine 30 Figure 16: LiDAR coverage of the Loddon Race showing detail of creeks crossed by siphons 31 13 and 14 iv Figure 17: Mark Amos’ notes for the Loddon Race showing the first two flumes at the head 33 of the race Figure 18: 1871 proposed route (in yellow) laid over 1938 route (in red) 36 Figure 19: Junction of Poverty Gully Channel with Fryers Channel (bottom left) 37 Figure 20: Part of Miller brothers’ scheme to block the old Loddon race south of Devil’s 38 Gully Tunnel and divert Coliban water into Rocky Gully Figure 21: Coliban Fryers extension channel 1895 39 Figure 22: Part of James Symes’ application for the old Loddon race (VPRS 6784/2/8) 41 Figure 23: WRL 833, by-law race 4/99 and Fryer’s Channel Extension c.1901 41 Figure 24: Symes’ and Twomey’s lease (BA 22 November 1902:3) 42 Figure 25: Plan of gauge box provided by the Board of Works for Symes (VPRS 6784/2/8). 43 Note the 15 million gallons per day measurement Figure 26: Letter from the Miller brothers to the Minister for Mines Mr McLeod, 22 June 44 1904 (VPRS 6784/2/8) Figure 27: Historical plan showing location of Symes’ and Fords’ dredges. The site of the 45 conflict was near Ford’s dam at the weir & slides VPRS 6784/2/8 Figure 28: Detail of the Fryers channel terminus 47 Figure 29: Sluicing at Vaughan, 1936 49 Figure 30: Detail from WR Licence Plan No. 1161 ‘Altered by Mr Baragwanath who stated 51 that the supply of 15,000,000 gallons per diem impossible’ (VPRS 6784/2/19) Figure 31: Ray and Arthur Bradfield at Vaughan, 1936 (source: J. Lister) 51 Figure 32: Siphon 13, the second-longest along the route at 167 m 52 Figure 33: LiDAR imagery showing the head of race and locations of flumes that were 52 replaced with siphons 1 and 2 Figure 34: Notice of application for a Water Right Licence 54 Figure 35: Survey Results – Map 1 56 Figure 36: Survey Results – Map 2 57 Figure 37: Poddy Dam H7723-0297 59 Figure 38: Pipe outlet in poddy dam wall at H7723-0297 59 Figure 39: Wooden valve structure and outlet at H7723-0297 59 Figure 40: Stone abutment at H7723-0712 – facing north 60 Figure 41: Poddy dam stone wall at H7723-0296 60 Figure 42: Red Knob H7723-0300 61 Figure 43: Loddon race near Siphon 14 62 Figure 44: Elevation profile of the Loddon Race showing locations of 14 gullies crossed 62 originally by flumes Figure 45: Entrance to tunnel 62 Figure 46: Siphon 10 H7723-0302 at Salters Creek 63 Figure 47: Siphon 10 H7723-0302. The thicker timber legs in the forefront were salvaged 64 from the earlier structure Figure 48: Siphon 10 H7723-0302 (Salters Creek) 64 Figure 49: LiDAR imagery of Siphon 11 65 Figure 50: Siphon 11 facing south 65 Figure 51: Detail of Siphon 11 with open inspection plate 65 v Figure 52: LiDAR image of Siphon 12 66 Figure 53: Siphon 12, facing south toward the abutment 66 Figure 54: LiDAR image of Siphon 13 67 Figure 55: Siphon 13 67 Figure 56: Detail of Siphon 13 67 Figure 57: LiDAR image of Siphon 14 68 Figure 58: Siphon 14 elevated on stacked stones 68 Figure 59: Siphon 14 with buttress at south end 68 Figure 60: Wooden slide gauge on Loddon Race in Devil’s Gully, facing south toward 69 tunnel (arrows indicate direction of water flow) Figure 61: Plan of the junction of Fryers Channel and Loddon Race 69 Figure 62: Historical plan of the diversion of Coliban water into Rocky Gully 1895 70 (VPRS 3844-0-4) Figure 63: Sluicing at Butcher’s Gully, 1938 70 Figure 64: Profile of alluvial working at Dan Smith’s Gully 71 Figure 65: Poddy dams at Dan Smith’s Gully 71 Figure 66: Detail at final paddock in Dan Smith’s Gully 71 Figure 67: Jet elevator sluicing plant at Butcher’s Gully in 1938 72 Figure 68: Fryers Channel (bottom left) junction with Poverty Gully Channel (arrows 72 indicate flow direction) Figure 69: Gauge mechanism at junction of Fryers Channel and Poverty Gully Channel 73 Figure 70: Entrance of Fryers Channel Crocodile Tunnel 74 Figure 71: Crocodile Reservoir 75 Figure 72: Fryers Channel near Chewton 75 Figure 73: Coliban Fryers Channel extension 1895 76 Abbreviations ARSMW Annual Report of the Secretary for Mines and Water Supply GG Victoria Government Gazette MSR Reports of the Mining Surveyors & Registrars BoS Board of Science Reports MAM Mount Alexander Mail MGJ Mining and Geological Journal BA Bendigo Advertiser RL&TWSC River Loddon and Tributaries Water Supply Company SLV State Library Victoria vi Summary This volume presents the results of spatial data and mapping of the full extent of archaeological and historical research this water race. We also recommend that this conducted around Fryerstown in central site be added to the Hepburn Shire Heritage Victoria during 2015. It is part of a larger Overlay. Fryers Channel and Extension (H7723- study, ‘Cultural Landscapes of Colonial Water 1248) should also be added to the Mt Alexander Management in Victoria’s Central Highlands’, Shire Heritage Overlay. funded by the Australian Research Council A number of important conclusions can be (DP110100437) and carried out with the drawn from our research: support of La Trobe University. The project • The cost of water was a significant factor in is overseen by Susan Lawrence and Peter the success or failure of many miners; Davies, with assistance from Jodi Turnbull • Water was a valuable commodity on the (Department of Archaeology and History, La goldfields.
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