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The Variants of Maize Chromosome 10 and Their Roles in Meiotic Drive

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The Variants of Maize Chromosome 10 and Their Roles in Meiotic Drive THE VARIANTS OF MAIZE CHROMOSOME 10 AND THEIR ROLES IN MEIOTIC DRIVE by LISA BURGESS KANIZAY Under the Direction of R. Kelly Dawe ABSTRACT Meiotic drive of knobbed chromatids in maize occurs when abnormal chromosome 10 (Ab10) substitutes for the canonical chromosome 10 (N10). Ab10 is defined as containing extra chromatin on the end of its long arm (the Ab10 haplotype) that includes euchromatic regions and knobs (large heterochromatic arrays of tandem repeats). Knobs are also found on the arms of all other chromosomes. They are composed of an 180 bp repeat (knob 180), a 350 bp repeat (TR-1), or a mixture of both. When Ab10 is present, the normally inert knobs transform into neocentromeres that dramatically move themselves along the meiotic spindle toward the spindle poles. Poleward movement of chromosomes is typically mediated by a highly conserved protein complex (the kinetochore) that binds the centromeric DNA to the microtubules. Neocentromere movement is distinctive in that it uses unknown, non- kinetochore proteins. The outcome of neocentromere activity during female meiosis is that knobbed chromatids end in the upper and lower cells of a naturally linear tetrad. The lower cell develops into the egg. Thus, neocentromere activity leads to meiotic drive. Through creating an Ab10 BAC library and sequencing 11 BAC clones, three dominant molecular markers for the Ab10 haplotype were produced and used to screen wild populations of maize and teosinte, its progenitor. This work facilitated the discovery of new molecular and structural variants of Ab10 and showed that the majority of teosinte populations are segregating Ab10. One structural variant of Ab10, Ab10-L2, contains only TR-1 and exhibits very strong TR-1 neocentromeres, however it does not show strong drive. Rather, Ab10-L2 down regulates the strong meiotic drive the other Ab10 variants confer. These data combined with the cytological characterization of four mutants indicate that knob 180 is essential for meiotic drive, but TR-1 is not. In sum, the data presented here shed light not only on the composition of Ab10 but also provide fresh insights into the functional and population dynamics of the different variants of the haplotype. It is evident that the selfish and competitive Ab10 haplotype continuously plays into shaping the genetic and cytological landscape of modern maize. INDEX WORDS: meiotic drive, meiosis, abnormal chromosome 10, knobs THE VARIANTS OF MAIZE CHROMOSOME 10 AND THEIR ROLES IN MEIOTIC DRIVE by LISA BURGESS KANIZAY BS, University of Denver 2006 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2011 © 2011 Lisa Burgess Kanizay All Rights Reserved THE VARIANTS OF MAIZE CHROMOSOME 10 AND THEIR ROLES IN MEIOTIC DRIVE by LISA BURGESS KANIZAY Major Professor: R. Kelly Dawe Committee: Katrien Devos Wayne Parrott John Burke Jim Leebens-Mack Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia December 2011 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Kelly Dawe, my advisor, for his continuous support and advice not only with regard to my dissertation project, but also with respect to my current and future life goals. I would like to thank my committee members John Burke, Katrien Devos, Jim Leebens-Mack and Wayne Parrott for their insights, technical help, and intellectual discussions. I give special thanks to Dan Peterson at MSU (and his lab members) and Jeff Ross-Ibarra at UC Davis (and his postdoc Matthew Hufford) for providing me with invaluable resources, advice and academic opportunities. I thank former committee member Sue Wessler, and Jim Burnette for providing me with the opportunity to extend beyond my own research. I have dedicated several years to the implementation of a high school level off shoot of Sue’s HHMI course. One great personal outcome from my involvement in this course has been my friendship with Athens Academy teacher Nikki Chester. I thank Nikki for her mentorship, friendship, and general encouragement through all aspects of my past several years of life. I thank Rashin Ghaffari for allowing me to mentor her over the past two years, it has been a great learning experience for me on many levels. My family has been a great support and source of encouragement and love throughout my life, and I thank them all for that. Finally, I would like to thank my friends for keeping me grounded and offering helping hands and listening ears throughout the past five years. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 1 Meiosis and Meiotic Drive.................................................................................................. 1 Tandem Repeats and Knobs................................................................................................ 5 Maize Abnormal Chromosome 10 ...................................................................................... 7 Purpose of Study ............................................................................................................... 10 References ......................................................................................................................... 11 II RAPID MOLECULAR DIVERSIFICATION OF THE MAIZE ABNORMAL 10 DRIVE COMPLEX .............................................................................................................................. 17 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 18 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 18 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 21 Results ............................................................................................................................... 26 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 31 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 34 References ......................................................................................................................... 35 III A FOURTH VARIANT OF MAIZE CHROMOSOME 10 (AB10-L2) PROVIDES EVIDENCE FOR THE EVOLUTION OF TR-1 AS A SUPPRESSOR OF KNOB 180 MEIOTIC DRIVE ................................................................................................................... 51 vi Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 52 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 52 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 56 Results ............................................................................................................................... 57 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 62 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 66 References ......................................................................................................................... 67 IV UNCOVERING AB10 SPECIFIC FUNCTIONAL GENES .................................................. 86 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 86 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 86 Materials and Methods ...................................................................................................... 89 Results ............................................................................................................................... 91 Discussion and Future Directions ..................................................................................... 94 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 96 References ......................................................................................................................... 97 V CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 106 References ....................................................................................................................... 111 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: BAC probe information and location on B73 N10 .................................................................... 44 Table
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