Organic Food – a Concept for Sustainability and Feeding a Growing Population

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Organic Food – A Concept for Sustainability and Feeding a Growing Population

1st HiPP Scientific Symposium on Organic Food

ince the origins in the early 20th The history of the organic movement Professor for Sustainable Food Systems century, organic agriculture and started about 100 years ago in Europe and Nutrition Ecology (University of Sfood production have come a with philosophy and teachings that Applied Sciences, Münster, Germany) long way. Today, organic agriculture were based on observation of nature and chair of the symposium, the is regarded as a more sustainable and respect for natural laws and central working principle of organic alternative to conventional farming, subsequently transformed in practical farming is the ideal of a closed cycle which is a main contributor to green- farming methods by organic pioneers.1 (fi g. 1): plants grown on the soil of a house gas production, environmental Since then, organic farming and food farm are either used as foodstuff or pollution, soil quality decline, and bio- production developed into a worldwide entered back in the cycle as nutrients, diversity loss. This view is supported food system which is guided by the i.e. as (preferably composted) green or by scientifi c evidence, as demon- four principles of organic agriculture livestock manure, to keep the fertility strated by international experts at (ecology, fairness, care, and health).2 of the soil which is regarded as the the fi rst HiPP Scientifi c Symposium According to Dr. Carola Strassner, capital of organic agriculture. on Organic Food, showing that organic agriculture is more benefi cial to the environment and food quality Fig. 1: The central working principle of organic agriculture: the closed cycle. than conventional agriculture, and is positively associated with health of consumers. Moreover, organic food contains less pesticide residues that may cause detrimental health effects even in very low concentrations, especially in fetuses and children. Aside from these advantages, organic agriculture has proved to be more cost-effi cient than conventional agriculture. This is particularly the case if the true costs of conventional farming are taken into account. Most importantly, organic food production is regarded as vital to safeguard a safe and nutritious food supply for the growing world population in the years to come. Source: Prof. Carola Strassner

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Worldwide accepted: the intake of dietary nutrients, to have For instance, in a meta-analysis of A European Parliament Report (Decem- organic practices Fig. 2: Increasing global sales of organic food and land area for organic better tasting food, to protect chil- 343 publications substantial higher ber 2016) came to the conclusion that production 1997-2013.3 dren, or to preserve family farming. concentrations of antioxidants were At any point in the cycle, said As Reganold pointed out, agri- found in organic food, many of which • women’s exposure to pesticides Strassner, central organic practices culture is not just organic or conven- have been linked to a reduced risk during pregnancy impacted nega- are employed which are common to tional. Organic and conventional of chronic diseases including cardio- tively on their children’s IQ, neuro- organic agriculture worldwide, such as farming systems may be looked upon vascular disease and certain cancers behavioral development, and the multiannual rotation with crops that as extremes (“like bookends on a (fig. 3).4 risk of ADHD (Attention Deficit fix nitrogen, restriction of synthetic shelf“), with other farming systems in Four reviews or meta-analyses Hyperactivity Disorder). fertilizers, natural pest management, between. concluded that little or no pesticide • organic food may reduce the risk or the use of organically produced residues were found in organic foods. of allergies and obesity. seed. The livestock production is How sustainable Children who eat conventionally pro- linked to the amount of fodder that is organic farming? duced foods had significantly higher • the use of antibiotics in conven- can be produced on the land. Animals levels of organophosphate pesticide tional animal production is a key are housed according to their species- Organic farming is perceived as being metabolites as compared to children driver of antibiotic resistance in specific needs and treated in order more sustainable than conventional who used to eat organic foods. In bacteria, whereas the restrictive to keep their welfare, the feed is or- farming. To find out if this is true, 2012, the American Academy of use of antibiotics on organic farms ganic and mainly self-produced. The Reganold assessed the performance Pediatrics declared that an organic was found to improve animal nitrogen content may limit the amount of organic farming in the light of diet reduces the exposure of children health, prevent diseases, and of microbial, animal or plant material the four metrics of sustainability to pesticides.5 minimize antibiotic resistance.6 returned to the soil. Genetically engi- (as defined by the US National neered organisms or any products Academy of Sciences): adequate yields 3 thereof are categorically forbidden in Source: Based on data of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, IFOAM. of high quality, environmentally safe, Fig. 3: Results of the meta-analysis for antioxidant activity, macronutrients, organic farming systems. economically viable, and socially nitrogen compounds, and cadmium in organic vs. conventional food.4 It is important to make the point responsible.3 that the quality of organic food is the Conversion to organic agriculture Dr. John Reganold, Ph.D., and Regent’s result of the entire agricultural process, may not be enough Professor of Soil Science and Agro- Impact on crop yields ... said Strassner. “No single measure seen ecology (Washington State University, alone will make food organic“. The question arises, however, if it is Pullman, USA). Critics argue that or- Five reviews or meta-analyses of yield Organic and non-organic food enough to convert conventional in organic agriculture requires more land in studies show that, under favorable differs in many more respects. For ganic agriculture in order to ensure a order to produce the same amount of climate and soil conditions, organic instance, organic crop and animal healthier society, or if it is necessary to food as conventional agriculture and crop yields are generally lower by production is regulated in a highly look for more sustainable diets and that adopting organic agriculture on a 8–25 %.3 The difference vs. conven- detailed manner by specific measures lifestyles as well. large scale could potentially threaten tional farming is larger for fruit and and criteria. When it comes to food According to Strassner, an in- wildlife, forests, and biodiversity. wheat (27–28 % lower yields), but processing, the use of additives is re- creased interest in organic food can Nevertheless, the number of or- relatively small for rice, soybeans, corn, stricted. “Especially flavor enhancers, be observed not only on an individual ganic farms, the extent of organically and grass-clover (6–11 %). synthetic colorants or other synthetic level, but also in communities or regions farmed land, as well as the market “Organic farming can do better, materials that would suggest to con- or even states such as the Indian size for organic foods have steadily however, under severe drought, with sumers that a product is something state of Sikkim, which has declared increased (fig. 2).3 The global market equal to higher yields being observed“, other than it actually is composed of itself organic. Decisions like this have for organic foods has grown from reported Reganold. Furthermore, it has are excluded”, said Strassner. a lot to do with the impact of re- about 40 billion US$ in 2013 to about been shown that crops both bred and Traditionally, in the organic sector, sources like water on public health 90 billion US$ in 2016, with about then grown under organic conditions farmers and consumers have been and nature and the rising costs of keep- 90 % of global sales occurring in North tend to close the yield gap between more closely connected, and today ing the quality of these resources. America and Europe. In the US, organic organic and conventional farming. new collaborations are observed, such food and beverage sales in 2017 ac- as community-supported agriculture Still contentious – counted for 5.5 % of the total food and ... food quality ... enterprises, many of which are organic but increasingly successful beverage sales (1997: 0.8 %). farms, which bring producers and Many surveys have shown that 14 of 17 reviews or meta-analyses found consumers into direct contact. What In the past 40 years, hundreds of consumers buy organic food mainly to evidence of organic food being more is unique in Strassner’s opinion is the scientific studies have been per- avoid pesticides, genetically modified nutritious than conventional foods.3 global third-party verification system formed comparing organic and con- organisms (GMOs), irradiation, and Usual findings were higher concen- that guarantees the organic food ventional farming. Still organic agri- hormones and antibiotics in meat to trations of vitamin C, antioxidants, as production process. culture is a contentious issue, said protect the environment, to increase well as omega-3 fatty acids. Source: Baranski M, et al. British Journal Nutrition 2014;112:794-811.

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children meets the criteria for ADHD, rier to poisons and how the fetus – es- • Brain growth occurs over a longer Fig. 4: Performance of organic farming relative to conventional farming according to the criteria of sustainability.3 one in 15 for depression, one in 50 for pecially the fetal brain – is particularly duration as compared to other conduct disorders“, reported Bruce susceptible to toxic chemicals“, said organs. Lanphear, MD, and Professor for Simon Lanphear. Environmental disasters, Conventional Organic • The fetus and child may lack Fraser University in British Columbia however, only represent the tip of the enzymes to detoxify contaminants. (Canada). This may be due to a variety iceberg. In the last decades, evidence of risk factors that can impact on the has accumulated that low-level expo- • Young children often are more developing brain, some of the most sure to ubiquitous toxic chemicals is heavily exposed to contaminants. important of which are exposure to responsible for shortened gestation, toxic chemicals during early brain intellectual deficits, and mental dis- Even very low concentrations matter development. orders in children. The detrimental effects of environ- Several factors may contribute In the US, toxic chemicals like lead, mer- mental toxins have been recognized in to the increased vulnerability of the cury, PCB (polychlorinated biphenyls), the context of environmental disasters developing brain.8 organophosphate pesticides, bisphe- like in Minamata (Japan), where moth- nol A (an organic endocrine disruptor), • The blood brain barrier is not ers who had ingested mercury-conta- and PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl fully formed in the fetus and, thus, minated fish gave birth to children with ethers) are found in almost all pregnant more permeable to toxic chemicals. severe brain damage (congenital Mina- women and children. Children are ex- Source: Reganold & Wachter, Nature Plants, 2016 mata Disease). “This changed the way • Rapidly growing cells are often posed to dozens of toxic chemicals or we think about the placenta as a bar- more vulnerable to toxic chemicals. chemicals suspected of being toxic; the vast majority of the many thousands ... and environmental quality that the yields of organic farming were and other chemicals is reduced, which of chemicals that people are exposed and safety lower by 10 – 18%, whereas the total is “a big deal at least in less-developed Tab. 1: Advantages of organic farming/agriculture vs. to have never been tested for toxicity. costs were about the same. But with countries“. conventional farming/agriculture. “The chemical industry is trying to Fifteen reviews and meta-analyses price premiums, organic agriculture With organic farming, the four ar- reassure us that the concentrations of found that organic farming systems are was significantly more profitable (by eas of sustainability are well balanced, • Higher sustainability chemicals are too small to cause harm“, associated with better soil quality, less 22 – 35%) and associated with higher concluded Reganold, in stark contrast said Lanphear. “But drugs designed soil erosion, and little or no risk of syn- benefit/cost ratios (by 20 – 24%) than to conventional farming, which “pushes • Improvement of animal health, minimization of antibiotic resistance to alter behavior, like methylphenidate, thetic pesticide pollution of ground and conventional agriculture.7 The price yield at the expense of other sustain- which is commonly prescribed to treat • Greater below and aboveground biodiversity surface waters.3 In addition, organic premiums received by the organic far- ability metrics“ (fig. 4).3 children with ADHD, are active at levels systems were usually more energy mers (29 – 32%) were much higher Taken together, organic farming/ • Greater diversity of funcional groups (herbivores, pollinators, predators, producers) about the same or even lower than the efficient. Organic systems performed than the price premiums needed to food offers many advantages (tables levels of toxic chemicals found in the better in terms of nutrient leaching, match the profit of the conventional 1, 2). This is reflected by the global or- • Better soil quality, low erosion, less pollution blood. In his video “little things matter” mainly nitrogen and phosphorous, and producers (5 –7%). ganic market which is expected to Bruce Lanphear demonstrates very greenhouse gas emission on a per area As Reganold pointed out, nega- increase to 140 – 160 billion US$ by • Less nutrient leaking, less greenhouse emissions vividly how already small amounts of basis. According to Reganold, the dif- tive externalities associated with agri- 2020. But can organic farming play a toxic substances influence children’s IQ. • Higher energy efficiency ferences for nutrient leaching and culture were not taken into account in significant role in feeding the growing greenhouse gas emissions may de- economic studies. “Putting a price for human population? “Absolutely“, said • Higher profitability crease or even reverse, however, if or- instance on soil erosion or biodiversity Reganold, “and so can other innovative QR-Code to the video ganic and conventional systems are loss would make organic agriculture farming systems, such as agroforestry, • Improved social well-being “little things matter“ assessed on a unit of production basis. even more profitable“. conservation agriculture, integrated - increased interaction between farmers and consumers Organic farming has been found and mixed farming, which share - greater employment, cooperation among farmers to have greater below- and above- Improved social well-being common practices and values with - reduced exposure to pesticide and other chemicals Many chemicals are toxic to fetuses ground biodiversity (birds, insects, soil organic farming”. In Reganold’s view, or children even at very low concen- fauna, microbes), and greater diver- Social well-being in organic vs. con- a blend of multi-functional farming trations. For instance, as the prenatal sity of functional groups, such as her- ventional farming systems has been systems will be needed, “but organic Tab. 2: Advantages of organic foods vs. conventional foods PBDE exposure increases from 10 to bivores, pollinators, predators, and assessed in few studies only. However, farming is the one that is driving it“. 100 ppb, the IQ of the children de- producers (plants), said Reganold. in those few studies done, organic • Higher nutritional value creases by 5 points. A similar effect farming was found to have some Impact of toxic chemicals and has been described for organo- Organic agriculture more profitable sociocultural strengths, said Reganold. organic food on child health • Better taste (fruits, vegetables) phosphate pesticides. Interaction between organic farmers For many toxins there doesn’t • Little or no pesticide residues One meta-analysis has been published and consumers has increased, and According to US estimates, the preva- appear to be a threshold that defines a by Crowder and Reganold examining organic farming is associated with lence of some brain-based disorders • Reduced risk of allergies or obesity safe level of exposure. On the contrary, the profitability of organic farming. The greater employment of farm workers. in children, such as autism, has dra- some chemicals, like lead, induced the authors of the meta-analysis found Exposure of farm workers to pesticides matically increased.8 “About one in 10 • Less cancer diagnoses proportionally greatest decrements in

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intellectual capabilities in children who home. Most importantly, efforts to erosion in order to achieve high profits. This cost might be 7 cents or 2 cents, had the lowest levels. Fig. 5: Organic vegetable consumption and the risk of pre-eclampsia among update chemical management policies This means that farms are destroying said Bandel, depending on how „or- “As the level of lead in children’s 28192 pregnant women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study and reduce industrial pollutants should their assets, said Bandel. “The loss is ganic“ the producing farm is. blood increases from 0 to 100 ppb, the 2002-2008.15 be supported, including organic foods. irreversible: What’s gone, is gone”. The investigators concluded that IQ score drops by about 6 points. An in- Finally, Lanphear made the point Conventionally growing maize, for improving soil fertility should be rated crease from 100 to 200 ppb results in that the popularity of organic foods is example, needs inputs and as a conse- as an investment rather than as costs. an IQ drop of additional 2 points and growing even though many scientists sequence leaching occurs. If growing Building up soil represents a value an increase from 200 to 300 ppb to are more skeptical than the public re- maize is continued over the years, more that can be added on the balance an IQ drop of another point“, reported garding the claims about organic foods. inputs are needed, leading to more sheet, said Bandel. This would mean Lanphear. Most of the available studies, however, leaching, erosion and carbon dioxide that farmers who spend more money focus on the relationship between the emission. Thus, costs do increase not on soil fertility could get better credit Regulation of toxins fails toxicity of certain chemicals and child only because of higher inputs. The conditions in future. to protect children health, not on the benefits of organic increase in true costs is much higher food. Therefore, in Lanphear’s opinion (fig. 6). Unexpected allies The effects of environmental toxins on it is worth thinking about conducting Bandel reported on a pilot study the developing brain may be judged as randomized clinical trials of organic performed in collaboration with the In the recent years, the problems with subtle, in Lanphear’s view a misleading diet to provide more robust evidence of accounting firm Ernst & Young in order conventional farming became so ob- judgement, because little shifts in the benefits of organic food. to assess the true costs of conven- vious that the movement for more children’s IQ scores have a big impact tional vs. organic fruits and vegetables, sustainable agriculture was joined by on the rate of children who are gifted Source: Torjusen H et al. BMJ Open 2014; 4: e006143 Organic food is not too expensive ... looking at soil, water, biodiversity, hitherto unexpected allies like food (IQ > 130) or challenged (IQ < 70).8,11 climate, health etc. Algorithms of the or beverage producing companies or For instance, a downward shift in The dream of producing cheap food accounting firm were applied on data investment firms that push for more the mean IQ score by 5 points would organic food on the occurrence of dis- diseases – which is key because the for everybody is an illusion, said Tobias collected from different farms around sustainable production methods in increase the number of children who eases. For instance, in a prospective knowledge of causes can help to Bandel, co-founder of Soil & More the world. The investigators found order to save costs. are challenged by 57 %.8 In Lanphear’s cohort study with more than 28,000 prevent diseases. Yet, most of the Impacts, Hamburg (Germany). On the out, for instance, that eating of 1 kg of The underlying logic is that the opinion, “it is overwhelming to imag- pregnant women, increasing consump- economic resources are spent for the contrary, as a result of climate change conventionally grown apple will cause increasing deterioration of soil organic ine the cumulative impact of exposures tion of organic vegetables was asso- treatment and the search for cures of and increasing soil erosion, food will an individual health damage (in terms matter goes along with increased to 3 or more toxins”. ciated with a significant reduction in people with high risk (clinical strategy) become much more expensive if of reduction of the individual con- leaching and, therefore, with higher “These results show that the way risk of pre-eclampsia (fig. 5).15 and very little for tackling the risk nothing is changed. “We need to under- tribution to the gross domestic pro- costs due to increased need of nutri- we regulate toxins, assuming that Women, who used to consume factors that make people sick in the stand, how we can manage our farms duct, e.g. due to sick leave) by 21 cents. ents and water. there is a safe level, fails to protect organic food during pregnancy, were first place (population strategy). The differently. Otherwise, in a few years children“, concluded Lanphear. 58 % less likely to deliver a child with problem with the clinical strategy, food will no longer be affordable for 15 The same holds true for adults. For hypospadias. , which according to however, is that the majority of most of the people“. Fig. 6: Continued growing of crops leads to increased inputs, leaching, instance, very low levels of benzene in Lanphear is the second main type disease, disability, and death occurs in For Bandel it is a moral duty to erosion, and costs. the blood are associated with a steep of reproductive birth defect. This those who are at low or moderate risk make sure that this will not happen. increase in leukemia risk.12 Lowest lev- condition is thought to be a con- (prevention paradox). “Because we have solutions: practices els of particulate matter (PM2.5, i.e. sequence of ubiquitous exposure Thus, unless a threshold exists and like crop rotation and crop diversity, Cheap isn‘t economically viable 50% of fine inhalable particles have to anti-androgenic chemicals, like low-level exposures of toxic chemicals green manure, intercropping, recycling diameters of 2.5 µg or less) or blood phthalates. impact on people’s health, and unless of biomass, or reasonable tillage“, lead were shown to be responsible for In a French prospective cohort study we focus on people who are at low or he said. a steep rise in the risk of dying prema- with 69,000 participants, people who moderate risk, the clinical high-risk In Bandel’s opinion, it is high time turely from heart disease.13,14 ate more organic produce had a 25 % strategy will fail to prevent the major- to recognize the true costs of conven- In Lanphear’s opinion, probably lower risk of malignancies, especially ity of chronic diseases, said Lanphear. tional food because conventional food most chronic diseases are the result of lymphoma and breast cancer.17 In production business is getting more of the cumulative impact of many risk the subpopulation that consumed Avoid exposure to chemicals and more in trouble. For instance, in factors. “Cardiovascular diseases are organic food most frequently, in general Nicaragua, the area suitable for grow- not just from cholesterol, smoking or lymphomas were reduced by 76 %. ing coffee is considered to decrease €/to True cost lead, it is not just from arsenic or lack Lymphomas and breast cancer are The best approach to handle the risk dramatically in the next decades, and Product of physical activity – it’s from all of both environmentally sensitive type of is to avoid the exposure to chemicals. the same is true for other crops over these“. cancers, explained Lanphear. Lanphear quoted a rule of thumb: “If the world. we didn’t evolve with it – avoid it“. Current accounting Organic food and the risk of diseases The prevention paradox More specifically, Lanphear suggested ... but conventional is too cheap eating fresh, organic and unpackaged 1st year 2nd year 3rd year Few studies have been performed to Over the last decades, a lot has been foods, avoid canned foods and mini- True cost accounting is necessary be- examine if there is a direct effect of learned about the causes of chronic mize the use of pesticides around the cause conventional farming accepts Source: Tobias Bandel

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Other examples are insurance com- Improved soil fertility – and the development of soil organic panies and accounting firms, which better credit conditions matter over time, thereby enabling have realized that the way they used them to make more informed on-farm to do financial accounting of firms that Many industrial companies have identi- decisions that reduce their environ- are heavily dependent on agricultural fied soil organic matter as the key mental impact. In order to stabilize soil commodities was incomplete: envi- driver for economic sustainability at organic matter, the Cool Farm Alliance ronmental and climate impacts had farm level. For instance, the Cool Farm promotes reduced tillage, cover crop- not been adequately taken into ac- Alliance (comprising food retailers, ping, composting, manure adding, and count. „They recognized that what food manufacturers, input suppliers residue incorporation. they consider today as profitable, etc.) encourage farmers to implement But it’s not only about farming, might not be profitable any more in tools (like the Cool Farm Tool) in order said Bandel. It will be difficult to feed 5 – 10 years“, said Bandel. to track the environmental impact 9 billion or even more people if we don’t start to alter our consumption behavior and to reduce the food HiPP baby food: Supreme quality in harmony with nature waste“. In addition to postharvest loss or loss associated with logistics, consumers throw 30–40 % of the For more than 60 years, the family-owned company HiPP has been com- food they bought away. Food waste mitted to the production of organic baby food. As a pioneer in this field, is a problem also in less developed HiPP was swimming against the tide at the time and also faced great resis- countries like India where every year tance as they developed their organic farming practices. However, by millions of tons of rice are spoiled due putting their heart and soul into it, they managed to set new standards to storage conditions. « for baby food and beyond. HiPP became one of the best-known brands in Germany and a symbol References: of ecological, economic and socially sustainable entrepreneurship. 1. Strassner C et al. Front Nutr 2015; 2: 19 2. IFOAM OrganicInternational; https://www.ifoam. The supreme quality of all our HiPP products is based on the careful bio/sites/default/file s/poa_english_web.pdf 3. Reganold JR, Wachter JM. Nature Plants 2016; selection of raw materials. HiPP experts advise and assist our producers 2: 15221 throughout the entire production process – from seed selection to animal 4. Baranski M et al. British J Nutr 2014; 112: 794-811 5. Roberts JR et al. Pediatrics 2012; 130; health all the way through to safe transport methods. HiPP’s organic e1765-e1788 contract farmers feed and keep their animals in a species-appropriate 6. European Parliament Report. Human health impli- manner. When it comes to our farming methods, environmentally friendly cations of organic food and organic agriculture, December 2016 crop protection, natural fertilisation as well as maintaining soil fertility 7. Crowder DW, Reganold JP. PNAS 2015; 112: are our top priorities. This way, we are able to produce foods that are 7611-1616 8. Lanphear B. Annu Rev Public Health 2015; both sustainable and environmentally sound. The checks we subject HiPP 36: 211-230 formulae to focus on analysing their natural nutritional value, but also 9. Wasserman G et al. EHP 2004; 112: 1329-1333 on eliminating the occurrence of critical substances. At HiPP, parents can 10. England LJ et al. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 954-960 rely on nutritionally sound products, age-appropriate recipes and strictly 11. Gilbert SG, Weiss B. Neurotoxicology 2006; controlled organic quality. This is why we label our products with the HiPP 27: 693-701 12. Vlaanderen J et al. Environ Health Perspect 2010; Organic Seal. It represents our company standards, which are even stricter 118: 526-532 than those required by the EU’s Organic Regulation to obtain the EU’s 13. Pinault L et al. Environ Health. 2016; Organic Seal. It guarantees a tight control and safety system, the utmost doi:10.1186/s12940-016-0111-6 14. Lanphear B et al. Lancet Public Health 2018; diligence, environmentally friendly farming methods, and the purity of http//doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30025-2 the processed raw materials. In most cases, the specific requirements for 15. Torjusen H et al. BMJ Open 2014; 4: e006143 farming and processing, as well as the thresholds that HiPP has set, are far 16. Brantsaeter AL et al. Environ Health Perspect 2016; 124: 357-364 stricter than required by law. 17. Baudry J et al. JAMA Intern Med; published online October 22, 2018;

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1st HiPP Scientific Symposium on Organic Food Report: Dr. Günther Springer, Darmstadt Kranzberg, 30 October 2018 HiPP GmbH & Co. Vertrieb KG, Dept. of Scientific Marketing Speakers: Prof. Carola Strassner, Münster, Germany; Georg-Hipp-Str. 7, 85276 Pfaffenhofen, Germany Prof. John Reganold, Pullman, USA; Prof. Bruce Lanphear, hipp.com/hcp Vancouver, Canada; Tobias Bandel, Hamburg, Germany;