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Careers in Organic Food Production

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Careers in Organic Food Production Organic food is a growth industry. Find out about some of the jobs that bring organics from the farm—and the factory—to your table. Careers in organic food production rom TVs to TV dinners, technology items—are sold directly to consumers or plays a role in nearly all aspects of to food manufacturers that make organic F modern life. But when it comes to food processed foods, such as bread and frozen production, many of us are turning away from meals. Foods that carry a U.S. Department of technology toward organic methods of food Agriculture (USDA) certified organic label production—methods that combine science come from producers that have undergone a with traditional farming practices. Growth in certification process guaranteeing they have the organic industry’s popularity should also met specific criteria during production. For sprout employment in its occupations. example, fruits and vegetables must be grown New technology developed over the past without the use of chemical pesticides or several decades have allowed farmers to grow synthetic fertilizers, and animal products must more food using fewer resources. Compared come from livestock that have not been given with 60 years ago, today’s farm can supply growth hormones or antibiotics. more than three times more corn per acre, According to the USDA, certified organic and the average dairy cow produces almost acreage—which includes cropland, pasture- four times more milk. Even as technology land, and rangeland—quadrupled between improves farm yields, however, many consum- 1992 and 2008, and the number of organic ers are looking for healthier, environmentally operations nearly tripled. But organic farms Adam Bibler sustainable alternatives to typical food. The and the organic food industry are still much result has been a rapid growth in the growing, smaller than their conventional counterparts. manufacturing, regulation, and marketing of Nevertheless, organic foods are now avail- organically produced foods. able in nearly all retail food stores, and most This article discusses some of the work- consumers say they buy organic food at least ers who are involved in producing organic occasionally. Growth in the industry seems food, certifying it, and bringing it to consum- likely to continue, and continued growth in ers. The first section explains what organic demand may lead to career opportunities. means and how this expanding specialty may The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Adam Bibler is offer opportunities. The next three sections (BLS) estimates that there were 1.8 million an economist describe some occupations in the organic workers in the crop and animal production in the Office of industry, looking at ways in which the work industries in 2008. But the organic segment Occupational involved might differ from that in the conven- is a small portion of that total. BLS does not Statistics and tional food industry. The final section provides currently collect wage or employment data Employment sources of additional information. for occupations that deal exclusively with Projections, BLS. organic goods—nor does it project employ- He is available ment for organic-specific occupations. Given at (202) 691- Opportunities in organic the increases in organic food sales, however, 5089 or at bibler. Organic fruits, vegetables, and animal prod- opportunities are likely to continue in the [email protected]. ucts—which include meat, eggs, and dairy occupations related to organic foods. Fall 2010 • Occupational Outlook Quarterly 3 work on behalf of a farmer, absentee land- Growing organic: Farmers owner, or corporation. On a crop farm, farmers, ranchers, and and other farm workers agricultural managers decide what and how Both conventional or organic food usually much to grow and when to plant, harvest, and originates on a farm. The difference between rotate fields. They supervise tilling and weed- conventional and organic farming is in the ing to ensure a good crop. After harvesting is approach each uses to raise crops and ani- done, they make sure that crops are properly mals. Where a conventional farm might use packaged and stored. For farmers raising ani- pesticides to fight insects that damage crops or mals, daily activities include feeding, monitor- livestock, for example, an organic farm might ing the animals’ health, maintaining the ani- use predatory bugs that feed on such insects. mals’ living spaces, and, for dairy operations, Farmers and ranchers, agricultural milking more than once a day. Livestock managers, and farmworkers and laborers are farmers also oversee breeding activities. among the workers involved in producing A year-round, 7-day workweek and the organic food. The following pages describe uncertainties of weather are among the reali- the scope of their duties—both those specific ties of farm life. But organic farmers have to organic farming and those that are not. additional challenges. Because synthetic fertil- izers cannot be used on organic crops, these Farmers, ranchers, and agricultural managers farmers instead use manure, compost, and Farmers, ranchers, and agricultural managers other organic fertilizers. In place of herbi- direct the activities of farms and ranches. On cides, attention to weeding or use of cover small farms, these workers generally oversee crops is important. Controlling pests without the entire operation; on larger farms, they may pesticides requires use of other methods, such oversee a single activity, such as marketing. as sowing “trap crops,” plants intended to Farmers and ranchers own and operate their lure pests from the main crop. And on animal farms. Agricultural managers are hired to farms, organically raised livestock must have Farmers and other farm workers harvest crops and make certain that the food is properly stored. 4 Occupational Outlook Quarterly • Fall 2010 U.S. Department of Agriculture photo by Chuck Greiner Monitoring animal health is an important task for livestock farmers. access to the outdoors. This requires that markets allow producers to gather, often farmers manage their animals’ activities, such at a designated time and place, to sell their as rotating pastures for grazing cattle. goods. In community-supported agriculture Running a farm also has a business com- programs, farmers sell “shares” of their total ponent. These tasks include marketing, sales, goods for a set price before producing the and bookkeeping. Farmers, ranchers, and agri- food and then make regular food deliveries cultural managers may perform all or some of throughout the season. Some farmers arrange the required tasks. Workers on larger farms for self-pick, or pick-your-own, products, let- often delegate the physical tasks to farmwork- ting consumers come directly to the farm and ers and laborers, as described below. Opera- pick their own produce to buy. This arrange- tors on smaller farms usually perform most of ment helps the farmer eliminate the costs of the work themselves. labor for harvesting and of transporting. Because of the need for timely distribu- Skills and training. There are no spe- tion of fresh food, marketing and sales are cific educational requirements for becoming especially important in both organic and a farmer, rancher, or agricultural manager, conventional farming. To get their food to although postsecondary education in agri- consumers, farmers often make arrangements culture—including, for organic farmers, with buyers or wholesalers, who then sell the instruction on organic farming practices and products. (To learn more about these workers, techniques—is recommended. And working see “Getting food to consumers: Buyers and on an existing farm through an internship or sellers,” beginning on page 9.) other arrangement is a good way to learn more Other farmers, particularly organic ones, about the occupation. sell their products directly to consumers Aspiring farmers should enjoy working at farmers’ markets, through community- outdoors, be physically fit, and must under- supported agriculture programs, or, at crop stand the commitment required to run a farms, by allowing consumers to pick their farm. They also need managerial ability for own produce. Increasingly popular farmers’ organizing a farm’s business operations, solid Fall 2010 • Occupational Outlook Quarterly 5 communication skills for dealing with con- On organic ranches and animal farms, sumers and other buyers, and knowledge of farmworkers and laborers care for livestock accounting and bookkeeping for the substan- by supplying the animals’ food and water, tial recordkeeping required due to organic maintaining their living areas, and ensuring farming regulations. Proficiency in using a that they spend time outside. Farmworkers and computer, including basic spreadsheet and laborers may need to transport cattle to graz- word processing programs, is increasingly ing areas or move portable coops to pastures, important. which may involve driving machinery and lifting equipment or animals. Farmworkers and laborers Skills and training. As with farmers, Agricultural farmworkers and laborers per- ranchers, and agricultural managers, farm- form much of the physical labor on a farm. workers and laborers have no specific educa- This includes the work of raising crops and tional requirements for entering the occupa- livestock but also involves maintenance of tion; most farmworkers learn their skills on the farm itself, such as basic repair of fences, the job. But workers on organic farms often pens, or farm equipment. Some of the alterna- benefit from knowledge of, or
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