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Assessment the Seasonal Variability and Enrichment of Toxic Trace Metals Pollution in Sediments of Damietta Branch, Nile River, Egypt

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Assessment the Seasonal Variability and Enrichment of Toxic Trace Metals Pollution in Sediments of Damietta Branch, Nile River, Egypt water Article Assessment the Seasonal Variability and Enrichment of Toxic Trace Metals Pollution in Sediments of Damietta Branch, Nile River, Egypt Mostafa Redwan 1,* and Engy Elhaddad 2 1 Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt 2 National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo 11562, Egypt; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +20-934605602-2918 Received: 26 October 2020; Accepted: 27 November 2020; Published: 30 November 2020 Abstract: This work appraises the extent of toxic trace metals and seasonal pollution degree in Damietta branch sediments of the River Nile of Egypt. The toxic trace metals Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analysed in sediments from six sites during the summer and winter seasons. The metal concentrations and organic matter were determined using inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry and loss-on-ignition, respectively. Multivariate statistical methods were used in order to allocate the possible metals sources and their relationships in sediments. The seasonal mean sequence of toxic trace metals was: Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. The mean Cd, Pb, and Zn values exceeded the sediment quality guidelines and average shale and they represent severe potential toxicity for aquatic organisms. Cu and Co were enriched during winter. The geo-accumulation index stipulated that metal pollution degree in the sequence of: Pb > Zn > Cd > Co > Cu > Mn > Ni > Fe. The highest metal pollution index reported in winter in sites S4/S5 and during summer in sites S4–S6. Different agricultural, wastewater discharge, fisheries, and industrial activities, as well as the effect of dilution/concentration during summer/winter seasons, are the main factors that contributed to metal accumulations in Damietta branch sediments. Continuous monitoring and evaluation of toxic trace metal concentrations of the Damietta sediments and similar localities worldwide can help to protect the ecosystem from harmful metal contaminations. Keywords: pollution load index; geo-accumulation index; toxic trace metals; Nile River sediments; Damietta branch; Egypt 1. Introduction Pollution of the aquatic system by toxic trace metals is a worldwide problem, because of their toxicity, persistence, and bio-accumulation [1]. Toxic trace metals that are added to the river bottom sediments are affected by various chemical changes. In the bottom sediments, precipitation, sorption, and organism activities can affect toxic trace metals distribution [2]. Less soluble metals in water adsorbed to the bottom sediments [3]. Bedrocks and bank leaching are the main lithogenic sources of toxic trace metals. Wastewater discharge, mining operations, fossil fuel combustion, manufacturing industries, etc., are the principal anthropogenic toxic trace metal pollution sources [4–6]. Some toxic trace metals and metalloids in high doses can be detrimental to the body while others, such as cadmium, lead, chromium, and arsenic, in little quantities, can cause acute and chronic toxicities in humans [7]. As a result of the fast-growing population of Egypt, the fixed amount of freshwater that comes from the Nile and groundwater, and the building of the Grand Ethiopian renaissance dam, the country will face increasing freshwater needs. The longest Nile River in the world (>6500 km), near its end at the Delta, it branches into the western Rosetta and the eastern Damietta. The Damietta branch Water 2020, 12, 3359; doi:10.3390/w12123359 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2020, 12, 3359 2 of 13 of Nile River (mean width of 200 m and depth from 12 to 20 m) runs downriver to the North-East (242 km). Faraskour dam located between Faraskour and Damietta city (about 20 km south of the Mediterranean Sea) was built in order to protect Damietta city from the Nile flood and it separates the freshwater environment that lies in front of the dam and the marine water environment that lies behind the dam toward the sea. This branch acts as a source of water for agricultural, industrial, drinking, and fisheries. Several pollution sources, including municipal (from El-Serw City and many villages without sanitation facilities), industrial (Talkha fertilizer factory and thermal pollution from cooling the condensers of Kafr Saad Electrical station), and agricultural (agricultural drains), impacted the Damietta [8–11]. Faraskour is the heavily polluted area, as it receives high pollutant load from Delta Milk, Edfina Factories, the sewage, and domestic wastes that discharge from Damietta and Ras El-Bar cities [12] and the aquaculture of Nile Tilapia fish species cages and the resultant fish remnants [13]. Silt sediment loads in the Nile have recently been reduced from 1.16 × 108 m3 yr−1 to almost none, due to the building of the Aswan High Dam in the year 1964 [14]. Only the finest suspended load is transported downstream [15]. Therefore, less than 12% of the river margins rubbed away due to waves from motion of boats, bank erosion, seeping drainage water, and degradation [16]. This decrease has led to the use of chemical fertilizers, which, accordingly, increased contaminants’ load in the Nile drains. The elevated levels of toxic trace metals in this aquatic environment has become a serious concern for human health. Environmental pollution by toxic trace metals is one of the largest challenges that face a human being in Egypt. The intents of this study are to (1) investigate the spatial distribution toxic trace metals over time in the bottom sediments of Damietta branch, Nile River and (2) identify the variability of metal origins with assessing the risk of toxic trace metals enrichment in order to protect the environment and the aquatic ecosystem. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection The examined area stretches about 237.0 km from the delta barrage until the Damietta outlet. The Damietta branch pass through five governorates: El-Qalubia, El-Menofia, El-Gharbyia, El-Dakahlyia, and Damietta. The water temperature ranged from 17 ◦C in winter to 31 ◦C in summer with rare rainfall [12]. The very fine-grained recently precipitated bottom sediment samples were collected along the middle of the river’s active channel. Six sediment sampling sites were chosen on the Damietta branch, starting from the north of Cairo (north delta barrage (Elqanater)) to the north of the Damietta branch. The following six sampling sites were chosen for the study (Figure1): • North of delta barrage (S1): this site is located 26.0 km downstream from delta barrage (Elqanater). • Near Benha (S2): this site is located 58.0 km from delta barrage. • Near Kafr Shukr (S3): this site is located 70.0 km downstream of delta barrage. • Between Mit Ghamr and Mansoura (S4): this site is located 111.0 km downstream delta barrage. • Near Sherbeen (S5): this site is located 169.0 km downstream delta barrage. • Damietta outlet (S6): this site is located 237.0 km downstream delta barrage The first site (S1) was chosen as control station, the sites (S2 to S5) have three sources of pollution (agricultural, industrial, and domestic discharges) and the last site (S6) was near the sea. The samples were gathered while using an Ekman dredge sampler during summer and winter seasons in the year 2019, from the uppermost 2–5 cm of the river bottom sediments. The sediment samples are characterized by sandy clay texture. The investigated area showed irregular width and height topography. The depth of water fluctuates between 12 to 20 m. The sediment samples were air-dried, and then grind and sieved in order to attain the required sediment fraction (<63 µm). Water 2020, 12, 3359 3 of 13 Figure 1. Map of Nile delta and different sampling sites along Damietta Nile River branch. 2.2. Sample Preparation 2.2.1. Organic Matter Analysis The samples (0.5 g from each sample) were oven-dried at 105 ◦C. Afterwards, they were heated to about 700 ◦C for 30 min. Then, the samples were cooled in the desiccator and weighed. The organic matter was quantified by weight difference while using the loss on ignition methodology [17–19]. 2.2.2. Toxic Trace Metals Analysis The samples were digested according to the method of [20]. The eight toxic trace metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were measured after digestion by HNO3: HF: CIO4. 0.5 g of grinded sample was weighed and placed in a Teflon beaker for digestion. Concentrated HNO3 (4.0 mL), HClO4 (4.0 mL), and HF (15.0 mL) were added. A cover was then put on the beaker and simmered during the night on a heatable plate at 80–90 ◦C. The beaker contents evaporated slowly until dryness. 2.0 mL of the HClO4 was put on with continues evaporation till dryness. Subsequently, conc. HCl (2.0 mL) and distilled water (10.0 mL) were added to the residue. 0.5 mL of conc. HNO3 was then put on and completed by distilled water. Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometery (ICP-MS, Model: Elan 9000, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA , USA) was used in order to estimate the toxic trace metal content. Reagent blank samples were evaluated in duplicate. Standard reference materials (CANMET SRSD-1 and 3) [21] were used for laboratory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC). Water 2020, 12, 3359 4 of 13 2.3. Contamination Indices 2.3.1. Contamination Factor (CF) and Pollution Load Index (PLI) Contamination factor (CF) is the metal content in the sediment and background value in shale ratio [22]. It is a practical method for monitoring the pollution changes within time and it is calculated, as follows: CF = Cmetal/Cbackground (1) The Pollution load index (PLI) defines how many times the toxic trace metal values in the sediment overpassed the background value. The PLI in the studied sediments of the Damietta branch of the Nile River was calculated while using by applying the equation [23,24]: PLI = (CF1 × CF2 × CF3 × ..
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