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Glossary of al Terms

AB form a musical form with a main theme and a alto lowest female voice; same as contralto; contrasting theme (binary). second highest part in choral or part music.

ABA form three part form: a musical form with analogous concept a concept used in the same a main theme, a contrasting theme and a return to way across the arats, such as repetition or the main theme (A-B-A). contrast.

AABA form a musical form with repeated main andante literally, “at a walking pace;” theme, a contrasting theme, and a final return to a moderately slow , between allegretto and main theme. adagio.

AABB form form where two different melodies anthem a short choral setting of a religious text, are each repeated. either with or without solo parts; also a short, solemn, secular voiced piece, as in national anthem. a cappella choral music without instrumental accompaniment; it is Italian for “in chapel style” (in antiphonal singing that alternates between the style of a small place of worship). g r o u p s , o r in d iv id u a l s a n d g r o u p s . accelerando a gradual quickening of the tempo; arco playing a stringed instrument with a bow, as accel. opposed to pizzicato (plucking the strings). accidental a sharp (#), flat (b) or natural ( ) an accompanied song sung by a solo voice. that appears in the musical score but is not part of the ; arpeggio literally, “harp-like;” the notes of a chord sounded in succession rather than accent greater emphasis on note or chord; often simultaneously. indicated by ^ or > placed above the note or chord. arrangement the adaptation of a composition for accompaniment a subordinate musical part that a medium different from that for which it was supports the main theme or melody. originally written. ad lib, ad libitum indicates that the performer articulation the way in which musical tones are may vary the tempo of a composition in a musical attacked. It is related to the clarity in vocal or way. instrumental performance. and are types of articulation. adagio a slow moderately tempo, between andante and largo. art song a song written for beauty, to express great musical emotion. aesthetic a philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art and taste and with the creation and a tempo return to the previous tempo after appreciation of beauty. slowing down or speeding up. agogo an African percussion instrument consisting atonal music music not in any key, or without of conical metal bells, each having a different tonality. pitch. atonality the lack of a tonal center. allegretto moderately fast tempo, between allegro and andante. augmentation presentation of a melody in longer notes. allegro fast, lively temp aural relating to the sense of hearing.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 2 autoharp a stringed instrument on which simple brace a bracket connecting two or more staffs in chords are produced by strumming the strings; bars, a musical score. upon being depressed, damp all strings except those selected for the chord. brass instruments a group of wind instruments made of brass and other metals and played by balalaika a triangular-shaped Russian stringed blowing through a cup-shaped or funnel-shaped instrument. mouthpiece; the chief brass instruments of the orchestra are the trumpet, trombone, French horn, ballad a song that tells a story in which all and tuba. verses are sung to the same melody; also a narrative poem breath control method used in breathing to help produce good vocal and instrumental tone. band an ensemble consisting mainly of woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. bridge part of a stringed instrument that supports the strings and transmits vibrations to the banjo a stringed instrument with a body shaped body of the instrument. like a shallow drum;, a long neck with frets, and five or six strings, played by plucking or strumming. broken 7th chord a chord where the tones are played individually with an interval of a seventh bar line a vertical line drawn on the staff to occurring between the first and last note. divide music into measures. cadence a succession of chords, usually two, at Baroque music European music from the period the end of a section or a composition, giving a between 166 and 1750. feeling of rest or finality. bass the lowest male voice. canon a strict form of imitation in which a melody, stated in one part, is imitated for its entire length in one or more other parts. beat the basic unit of time and the underlying pulse in music; the basic unit within a measure. cantata a musical composition consisting of vocal solos, recitatives, duets, and choruses with behavioral objective statement that contains instrumental accompaniment. specific skills or behaviors that learners are expected to acquire. carol a traditional seasonal song of a joyful character; particularly for Christmas. bi-tonal the simultaneous use of two different keys in different parts of the musical fabric. cello short for violoncello; an instrument of the violin family which plays tones mainly in the bass binary form music composed of two contrasting range; lowest member of the string quartet. sections, A and B. chamber music instrumental ensemble music blend a harmonizing of voices having similar intended for performance in a private room or small qualities. auditorium and usually having one performer for each part. blues music which gives a sad feeling. changing meter frequent changes of meter in a body percussion sounds made by clapping hands musical composition. slapping thigh and chest, and stamping the ground. chant a single, unaccompanied melody. bongo drums a pair of small connected drums with different pitches; held between the knees and choir a group of singers, especially in a church. struck with the hands. choirmaster the person who directs the choir. bowing the technique of using the bow on stringed instruments. choral music music written for a chorus or choir.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 3 chorale early Protestant hymn tune. composer a person who writes music. chord three or more tones sounded con moto with movement; with animation. simultaneously. concert performance of music open to the public. chord root the fundamental tone on which a chord is built. concerto a composition, usually in three movements, for solo instrument and orchestra. chorus a large group of singers; a choral segment of an oratorio, the refrain of a song. concerto grosso musical form, similar to the concerto, but using a small group of instruments chromatic scale a scale entirely composed of against the full orchestra. half steps. conductor the director of a band, choral group, chromaticism notes that move to the closest or orchestra who, by means of hand and body note above or below, often requiring sharp, flat, or motions, coordinates the ensembles’s performance. natural signs. conjunct a term used to describe melodies that church sonata chamber music written for move by stepwise intervals. performance in church conservatory a school specializing in one of the classical a European musical period characterized fine arts. by emotional restraint and in which formal structure and design play a predominant part; the consonant harmoniously sounding pitches. term usually refers to the period of Haydn and Mozart (1750-1825) contour the shape of a melody. classical symphony an elaborate form of the contralto the lowest female voice; same as alto sonata for orchestra. cooperative learning working together in a clarinet a woodwind instrument consisting of an group to achieve learning. end-blown cylindrical pipe made of wood, ebonite, or metal, a mouthpiece with a single reed, finger countermelody a melody that is added above or holes, and keys. below the main melody. clavichord an early keyboard instrument having counterpart music in which two or more melodic strings that were struck rather than plucked. lines are sounded simultaneously; the technique of writing such music. clavier a generic word for all keyboard instruments. crescendo gradually getting louder, abbreviated cresc.; a sign placed at the beginning of a staff designating the pitches of the lines and spaces. cumulative song a song with many verses and each successive verse containing a new word or coda a composed ending of a musical composition. phrase. cognitive the process of mental learning. cut time the half note gets one beat; dividing the meter by 2. 4/4 = 2/2 codetta a little coda, or ending. cymbals a percussion instrument consisting of a col legno tap strings with wood of the bow. pair of large round metal discs which are either clashed together or struck with a drum stick. common time 4/4 meter. (the symbol may be C) composition a written piece of music

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 4 abbreviated D.C.; indicating that the downbeat the first beat of the measure. music is to be repeated from the beginning. Da capo al fine indicates that the music is to be dulcimer a name given to several types of repeated from the beginning to the word fine. American traditional stringed instruments, including the plucked dulcimer and the hammered dulcimer. abbreviated D.S.; indication for repetition not from the beginning, but from a place duet a composition for two performers; a marked by the sign.?? combination of two performers. decorum propriety and good taste in conduct and duple meter meter based on two beats or appearance. multiples of two. decrescendo gradually getting softer; duration length of time a vibration or sound abbreviated decresc.; also indicated by the symbol. lasts. descant a countermelody that is above the main dynamics term indicating degree of loudness or melody. softness in a musical composition. development the second part of the first dynamic marks signs or words indicating the movement of a symphony, in which the musical ideas degree of loudness or softness. of the symphony are developed. dynamics, volume loudness and softness of diatonic the tones of the major or minor scale; music. opposite of chromatic. (half steps and whole steps) echo-singing a rote process for teaching a song. diction pronunciation and enunciation of words in The teacher sings a phrase and the student echoes singing. the teacher. diminuendo gradually getting softer; same as eighth note a symbol of musical duration decrescendo. equaling one-eight the time value of a whole note. diminution the presentation of a melody in electronic music music produced by electronic shorter note values. means. disjunct a melody in which the intervals are embouchure the position of the lips in the larger than a major second. playing of woodwind and brass instruments. dissonance combination of unstable tones that enharmonic descriptive of notes that have the require resolution. same sound but different names, for example, F# = Gb. dominant the fifth degree of the scale. English handbells a bell with a fixed clapper dot a dot placed above or below a note indicates that is rung by hand. that it is to be played staccato; a dot written after a note lengthens the note by one half its English horn a woodwind instrument closely value. related to the oboe but pitched a fifth lower. dotted half rest most often seen as half rest enharmonic tones that are one and the same followed by a quarter rest. However, can be degree of the chromatic scales but are named and written as a half-rest followed by a dot. written differently. a dot placed after a note, ensemble a group of vocal or instrumental lengthening the note by one half it’s value. musicians; also refers to the quality of blend in a group’s performance. double bar two vertical lines that signify the end of a composition.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 5 episode is that section of a fugue that digresses forte loud; abbreviated f. fortissimo very from the main theme. loud; abbreviated ff. etude music for the practice of a point of fourth an interval of four steps on the diatonic technique; composition built on technical motif but scale, as between C and F. played for artistic value. French horn a mellow and heroic sounding brass exposition the first part of the first movement instrument with a large flaring bell, a funnel- of a symphony, in which the musical ideas of the shaped mouthpiece, and valves that control the symphony are presented. tones. expression the use of all the nuances of tempo, fugue a musical composition based on imitation. dynamics, phrasing, accent, touch, etc., by which It consists of an exposition, episodes, and the the combination and succession of sounds is reappearance of the subject in different “voices.” transformed into a vital interpretation of a piece of music G clef see treble clef.

F clef see bass clef gestures motions of arm and hand used to conduct music organizations. family of instruments instruments grouped according to similar characteristics of sound and gospel songs religious songs of American origin method of performance. often associated with evangelism. Simple melody and harmony with elements of folk songs and a symbol placed over a note indicating sometimes blues. that the note is to be held longer than its normal time value. grand staff treble clef and bass clef staves joined together. fifth an interval of five steps on the diatonic scale, as between C and G. grave solemn; a heavy, slow tempo. finale the last part of a composition. a style of plainsong. Christian music using one melody line, no set , and no fine the end. accompaniment. finger board the part of a stringed instrument guitar a stringed instrument with a fretted over which the strings are stretched and against finger board, usually with six strings; mainly used which the strings are pressed by the player’s either in folk music or in rhythm sections of dance fingers. bands. five tone scale five black notes between middle half note a symbol of musical duration equal to C and the next C above or below. two quarter notes; half the time value of a whole note. flat a musical symbol that lowers the pitch a half step when placed before a note. half rest a musical symbol to indicate a period of silence equal in value to a half note. flute a woodwind instrument consisting of a metal (or wooden) pipe with finger holes covered by keys, half step the interval from one pitch to the next held crosswise aby the player, who blows across a adjacent pitch, ascending or descending. hole near one end of the instrument. harmonic an overtone, especially one produced by folk song a traditional song characteristic of a lightly stopping a vibrating string, such as on a people, usually of unknown authorship. violin. form how a music composition is designed, its harmonic progression movement from one chord structure. to another.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 6 harmony type of texture in which there are two over which skin is stretched, struck by two wooden or more different pitches sounding simultaneously.. sticks with heads made of felt or other materials. harp a large stringed instrument with strings key lever depressed by the fingers to produce stretched across an open, triangular frame. sound on such keyboard instruments as the piano and organ; on woodwind instruments, a metal lever harpsichord a keyboard instrument similar in that covers a finger hole; the tonality of a scale. shape to the grand piano but whose strings are plucked rather than hammered to make the sound key signature the sharps or flats placed on the when the keys are depressed. staff at the beginning of a composition to indicate the key the music is written in. homophonic a musical texture in which a prominent melodic line is supported with an keyboard instruments instruments which are accompaniment. played with a keyboard, such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ. hymn a song of praise or adoration. koto a Japanese stringed instrument that has hymnal a book of hymns. thirteen strings and movable bridges. imitation the repetition of a melody or short largo a very slow tempo, slower than adagio phrase by another voice or instrument. short lines above the staff for high impressionism a style of painting and music that notes and below the staff for low notes. depends on color to convey an impression. legato connecting pitches smoothly. improvisation creating music as it is being performed. listening guide a chart that uses graphics or words to depict various events as they occur in the improvising making up music while performing it. music. interlude short, brief, musical section used to literature the whole or sum of musical separate two different sections of a song. compositions interval the distance between two pitches. locomotor movement moving the whole body. intonation degree of adherence to correct pitch. lute ancient stringed instrument related to the guitar. introduction an opening section, frequently found at the beginning of symphonies; an introductory lyrics the words of a song. section played before a soloist begins; an introductory section played before a congregational madrigal early vocal music originating in Italy. hymn. The two styles are from the 14th and 16th centuries. inversion a chord is inverted when one its notes major chord a three (or more) note chord with a other than the root is the lowest note. major third for the bottom interval. jazz a type of popular music of African- major scale the pattern of whole steps and half American origin, characterized by frequent steps that makes a seven-tone scale. (W-W- H-W- syncopation over strongly reiterated rhythm, W-W-H) frequent use of the flatted third and seventh degrees of the scale, and a characteristic sliding major tonality music using major scale patterns. vocal technique. mallet instruments instruments played with kettledrum a tunable percussion instrument mallets such as xylophones and glockenspiels. consisting of a large cauldron-shaped metal shell

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 7 march a type of music usually in 2/4 or 4/4 used minor chord a chord with a minor third for the for marching in parades. bottom interval. mazurka Polish folk dance minor scale the pattern of whole steps and half steps: mbira an African instrument consisting of metal that makes a seven tone scale. (W-H –W-W-H-W- or wooden strips of different sizes attached to a W) resonator (gourd) and played with the thumbs. (kalimba) minor tonality music using minor scale patterns. measure a group of beats between the bar lines minuet a French country dance; is often the third on the staff. movement of a symphony. melismatic a melodic passage in which one mixed voices a combined of male and female syllable is sung on several different consecutive voices. pitches. mode scalar arrangements of pitches with melodic rhythm the rhythmic pattern of a distinctive intervals. Common in medieval, melody. Renaissance and folk music. melody a sequence of pitches that have rhythmic moderato moderate tempo (speed). organization and are perceived as belonging together. modulation changing from one key to another within a composition. meter the grouping of the beats into measures. monophonic music in which there is one melody meter signature the numbers placed at the line and no accompaniment. beginning of a composition. The upper number indicates the number of beats per measure; the motet a polyphonic choral composition with a lower number tells what kind of a note will receive sacred text usually sung a cappella. one beat. motif a short melodic fragment of a theme. meter 2/4 at the beginning of a song. Two beats in each measure. A quarter note movement a self-contained section of a large is one beat. composition such as a symphony. meter ¾ time signature at the beginning of a mp (mezzo piano) moderately soft. song. Three beats in each measure. A quarter note is one beat. multimeter more than one meter in a composition. meter 4/4 time signature at the beginning of a song. Four beats in each measure. A quarter note musical alphabet the first seven letter of the is one beat. alphabet which are the names of the notes. meter 6/8 time signature at the beginning of a mezzo-forte medium loud (mf). song. 6 beats in each measure. An eighth note is one beat. mezzo-piano medium soft (mp). metric beat the number of beats in each national anthem the official patriotic song of a measure. country. metronome an instrument used to indicate a nationalistic music characteristic of a steady tempo (speed). nationality (country). mf (mezzo forte) moderately loud. natural minor scale uses the same scale as its relative major scale.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

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natural sign symbol canceling a sharp or flat. partner song two songs that are in the same key and have the same length; can be sung nocturne a night piece; title for slow, lyrical, together. often reflective music compositions. patschen tapping thighs. notation a system for writing music that indicates pitch and duration. pedal on musical instruments, operated by the feet as on the piano, organ and harp. note a musical symbol that indicates both pitch and duration. pedal point a single tone usually the tonic or dominant that is usually sustained in the bass oboe a woodwind instrument consisting of an end- against changing harmonies in the other parts. blown cylindrical pip with keys and a double-reed mouthpiece. pentatonic scale a five-tone scale (can be played on the black keys of the piano). obbligato a second melodic line that accompanies the main melody. percussion instruments instrument playing by striking, shaking, scraping: drums, tambourine, octave the interval of an eighth between the triangle, cymbals, wood block, rattle, castanets, lowest pitch and the highest. etc. opera a musical drama in which all or most of the performance a public presentation dialogue is sung. phrase a division of a musical line, comparable to operetta a short opera with lighter music and a line or sentence in poetry or prose. spoken dialogue. pianissimo (pp) very soft opus a term used for the enumeration of a composer’s compositions. piano (p) soft oratorio a musical setting of an extended piano eighty-eight key keyboard instrument narrative, usually religious, for chorus, solo voices and orchestra. piccolo the highest member of the flute family orchestra a large ensemble of instrumentalists, pick-up note (s) a note or notes at the consisting mostly of strings with woodwinds, brass beginning of a composition immediately preceding and percussion. the downbeat. orchestration writing or arranging music for pipa a pear-shaped Chinese stringed instrument orchestra. that is held upright and plucked by the fingers of the right hand. organ a keyboard instrument consisting of manuals (keyboards), pedals , pipes (unless pitch the highness or lowness of a tone. electronic) and stops for registration (tone color). pitched instruments any instrument ostinato a repeated melodic or rhythmic figure constructed to produce many specific tones when that recurs throughout a composition. played. overtones a series of pitches occurring naturally pizzicato the plucking of the strings of a above the fundamental. stringed instrument, such as the violin. overture an orchestral piece introducing an plectrum a small piece of any hard substance opera, oratorio, etc.; also a term sometimes used used to pluck the strings of an instrument. for a self-contained concert piece. polka quick two-beat dance

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

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polonaise a state Polish court dance in ¾ time; quintet an ensemble of five instrumentalists or music for this dance. singers. polyphonic music in which there are two or more ragtime a style of American popular music which independent melodies originated toward the end of the 19th century, out of which developed the earliest form of jazz; polyrhythm two or more contrasting mainly a style of piano playing characterized by sounding at the same time.. almost constant syncopation. polytonal music where all tones are played at range the highest and lowest pitches of a voice the same time. or instrument. polyrhythm two or more different rhythms recapitulation a section of a movement of a played at the same time. symphony or sonata, in which the exposition is repeated with changes. popular music light entertainment music. recital a public performance given by a soloist posture the position or bearing of the body. (not ensembles). practice to work at repeatedly in order to recitative a declamatory style of singing. become proficient. recorder a small, vertical, flutelike instrument prelude music designed as an introduction to whose pitch is determined by covering and another work; a short self-contained piece. uncovering holes with the fingers. presto very fast. reed a thin piece of wood (or reed) used in the tone production of woodwind instruments such as primary chords the most important chords in the clarinet and oboe. any major key (I-IV-V) refrain a relatively short section that is processional music designed to accompany a repeated at the end of each verse of a song; dignified entrance to a ceremony. sometimes called the chorus. program music music based on a non-musical registration use of stops on an organ to produce subject, such as a poem or story, a painting, a various tone colors and volume. patriotic subject or historical event. rehearsal a practice session prior to a public psychomotor learning learning through appearance. movement. relative major and minor the major and minor pulse the regularly reiterated beat felt scales that have identical key signatures; for throughout a piece of music. example, C major = A minor.

“pure” electronic music music made of sounds Renaissance the transitional historical period in generated electronically Europe from approximately 1400 to 1600. quarter note a symbol of musical duration equal repertoire a list of music that a group or person to one quarter the time value of a whole note. is prepared to perform. quarter rest a symbol to indicate silence for the symbol indicating that the section duration of a quarter note. should be repeated. quartet an ensemble of four instrumentalists or repeated notes reiteration of the same pitch. singers. requiem a mass to honor the dead.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 10 resonance a richness and fullness of sound. scherzo a playful movement in a fast tempo often used in sonatas, symphonies, chamber music. resonator bells tuned metal bars mounted on (“joke”) hollow blocks score the showing all the parts rest a symbol indicating silence. allotted to various performers in an ensemble. retrograde playing a melody backwards. second the interval between tones separated by one whole step. rhythm the organization of musical sounds in duration (time). secular music music not based on a religious theme. rhythm pattern a group of tones forming a distinctive rhythm which is repeated. septet an ensemble of seven instrumentalists or singers. ritardando a gradual decrease in speed. sequence the repetition of a short melodic figure rock music music usually played on electronically or phrase at different pitch levels. amplified instruments and characterized by a persistent, heavily accented beat, much repetition serial music music in which tones are used in a of simple phrases, and often containing country, particular order, or series. folk and blues elements. seventh chord a chord that adds the third, fifth roll a rapid succession of strokes played by both and seventh notes of the scale to the root note. sticks on a drum. sfzorzando a sudden strong accent on a single Romantic period the European historical period note or chord. from approximately 1825 to 1900; characterized by expression of emotions; Mendelssohn, Brahms, and shakuhachi a notched, end-blown Japanese wind Tchaikovsky were important composers. instrument. rondo an instrumental musical form diagrammed sharp (#) a symbol indicating that a tone is to ABACA. be raised by a half step. root fundamental tone on which a chord is built. sheng a Chinese wind instrument made of bamboo reed pipes placed together in a base. rote the process of learning a song by imitation. sixteenth note a symbol of musical duration, rote-note the process of learning a song by 1/16 of a whole note. imitation and notation. skip melodic progression of more than one step of round song in which two or more groups sing the the scale. same melody but start at different times. the movable part of the trombone. rubato flexibitility of tempo. slur a curved line drawn over or under two or sacred music music based on a religious theme. more notes indicating that they are to be played legato. saxophone a woodwind instrument used mainly in dance and jazz bands and often in military and solfege a system for identifying the pitches of marching bands. the Western scale: do, re, mi, fa sol, la, ti do. scale a fixed succession of ascending and solo music for a single voice or instrument. descending tones.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 11 sonata a composition for one or two solo suite a composition consisting of several instruments, accompanied by piano, in three or four instrumental pieces. movements. syllabic music in which each syllable is sung on sonata form a European musical form that one note (pitch). consists of thematic exposition, development, and recapitulation. symphonic band an large ensemble consisting consisting mainly of woodwind, brass and percussion sonata-allegro form the form of the first instruments, with the addition sometimes of double movement of a symphony consisting of exposition, basses. development, and recapitulation. symphonic poem an orchestral composition based soprano the highest female voice, classified as on an extra-musical subject. dramatic, lyric, or coloratura, according to tone quality and range. symphony an orchestral composition in four movements: fast, slow, moderately fast, and fast. speech canon rhythmically imitated speech patterns. symphony orchestra a large orchestra that plays symphonic works. spinet an early harpsichord having a single keyboard and only one string for each note. syncopated rhythm rhythm characterized by frequent shifting of accents form strong beats to spiritual a religious folk song most often of Afro- weak beats. American origin. . syncopation a shifting of accent to what is staccato dots over or below notes indicate to normally a weak beat. play short, detached tones. synthesizer a contemporary instrument that staff the horizontal 5 lines and 4 spaces on which produces sounds electronically. music is written. tambourine a percussion instrument shaped like a stem the vertical line attached to a note head. shallow drum, covered with skin on one side. The loose metal plates attached to the rim jingle when step a progression by a half or whole tone up or the instrument is shaken or tapped. down the scale. tempo the rate of speed of a musical composition. stepwise a melodic progression of pitches ascending or descending without skips. tempo marks music symbols and words used to indicate the rate of speed. string quartet an ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola and a cello; also a composition tenor the highest male voice; in choral or part written for such an emsemble. music, the part above the bass; the name given to a specific member of certain instrumental families, stringed instruments instruments on which a as in tenor trombone. vibrating stretched string is the sound-producing agent. tension a restless, unstable feeling caused by a dissonant chord or chords stroking term used to describe stick movement in . drum playing. tension and release the music builds in intensity and then subsides. strophic same melody repeated in each verse. give full value to note. structure the formal organization of a musical composition. ternary form a musical form in three sections (ABA).

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 12 terrace dynamics sudden contrasting dynamic tone matching physically singing a pitch that levels. matches (blends with) that being played or sung by another person. tetrachord succession of four pitches (WWH). tone row a series of tones containing all twelve text the original words of a written or printed tones of the chromatic scale in a succession chosen work. by the composer and used as the basis of a composition. text painting music that describes or enhances the words in a song. in playing woodwind and brass instruments is a momentary interruption of the texture the thinness or thickness of music; windstream by an action of the tongue as if description of the number of lines of music and the pronouncing the letter t or k. relationships among lines. tonic the first and main tone of a scale or key. theme a series of tones (melody) constituting a basic element in the construction in a composition. transposing changing the music from one key to another. theme and variations see variation form. transposition the art of writing or playing music theory of music study of the various techniques in a key other than the original. and materials of music. treble another name for the G clef, high voices. third the interval between two tones covering two whole steps of the scale. treble clef G indicates that the pitch G is located on the second line. tie in musical notation, a curved line joining two or more successive same pitch notes and indicating triad a chord consisting of three pitches, arranged that the successive note(s) is a prolongation of the in thirds.—the tonic, third and fifth of a scale. first and not sounded separately. triangle a three-cornered metal instrument timbre tone color; the unique quality of a sound. struck with a metal rod. time signature figures written on the staff at trill musical ornamentation, played or sung by the beginning of a composition indicating the meter rapidly alternating the principal note with the note or the kind and number of beats used in a measure. above it. 2/4 ¾ 4/4 3/8 6/8 9/8 trio an ensemble of three performers; music timpani same as kettledrums written for three performers. toccata an instrument piece in free form, usually trio sonata chamber music performed on violin, for solo keyboard (organ), designed to exhibit the cello and harpsichord or piano. resources of the instrument and the virtuosity of the performer. triple meter meter in threes. tonal center the key center or home key of a triplets three notes of equal time value to be piece. played in the time space indicate (one beat, spread over two beats, etc.) tonality how melodic and harmonic elements are trombone a brass instrument with a slide that is organized around a tonal center.. used to change the pitches. tone cluster a group of adjacent pitches sounded trumpet a brass instrument with valves; smaller simultaneously. than the trombone with a brilliant, high tone. tone color tone quality; same as timbre. tuba the bass member of the brass family.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists

Page 13 tuned instruments instruments capable of violin a four-stringed orchestral instrument, playing definite pitches. played with a bow, tuned a fifth higher than the viola, the principal member of the strings. turn ornamentation consisting of a group of four or five notes that turn around the principal note. virtuoso performer with exceptional technical skill. twelve-tone music a style of music developed in the 20th century in which a composition is based vocal techniques ways of teaching children to entirely on a prearranged series of twelve tones sing. (called a tone row) that includes all twelve tones of the chromatic scale. waltz a composition in ¾ time.

Twentieth Century a musical period whole note a note of musical duration equal to characterized by novel practices such as four quarter notes. atonality. Stravinsky, Schonberg, Bartok and Hindemith were important composers. whole rest a symbol of silence equal in value to a whole note. ukulele a small guitar-like instrument with four strings associated with Hawaii. whole step a musical interval formed by two half steps;. unison identity in pitch; all singing or playing the same pitch. woodwind instruments a family of wind instruments that is characterized by a cylindrical unpitched instrument instruments that or conical tube of wood or metal usually ending in a produced only one tone when played (i.e. bass slightly flared bell. drum). work songs songs sung while working to make upbeat one or more notes that occur before the work more enjoyable. first measure of a music composition. xiao a Chinese wind instrument made from valve a mechanism by which the length of tubing bamboo. on brass instruments (except the slide trombone) is varied, enabling the instruments to play in all keys. zheng a plucked stringed instrument from China. The traditional form has sixteen strings; modern variation a modification or altered version of a versions may have twenty-one strings. musical passage. variation form also known as theme and variations; a modification of the melody or of sections that are more or less derived from the melody. variety provided by contrasts in timbres verse a stanza of a poem or song. verse-refrain form a song with a refrain which is repeated after each verse. vibrations rapid back and forth movement. viola a four-stringed orchestral instrument, played with a bow, tuned a fifth lower than the violin; a few inches larger than the violin.

Excerpt from MusicaLive! 2005, NAD Atlantic Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists