DOCSLIB.ORG

Marco Polo — a Mission to Return a Sample from a Near-Earth Object – Science Requirements and Operational Scenarios

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marco Polo — a Mission to Return a Sample from a Near-Earth Object – Science Requirements and Operational Scenarios Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. Japan Vol. 8, No. ists27, pp. Tk_13-Tk_21, 2010 Topics Marco Polo — A Mission to Return a Sample from a Near-Earth Object – Science Requirements and Operational Scenarios 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) By Detlef KOSCHNY , Antonella BARUCCI , Makoto YOSHIKAWA , Hermann BÖHNHARDT , John BRUCATO , Marcello 6) 7) 8) 8) 9) 3) 10) CORADINI , Elisabetta DOTTO , Ian FRANCHI , Simon F. GREEN , Jean-Luc JOSSET , Junichiro KAWAGUCHI , Patrick MICHEL , 11) 12) 3) 13) 1) 1) Karri MUINONEN , Jürgen OBERST , Hajime YANO , Richard BINZEL , David AGNOLON and Jens ROMSTEDT 1)European Space Agency/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands 2)LESIA, Paris Observatory, Paris, France 3)JSPEC/ JAXA, Tokyo, Japan 4)Max-Planck-Institute for Solar System Research, Katlenburg-Lindau, Germany 5)INAF-OAA, Florence, Italy 6)European Space Agency/HQ, Paris, France 7)INAF-OAR, Rome, Italy 8)The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom 9)Space Exploration Institute, Neuchâtel, Switzerland 10)Univ. Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Obs. de la Côte d’Azur, Nice, France 11)Univ. Helsinki Observatory, Helsinki, Finland 12)Institute for Planetary Sciences, DLR Berlin, Germany 13)Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, U.S.A. (Received August 18th, 2009) Marco Polo is a mission to return a sample from a near-Earth object of primitive type (class C or D). It is foreseen as a collaborative effort between the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the European Space Agency (ESA). Marco Polo is currently in a Phase-A study (status as of summer 2009). This paper focuses on the scientific requirements provided to the industrial study consortia in Europe as well as the possible mission scenario at the target object in order to achieve the overall mission science objectives. The main scientific reasons for going to a near-Earth object are to understand the initial conditions and evolution history of the solar nebula, to understand how major events (e.g. agglomeration, heating) influence the history of planetesimals, whether primitive class objects contain presolar material, what the organics were in primitive materials, how organics could shed light on the origin of molecules necessary for life, and what the role of impacts by NEOs would be in the origin and evolution of life on Earth. Key Words: Marco Polo, Asteroid Sample Return, Science Goals, Mission Design 1. Introduction 2. Science Objectives In response to a call for mission proposals as part of the Near-Earth objects (NEOs) are part of the small body European Space Agency’s (ESA) Cosmic Vision Programme, population in the solar system, which are leftover building soliciting ideas for scientific space missions with a possible blocks of the solar system formation process. They offer launch date in the time frame 2015-2025, a team of more than important clues to the chemical mixture from which planets 400 scientists led by A. Barucci and M. Yoshikawa proposed formed about 4.6 billion years ago. Studying samples from a a mission to return a sample from a near-Earth object of NEO will be an excellent opportunity to study the formation primitive type (spectral class C or D) to the Earth 1). This and the evolution of the solar system, and the potential would allow the detailed analysis of this sample in contribution of NEOs to the formation of life. ground-based laboratories, which are more capable than any The main objective of the mission is: space instrument. In the baseline proposal, this would be a collaboration between the Japanese Aerospace Exploration To return a sample from a near-Earth object belonging to a Agency JAXA and ESA. primitive class to the Earth. The following paper summarizes the science and mission objectives of Marco Polo. It focuses on the scientific This will allow the study of the formation of the solar requirements provided to the European industrial study system and the planets, characterisation of a near-Earth object consortia, and the mission scenarios at the target object, which as a representative of a primitive solar system body, and are required to achieve the overall mission science contribute to the field of astrobiology. In addition, scientific requirements. The results of an internal ESA study, which was information shall be collected to provide the context of the performed in spring 2008, and the advantages of a sample. collaborative mission between JAXA and ESA are described. The detailed scientific objectives are: Copyright© 2010 by the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences and ISTS. All rights reserved. Tk_13 Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. Japan Vol. 8, No. ists27 (2010) (a) What were the initial conditions and evolution history of Table 1. Resolution requirements for global characterization, local the solar nebula? characterization, and context measurements. (b) Which were the properties of the building blocks of the terrestrial planets? Spatial Spatial Spatial (c) How did major events (e.g. agglomeration, heating) resolution resolution for resolution influence the history of planetesimals? for imaging VIS/IR for mid-IR in the visual spectrometer instrument (d) Do primitive class objects contain presolar material yet unknown in meteoritic samples? Global Order of dm Order of m Order of 10 m (e) What are the organics in primitive materials? characterisation (f) How can organics in NEOs shed light on the origin of Local Order of mm Order of dm Order of dm molecules necessary for life? characterisation (g) What is the role of impacts by NEOs in the origin and evolution of life on Earth? Context 100 μm - - measurements All of these objectives are explained in more detail in the proposal which was sent to the European Space Agency by a common European and Japanese proposal team1). 4.1. Requirements related to target selection The main scientific goal is to return a sample from a NEO 3. Mission Objectives of primitive type. This constrains the taxonomic class of the target. We thus require the target to be a NEO of type C or D 3) In addition to the science objectives as given above, the according to the Tholen taxonomy . Subtypes of these as well technical studies were driven by the following prioritized as B or T are acceptable, as all of these types are expected to mission objectives: consist of primitive material. i. To enable the safe operation and maneuvering of the There is no strong scientific requirement for a minimum spacecraft in close proximity to the NEO and safe target size. However, the target should be of a size such that: collection of the sample. i) it has sufficient gravity to allow the determination of ii. To place the sample in its global and local context. the gravity field to an accuracy good enough to iii. To provide complementary science results not achievable provide some constraint to the internal structure (e.g. from the sample itself. determine the J2 coefficient to 10 %). ii) it is bright enough for fundamental properties (size, 4. Detailed Science Requirements shape, albedo, rotation) to be estimated from ground-based observations. The so-called Science Requirements Document2) derives As no precise numbers can currently be given for the above science requirements as studied by the ESA Science Study points, for the purpose of this study a minimum absolute Team from the scientific objectives. These requirements are visual magnitude of H ≤ 21 mag shall be assumed, the formal top-level requirements for the study contractors in corresponding to a diameter D ≥ 340 m for a representative European industry and the science community and define in primitive body assuming a visual geometric albedo of 0.06. detail what the scientific accomplishments of the space To properly perform mission planning, it is important that mission shall be. The following sub-sections will give a asteroid size and shape are known at least roughly. Also, its top-level summary of these science requirements. Note that at rotation period must be known. If it rotates too fast, it will be the current phase of the study, the science requirements for the difficult to approach one particular point on the NEO and ground-based analyses of the sample are not yet given in complete the sampling activity without coming onto the night detail, the focus lies on the science requirements of the space side of the object. Additionally, very fast rotators may have segment. ejected away all their loose regolith and consist of competent We first summarize requirements for target selection and rock surface only. Thus, fast rotators should be avoided and the size and properties of the returned sample. After that, the we require a minimum rotation period of ~2.5 hours. required characterization of the target needed to place the On the upper end of the rotation period, there again is no sample in its global and local context is described. There, strong scientific requirement. However, as was shown in the three phases are distinguished: internal ESA study, the longer the rotation period, the longer it • Global characterization’ means to measure the properties will take to map the complete asteroid from orbit. We thus of the whole NEO, on a global scale; require that the rotation period should not exceed 5 days. • ‘Local characterization’ is the characterization of up to 5 4.2. Sample requirements dedicated areas which are identified as potential sampling 4.2.1. Sample mass sites; Certain analysis techniques envisaged for the analysis of • ‘Sample context’ are measurements being performed at NEO material, like transmission and reflection spectroscopy the actual sampling site. or fluorescence analyses can already be done with a few milligrams of sample mass. However, for dating or rare Table 1 gives an overview of the required orders of isotope analyses, tens to hundreds of milligrams of a specific measurement resolution for the different scenarios.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ESA Technology Programmes A
    ESA Technology Programmes A. Tobias European Space Agency Directorate of Technical and Quality Management January 2013 1. Strategic objectives and Technology The strategic objectives in the DG’s proposal to the 2012 Council at Ministerial level •Pushing the frontiers of knowledge Top class Science of space, in space and from Space •Enabling Services Earth observation, meteorology and environmental monitoring, navigation, telecommunications, space situation awareness, integrated applications •Supporting an innovative and competitive Europe 35 % of the satcom market, 50 % of launches to GTO, high multiplicative effort downstream, a sector of high gross added value, with high spin factor The keys: sustaining innovation, strengthening competitiveness and assuring a robust supply chain, and it all •Enabled by technology •Made possible by a competitive industry built during decades of technology and industrial policies and public investments in shared assets 1 • • • • The domains when theytakeoveratTRL5/6fromtechnologypreparation lines Investments intechnologydevelopmentsarefurther continuedinprojects for industry’scompetitivenessintheworldmarket investments inmissions/launchersspaceinfrastructures developmentsand 350 Exploration (Exomars),EarthObservation(MTG,MetOpSG,GSC) areas, orstabilizationinareaswithmajormissionprogrammes,e.g.Robotic Funding fortechnologydevelopmentwithanincreasingtrendinnearlyall Successful CM12,10B The programmes 2. ESATechnologyProgrammes 2. ESATechnologyProgrammes – 400 M € / yearintechnologydevelopmentlinesprepare3B
    [Show full text]
  • Using a Nuclear Explosive Device for Planetary Defense Against an Incoming Asteroid
    Georgetown University Law Center Scholarship @ GEORGETOWN LAW 2019 Exoatmospheric Plowshares: Using a Nuclear Explosive Device for Planetary Defense Against an Incoming Asteroid David A. Koplow Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] This paper can be downloaded free of charge from: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/2197 https://ssrn.com/abstract=3229382 UCLA Journal of International Law & Foreign Affairs, Spring 2019, Issue 1, 76. This open-access article is brought to you by the Georgetown Law Library. Posted with permission of the author. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub Part of the Air and Space Law Commons, International Law Commons, Law and Philosophy Commons, and the National Security Law Commons EXOATMOSPHERIC PLOWSHARES: USING A NUCLEAR EXPLOSIVE DEVICE FOR PLANETARY DEFENSE AGAINST AN INCOMING ASTEROID DavidA. Koplow* "They shall bear their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks" Isaiah 2:4 ABSTRACT What should be done if we suddenly discover a large asteroid on a collision course with Earth? The consequences of an impact could be enormous-scientists believe thatsuch a strike 60 million years ago led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, and something ofsimilar magnitude could happen again. Although no such extraterrestrialthreat now looms on the horizon, astronomers concede that they cannot detect all the potentially hazardous * Professor of Law, Georgetown University Law Center. The author gratefully acknowledges the valuable comments from the following experts, colleagues and friends who reviewed prior drafts of this manuscript: Hope M. Babcock, Michael R. Cannon, Pierce Corden, Thomas Graham, Jr., Henry R. Hertzfeld, Edward M.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Situational Awareness
    → SPACE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OUTLINE - Background - Purpose - Aims - Composition - Space Surveillance (SST) - Space Weather (SWE) - Near-Earth Objects (NEO) - Summary 2 BACKGROUND Image: Dan Durda – FIAAA 3 INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF THE SSA PROGRAMME “The objective of the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) programme is to support the European independent utilisation of, and access to, space for research or services, through the provision of timely and quality data, information, services and knowledge regarding the space environment, the threats and the sustainable exploitation of the outer space surrounding our planet Earth.” - ESA Ministerial Council November 2008 4 INTRODUCTION AIMS OF THE SSA PROGRAMME • Independent utilisation of Space – Space assets are critical assets • Guarantee access to Space – Diplomatic, – Political – Regulatory – Technical • Serve EU “Lisbon Objectives” – New Applications – New Jobs – New Markets 5 INTRODUCTION CUSTOMERS FOR SSA SERVICES • European Governments • Space Insurance • United Nations – EU • Space Industry • Defence – National • Energy • Civil Protection – Regional – Surveying • European Space Agencies – Electrical Grid – ESA – Power Supply – National • Network Operations • Spacecraft Operators • Telecommunications – Commercial • Air Traffic Control – Academic • Search and Rescue Entities – Governmental 6 INTRODUCTION Current Objectives 2009 – 2012 • Preparatory Programme – Governance Definition – Data Policy – Architecture – Federation – Precursor Services – Radar Breadboard – Pilot Data Centres 2012
    [Show full text]
  • DLR Developments and Application Ideas for Interplanetary Cubesats
    DLR developments and application ideas for interplanetary cubesats iCubeSat, Milano 2019 Jens Biele1, Michael Maibaum1, Caroline Lange2, Thimo Grundmann2, Stephan Ulamec1, Marcus Thomas Knopp3, Frank-Cyrus Roshani3 1DLR German Aerospace Center, RB-MUSC, Cologne, Germany 2DLR German Aerospace Center, Bremen, Germany 3DLR German Aerospace Center, GSOC, Munich, Germany www.DLR.de • Chart 3 > Lecture > Author • Document > Date SKAD-Study [FRANK, MARCUS] • Orbiter as relais station for Mars-Rover • ………. Designs flown or studied (DLR) Hopper(10-25 kg) MASCOT (30, 70 kg) Philae (100 kg) Leonard MASCOT (10 kg) Folie 4 > Vortrag > Autor Folie 5 > Vortrag > Autor Study Flow of MASCOT („how to shrink a lander..“) • December 2008 – September 2009: feasibility study, with CNES, in context of Marco Polo and Hayabusa-2, with common requirements: • 3 iterations of different mass (95kg, 35kg & 10kg) and P/L • Settled on 10 kg lander package including 3 kg of P/L • Ho, T.-M., et al. (2016). "MASCOT—The Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout Onboard the Hayabusa2 Mission." Space Science Reviews 208(1-4): 339– 374. • ➔ Design of MASCOT 10 kg: a nanosat (30x30*20 cm³) . Could be a 18 U cubesat! Large ~ 95 kg, Philae hertitage Middle ~ 35 kg, Xtra Small ~ 10 kg, No post-landing Up-righting + mobility mobility MASCOT Payload (25% of total mass!) Instrument Science Goals Heritage Institute; PI/IM Mass [kg] MAG magnetization of the NEA MAG of ROMAP on Rosetta TU Braunschweig Lander (Philae), ESA VEX, 0,15 → formation history Themis K.H. Glassmeier / U. Auster mineralogical composition ESA ExoMars, Russia and characterize grains Phobos GRUNT, ESA size and structure of Rosetta, ESA ExoMars IAS Paris µOmega surface soil samples at μ- rover 2018, Rosetta / Philae J.P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hera Mission
    Dr. Patrick Michel Hera Investigation Team PI Université Côte d’Azur Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur CNRS, Lagrange Laboratory Nice, France The Hera Mission ESA UNCLASSIFIED - For Official Use Hera main aspects Role of space missions at ESA in NEO hazard mitigation • Understanding the problem (deflection modeling and simulations) 2001 • Ground versus space solutions analyses • Assessment of space component options 2002- • 6 parallel phase-0 studies (3 space telescopes, 3 rendezvous) Euneos Nero Earthguard 1 2004 • ESA’s NEO Mission Advisory Panel (NEOMAP) established • Kinetic impactor validation ranked highest importance 2004- • Don Quijote mission selected and studied up to phase-A level 2006 • SANCHO / Proba-IP orbiter up to phase A level studies, small deep-space Don Quijote Ishtar Simone 2008- mission to investigate impactor’s result 2009 • AIDA proposed by NASA: USA/impactor + ESA/impact assessment • ESA phase 0 and phase A studies on the observer spacecraft "AIM” (GSP) 2011- Proba-IP 2016 • Phase B1 study and “consolidation phase” for mission definition (GSTP) • HERA: impact observer spacecraft reformulation and optimization AIM 2017- • Phase B1 implementation + payload + technology breadboards (GSTP+SSA) Several concepts 2019 • DART phase-C kick-off on 15 May 2018 Hera iterated AIDA: An International Planetary Defense Mission U.S. National Research Council Committee “Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies” Recommendation: “If [U.S.] Congress chooses to fund mitigation research at an appropriately high level, the first priority for a space mission in the mitigation area is an experimental test of a kinetic impactor along with a characterization, monitoring, and verification system, such as the Don Quixote mission that was previously considered, but not funded, by the European Space Agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Waters: an Interfaith Conference
    Living Waters: An Interfaith Conference November 19, 2013 Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden Richmond, Virginia Sponsored by the Chesapeake Bay Foundation Facilitated by the University of Virginia Institute for Environmental Negotiation PLANNING TEAM, SPONSORS, and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Planning/Steering Committee • Craig Anderson, Randolph-Macon College and affiliated with the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia and the Church of the Holy Comforter • Karl Bren, Green Visions Consultation and Chair of the Stewardship of God’s Creation Committee • Martha Burford, Director of Church Music, Church of the Holy Comforter, and Committee member of Stewardship of Creation for the Episcopalian Diocese of Virginia • Aimee Bushman, Chesapeake Bay Foundation • Nina Beth Cardin, Rabbi and Chair of the Chesapeake Covenant Community • Nissa Dean, Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay • Tanya Denckla Cobb, Institute for Environmental Negotiation • Frank Dukes, Institute for Environmental Negotiation • Ann Jurczyk, Chesapeake Bay Foundation • The Honorable Tayloe Murphy, Former Delegate to the Virginia General Assembly, former Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources, Board Member of the Chesapeake Bay Foundation • Jacob Powell, Virginia Conservation Network • Katie Preston, Former Executive Director of Interfaith Power and Light • Justin Reilly, Catholic Archdiocese of Richmond • Ephraim Seidman, Chair, Social Action- Tikkun Olam Committee, Temple Beth-El • Deborah Usry, Chairwoman, Board of Directors for the James River Association • Pat Watkins, Executive Director of Caretakers
    [Show full text]
  • WV Graded Music List 2011
    2011 WV Graded Music List, p. 1 2011 West Virginia Graded Music List Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade Artist Arranger Title Publisher 1 - Higgins, John Suo Gan HL 1 - McGinty Japanese Folk Trilogy QU 1 - McGinty, Anne Elizabethan Songbook, An KJ 1 - Navarre, Randy Ngiele, Ngiele NMP 1 - Ployhar Along the Western Trail BE 1 - Ployhar Minka BE 1 - Ployhar Volga Boat Song BE 1 - Smith, R.W. Appalachian Overture BE Variant on an Old English 1 - Smith, R.W. BE Carol 1 - Story A Jubilant Carol BE 1 - Story Classic Bits and Pieces BE 1 - Story Patriotic Bits and Pieces BE 1 - Swearingen Three Chorales for Band BE 1 - Sweeney Shenandoah HL 1 Adams Valse Petite SP 1 Akers Berkshire Hills BO 1 Akers Little Classic Suite CF 1 Aleicheim Schaffer Israeli Folk Songs PO 1 Anderson Ford Forgotten Dreams BE 1 Anderson Ford Sandpaper Ballet BE 1 Arcadelt Whiting Ave Maria EM 1 Arensky Powell The Cuckoo PO 1 Bach Gardner Little Bach Suite ST Grand Finale from Cantata 1 Bach Gordon BO #207 1 Bach Walters Celebrated Air RU 1 Bain, James L. M Wagner Brother James' Air BE 1 Balent Bold Adventure WB Drummin' With Reuben And 1 Balent BE Rachel 1 Balent Lonesome Tune WB 1 Balmages Gettysburg FJ 2011 WV Graded Music List, p. 2 1 Balmages Majestica FJ 1 Barnes Ivory Towers of Xanadu SP 1 Bartok Castle Hungarian Folk Suite AL 1 Beethoven Clark Theme From Fifth Symphony HL 1 Beethoven Foulkes Creation's Hymn PO 1 Beethoven Henderson Hymn to Joy PO 1 Beethoven Mitchell Ode To Joy CF 1 Beethoven Sebesky Three Beethoven Miniatures Al 1 Beethoven Tolmage
    [Show full text]
  • SETA: an IMAGING SPECTROMETER for MARCO POLO MISSION. M.C. De Sanctis1, G. Filacchio- Ne1, F. Capaccioni1, G. Piccioni1, E. Ammannito2, M.T
    41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010) 1203.pdf SETA: AN IMAGING SPECTROMETER FOR MARCO POLO MISSION. M.C. De Sanctis1, G. Filacchio- ne1, F. Capaccioni1, G. Piccioni1, E. Ammannito2, M.T. Capria1, A. Coradini2, A. Migliorini1, E. Battistelli3, G. Preti3 1Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica – INAF, via del fosso del cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy, ma- [email protected] 2Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio Interplanetario – INAF, via del fosso del cava- liere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy, 3 Selex Galileo-via Einstein, Campi Bisenzio, Italy Introduction: The MarcoPolo NEO sample return obtained by using the relative motion of the orbiter M-class mission has been selected for assessment with respect to the target or by using a scan mirror. study within the ESA Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 pro- The SETA optical concept is mostly inherited from the gram. The Marco Polo mission proposes to do a sam- SIMBIO-SYS/VIHI (Visible Infrared Hyperspectral ple return mission to Near Earth Asteroid [1]. With Imager) imaging spectrometer aboard Bepi Colombo this mission we have the opportunity to return for mission [2] but also from other space flying imaging study in Earth-based laboratories a direct sample of the spectrometers, such as VIRTIS (on Rosetta and Venus earliest record of how our solar system formed. The Express) and VIR (on DAWN) [3,4]. landing site and sample selection will truly be the most Seta is based on a modified Schmidt optical important scientific decision to make during the course scheme both for Telescope and Spectrometer (substi- of the entire mission.
    [Show full text]
  • European Component of the AIDA Mission to a Binary Asteroid: Characterization and Interpretation of the Impactof the DART Mission
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Advances in Space Research 62 (2018) 2261–2272 www.elsevier.com/locate/asr European component of the AIDA mission to a binary asteroid: Characterization and interpretation of the impactof the DART mission Patrick Michel a,⇑, Michael Kueppers b, Holger Sierks c, Ian Carnelli d, Andy F. Cheng e, Karim Mellab f, Mikael Granvik g, Antti Kestila¨ h, Tomas Kohout g,i, Karri Muinonen g,j, Antti Na¨sila¨ k, Antti Penttila g, Tuomas Tikka l, Paolo Tortora m, Vale´rie Ciarletti n, Alain He´rique o, Naomi Murdoch p, Erik Asphaug q, Andy Rivkin e, Olivier Barnouin e, Adriano Campo Bagatin r, Petr Pravec s, Derek C. Richardson t, Stephen R. Schwartz a,q, Kleomenis Tsiganis u, Stephan Ulamec v, Ozgu¨r Karatekin w a Universite´ Coˆte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Coˆte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, CS 34229, 06304 Nice Cedex 4, France b ESA/ESAC, Camino bajo del Castillo, s/n Urbanizacio´n Villafranca del Castillo Villanueva de la Canada, E-28692 Madrid, Spain c Max-Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3, 37077 Go¨ttingen, Germany d ESA/Hq, 8-10 rue Mario Nikis, 75738 Paris Cedex 15, France e The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, 20723 MD, USA f ESA/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands g Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Ha¨llstro¨min katu 2a, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland h Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland i Institute of Geology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova´ 269, CZ-165 00 Prague 6 - Lysolaje, Czech Republic j Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, National Land Survey, Geodeetinrinne 2, FI-02430 Masala, Finland k VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 02150 Espoo, Finland l Reaktor Space Lab, Mannerheimintie 2, 00100 Helsinki, Finland m University of Bologna, Department of Industrial Engineering, Via Fontanelle 40, 47121 Forlı`, FC, Italy n UVSQ (UPSay), UPMC (Sorbonne Univ.), CNRS/INSU, LATMOS-IPSL, 11 Boulevard d’Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France o Univ.
    [Show full text]
  • Asteroid Redirect Mission Update NAC Human Exploration and Operations Committee
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration Asteroid Redirect Mission Update NAC Human Exploration and Operations Committee Dr. Michele Gates March 2, 2016 1 Last Update in July Included • Updates on contributions of the mission to exploration strategy and Journey to Mars • Guidance for ARRM formulation • A focus on external engagement and feedback 2 Asteroid Redirect Mission Progress ü Robotic Mission Concept Review and Formulation Authorization Mar 2015 ü Acquisition Strategy Decisions for Robotic Mission Aug 2015 ü Formulation Assessment and Support Team (FAST) Established Aug 2015 ü Public comments due on FAST draft report Dec 2015 • https://www.nasa.gov/feature/arm-fast ü Robotic mission requirements technical interchange meeting Dec 2015 ü Robotic spacecraft early design study contracts selected Jan 2016 ü Update with Small Bodies Assessment Group Jan 2016 ü Complete 6th of 6 total Peer Reviews for Restore-L Jan 2016 Synergy Subsystems ü Crewed segment operational requirements meetings at JSC Feb 2016 ü ARM leadership team strategy meeting on partnerships and Feb 2016 engagement ü FAST final report released Feb 2016 3 A Sustainable Exploration Approach Mars Split Mission Concept 4 4 ARM: An Early Mission in the Proving Ground of Cislunar Space IN-SPACE POWER & Solar Electric PROPULSION: • High efficiency 40kW SEP Propulsion extensible to Mars cargo High Efficiency missions Large Solar • Power enhancements feed Arrays forward to deep-space habitats and transit vehicles EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES: • Two in-space EVAs of four hours
    [Show full text]
  • Measurements of Charged Dust on the Marco Polo Asteroid Sample Return Mission
    MEASUREMENTS OF CHARGED DUST ON THE MARCO POLO ASTEROID SAMPLE RETURN MISSION K L Aplin, N E Bowles*, D J Parker, E C Sawyer and M S Whalley Space Science and Technology Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK *Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK Introduction The Marco Polo mission has been selected by the European Space agency as a candidate for launch under their 2015-2025 Cosmic Vision programme. The mission ultimately aims to understand the origins of the planets and even life itself, by returning a sample of material from a primitive asteroid, representative of the early Solar System. The dust on the surface of the asteroid is readily charged and one of the proposed in situ instruments, described here, is an electric field sensor to detect the electrostatic levitation and transport of charged dust particles. ****** Scientific Background Physical mechanisms controlling dust transport on asteroids are poorly understood, and by analogy with the Moon, there is likely to be considerable electric charging of the surface due to photoelectron emission. Electrostatic dust levitation has been proposed as a possible method to redistribute particles [e.g. Lee, 1996; Colwell et al, 2007], and also a loss mechanism for smaller particles which are not bound by the small gravitational field of the asteroid [Lee, 1996]. Asteroid electric charge has never been measured, but models predict that an electric potential (~1 kV) can be attained on the dark side compared to the sunlit side, which becomes slightly positively charged by photoelectron emission.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Kentucky
    ~-- • ----;-r -- - () - -------------~.::.:...::.,.~~....:.~~..:::.;::..:;;~~::.......;.;..:.;__.;__..,.,'1/q/g1Oct. 3 1988 'rl ';)'/l-'fk :JO - I~ . 0 If .:i.o I ~ MSU Clip Sheet CCI- A rmpllq of ncent artlcla of lllterat to Morehad State Ualvcnlty MEDIA RELATIONS • MOREHEAD STATE UNIVERSITY • UPO BOX 1100 • MOREHEAD, KY 40351-1689 • 606-783-2030 ~EXINGTON,HERAlEl-LEAElER, ~NGTQN;,KY.,.·SAJURpA'!',·OCTQBEIH,,19811 rrn9iversrtres· ·. want~'·"oigger•,>•p1_e:, ~- ,., · -llte- fonnula· estab)ished a ra­ tional, formal basis for splitting the .·n·or~ratrer·~srrces state funding pie, she said. It is a .1 ' 1·. k~d- .,. ·- -.i:,...,.;o.,..,..:."";il Robert Bell,- chairtnan' ·of' Ken'~ !=Qmpl!,Jf, .5e! of components. used to ' By··oal'll181•r..'t1C V. • tucky Advocates for f!igher Edu~­ calciiliife how much money each Her~td.-Le.a~er education write.r, - . ~ · tion, ,urgi;d, the .council tQ ~p up scliooLneeds 'to carry out its mis­ , -" IP 'corifrast to "the bi~, ~ its review quickly 311d begm ~ sfoil, coinpared ,with average fund, · divisive .l>irth· of formula ftm.dm~ paring for .a sJ:M.!(:ial l~la~v~.~- . ing at.1simitar:"schools in. other . s~·years ago, Kentucky's,,publi~ sion that Gov. Wallace I W11kirison stafes.,The-main component of the . universities have shown strong um­ has promised for, early next year. fo!ii;i~,is ~llment. : - ,' ty. as}he fonnula ~derg<M:5 its first Though Wilkinson has said he · :,·· The:·state• provides about 84 formal-review, offioals said;yester- does not plan to .put higher educa­ percent, of: the money needed to tion on the agenda;; Belr said 'the : daY;,~; real issue m: edu~tio~ \~ universities must be ready to push - fpn9;W,ej~rmu1a fullr.
    [Show full text]