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Highlights Section Reports Following Are a Few of the Notable Entries from This Volume of TRI-OLOGY

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Highlights Section Reports Following Are a Few of the Notable Entries from This Volume of TRI-OLOGY DACS-P-00124 Volume 54, Number 4, July - August 2015 DPI’s Bureau of Entomology, Nematology and Plant Pathology (the botany section is included in this bureau) produces TRI- OLOGY six times a year, covering two months of activity in each issue. The report includes detection activities from nursery plant inspections, routine and emergency program surveys, and requests for identification of plants and pests from the public. Samples are also occasionally sent from other states or countries for identification or diagnosis. Highlights Section Reports Following are a few of the notable entries from this volume of TRI-OLOGY. These entries are reports Botany 2 of interesting plants or unusual pests, some of which may be problematic. See Section Reports for Entomology 9 complete information. Bactrocera dorsalis, oriental fruit fly, Nematology 15 male Bactrocera dorsalis, oriental fruit fly, a regulatory Photograph courtesy of Gary J. Steck, incident. One male oriental fruit fly was captured in a DPI fruit fly detection trap in Kendall, followed by another Plant Pathology 17 single male about 13 miles away in the Redland Agri- cultural District, followed by an astounding 45 males in Retirement 21 a single trap, also in Redland. Helicoverpa armigera , Old World bollworm, a new Continental USA record. This moth was collected in a survey trap in a tomato field. It is a major, polyphagous Old World pest that has become established in South Helicoverpa armigera (Old World America and, more recently, in Puerto Rico and the bollworm) This is the third specimen Dominican Republic. collected in Florida. Photograph courtesy of James E. Hayden, DPI Tarophagus colocasiae, a taro planthopper, a new Continental USA record. This species is a well-known pest of taro, a crop also known as dasheen. It causes direct damage, and taro planthoppers have been found to transmit plant viruses. Tenuipalpus anonnae, a tenuipalpid mite, a new Continental USA record. This mite was described from Annona sp. from southern Mexico. In Florida, T. Tarophagus colocasiae (a taro plan- anonnae was found on Annona muricata L. (soursop). thopper) Photograph courtesy of W.C. ‘Cal’ Welbourn, DPI. Photograph courtesy of Susan E. Halbert, DPI Grovesinia moricola (a leaf pathogen) appears early this year. This year, the leaf spot pathogen Grovesinia How to cite Tri-ology: Dixon, W.N. and P.J. Anderson. (Editors). year. moricola made a surprisingly early appearance. Typi- Section. Tri-ology Volume(number): page. [date cally, this fungus shows up to mark the late summer you accessed site] website address For example: stage of the growing season. Lagerstroemia indica Dixon, W.N. and P.J. Anderson. (Editors). 2012. (crape-myrtle) is the most commonly infected species Entomology section. Tri-ology 47(5): 8. [accessed July 5, 2013] http://www.freshfromflorida.com/content/ we see, although pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is also download/12542/151552/triology_5101.pdf susceptible. This year the fungus was found infecting a new host, Carya glabra (pignut hickory). Acknowledgements: Striga gesnerioides (cowpea witch- The editors would like to acknowledge the work of all weed) growing in corn field Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke (cowpea witch- those who contributed information and explanations Photograph courtesy of Bugwood weed or tobacco witchweed) was found near the by providing data, photographs or text and by carefully reading early drafts. We also thank Reid Carswell for his margins of a tomato field. This is the first documented skillful use of web authoring tools to produce this report. occurrence of this species in Manatee County. This species, like all species of Striga, is a hemiparasite—a We welcome your suggestions for improvement of parasitic plant that contains some chlorophyll and is ca- TRIOLOGY. Please feel free to contact me or Dr. Patti Anderson with your comments. pable of photosynthesis, but takes some resource from its host. The host was not documented, but Indigofera Dr. Greg Hodges, Editor, hirsuta was collected nearby. Assistant Director, DPI Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services • Adam H. Putnam, Commissioner 1 Botany Section Sample Submissions Compiled by Patti J. Anderson, Ph.D. July Year to This section identifies plants for the Division of Plant Industry, as well as for August date other governmental agencies and private individuals. The Botany Section maintains a reference herbarium with over 12,000 plants and nearly 1,400 Samples 1,277 4,513 vials of seeds. submitted by other DPI Some of the samples received for identification are discussed below: sections Samples 139 616 Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke (cowpea witchweed or tobacco witch- submitted weed), from a genus of approximately 40 species native to Africa, Asia and for botanical Australia. Orobanchaceae (traditionally placed in Scrophulariaceae). This is an identification annual, herbaceous, root parasite growing to 30 cm tall. The leaves are small only and scalelike, opposite or subopposite, and appressed to the stem. The inflo- Total 1,416 5,129 rescence is a terminal spike equaling or exceeding the vegetative stem. Flow- samples ers are opposite or rarely alternately arranged on the inflorescence, congested submitted or spaced apart, sessile and are subtended by small, lanceolate bracts with incurved tips and ciliate margins. The calyx is tubular, five-ribbed, scarious be- Specimens 126 319 tween the ribs, with five unequal teeth and ciliate margins. The corolla may be added to the brownish-red, pink, purple or white in color. The corolla tube is bent just below herbarium the spreading lobes. The three lower corolla lobes are larger than the two upper ones. Capsules are ovoid to oblong and contain hundreds of tiny, ridged seeds. All species of Striga are hemiparasites—parasitic plants that contain some chlorophyll and are therefore capable of photosynthesis. Most are parasites on grasses, but several are restricted to dicotyledonous hosts. Five species (S. asiatica, S. aspera, S. forbesii, S. hermonthica and S. gesnerioides) are major pests of agronomic crops. The first four parasitize a diversity of staple grain crops including corn, sorghum, pearl millet and rice, as well as sugar- cane. Striga gesnerioides is the most geographically widespread species in the genus, with multiple strains parasitizing a variety of dicots, including species in the Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Convolvulaceae, Acanthaceae and Solanaceae. Agronomic crops affected by S. gesnerioides include cowpea, tobacco and sweet potato. Because of their potential agronomic impacts, all species of Striga are classified as noxious weeds by the United States Department ofAgriculture, but to date, only two species have been found in the United States. Striga asi- atica was reported from southern North Carolina and adjacent South Carolina in 1956, and eventually spread to 38 counties in the eastern Carolinas, but a vigorous eradication campaign has reduced its extent by 99%. Striga gesneri- Striga gesnerioides (cowpea witchweed) flower Photograph courtesy of Patti J. Anderson, DPI oides was discovered in Polk County, Florida in 1979, growing on two differ- ent non-native leguminous hosts—hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) and alyce clover (Alysicarpus ovalifolius). It has subsequently been documented in Citrus, Hillsborough, Lake, Orange and Seminole counties. This is the first documented occurrence of this species in Manatee County, where it was found near the margins of a tomato field. The host was not documented, but Indigofera hirsuta was collected nearby. (Manatee County; James E. Hayden; Julieta Brambila, USDA; Kevin E. Everhart, DPI/CAPS; and Lane P. Southerland, DPI/CAPS; 23 July 2015.) (Langdon 1979; Mohamed and Musselman 2012; Mohamed et al. 2001.) (Marc S. Frank.) Striga gesnerioides (cowpea witchweed) growing in corn field Photograph courtesy of Bugwood 2 Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (governor’s plum, Madagascar plum), from a genus of 15 species native to the Old World tropics and South Africa. Salica- ceae (formerly Flacourtiaceae). This bushy, dense evergreen tree, often with spines on the trunk and main branches, is widely distributed throughout tropical Africa, Madagascar and tropical Asia, and is planted as a fruit tree in warmer parts of the New World. It is hardy in South Florida and has become weedy there. In fact, the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FLEPPC) has included the plant on its List of Invasive Species (Category II). Its alternate leaves are dark green and glossy, flushed reddish or coppery on the new growth. The small white flowers are inconspicuous and seldom noticed. Staminate (pollen-bearing) and pistillate (fruit-bearing) flowers are borne on separate trees.The round, 2.5 cm diameter, dark red fruits are plum-like in texture, but with 6-10 small seeds. The flesh of the fruit is variable in quality, often sweet, but sometimes bitter or astringent, and its appeal is evidently limited. In its native range, all parts of the governor’s plum are important in treating ailments from snakebite to diarrhea and pneumonia. (Miami- Dade County; B2015-595; Olga Garcia; 20 August 2015 and Palm Beach County; B2015-615; Mark J. Aubry, USDA; 27 August Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (governor’s plum, Madagascar plum) flower 2015.) (Mabberley 2008; Morton 1987; http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_ Photograph courtesy of Pat Howell, Atlas of Florida Vascular id=1&taxon_id=200014454 [accessed 9 September 2015].) Plants References Langdon, K.R. 1979. Cowpea witchweed, Striga gesnerioides, a newly discovered root-parasitic weed introduced in Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Nematology (Botany) Circular No. 48. http://www.freshfromflorida.com/Divisions-Offices/ Plant-Industry/Plant-Industry-Publications/Botany-Circulars/Nema.-Botany- Cir.-48 [accessed 10 August 2015]. Mabberley, D.J. 2008. Mabberley’s plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York. 1,021 p. Striga (Orobanchaceae). Flora of Mohamed, K.I. and L.J. Musselman. 2012. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. (governor’s plum, Madagascar North America, Provisional Publication.
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