Vol. 33, No. 4 January 22-28, 1990 International Politics—The Third World's Major Role A woman weaving a fish net—a scene in a fishing village in Beihai, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Photo by Chen Wenwen BeijingR-ir VOL. 33, NO. 4 JAN. 22-28, 1990

Sign of CNmi's stability • The People's Daily points out that the lifting of martial law in Beijing is an important sign of China's stability, but the CONTENTS nation has to maintain its vigilance against sabotage by hostile forces (p. 13). NOTES FROM THE EDITORS 4 Keeping Private Business on the National Culture Becomes a Political Issue Right Track • A top Party leader points out that promotion of China's EVENTS/TRENDS 5-8 national culture at the present time will inspire patriotism and Beijing Applauds End of Martial help eliminate the influence of bourgeois liberalization (p. 6). Law Sound Development of Private Businesses Chinese Culture: a Political Issue • China upholds the leading position of the public economy Five Tenents for the Open Policy but encourages the vigorous development of private business• Answers to Some Current es. In recent years, these businesses have played a positive role Questions in the economy despite the appearance of some problems. As Key Projects to Be Continued a result, the government has moved to support their positive INTERNATIONAL aspects and limit any negative consequences (p. 5). Berlin Disagrees With Bonn's Plan 9 Experts' Forecast for 1990 Third World's Role in • In Beijing Review's continuing series, experts describe their International Affairs 10 vision of future developments in various fields of endeavour CHINA in 1990 and beyond. Acting Cuhural Minister He Jingzhi An Important Sign of China's speaks out on developing socialist culture with Chinese char• Stability 13 acteristics; MOFERT Minister Zheng Tuobin on the measures Experts Look at the 1990s: necessary to bring about a steady and co-ordinated improve• Socialist Culture With Chinese ment in foreign trade; and Minister in charge of the State Characteristics 14 Science and Technofogy Commission Song Jian on making The Key to Modernization science and technology serve the goal of economic construction —Science and Technology 16 (p. 14-23). China's Foreign Trade Steadily Developing 18 important Role of the Third World Finances Continue to Improve 20 • Third world countries played a major role in the interna• Resolutely Punishing Corruption 22 tional political arena in the 1980s. They made great contribu• Focus of Procuratorial Work in tions to the settlement of regional conflicts, border problems 1990 23 and racial strife. It is believed that in the 1990s they will make An Open System: Ensuring Honest important contributions to the promotion of peace and devel• Government 24 opment (p. 10). Zhejiang Taps Export Potential 27 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 28 29 BUSINESS/TRADE 30-31 CULTURE/SCIENCE 32-34 COVER: Fairy lights, one of Zhejiang's best export commodities, are sought af• ter by foreign customers. Here, Qu Han- cheng (second right), director of the Fairy Lights Factory, "checks the quality of products with his colleagues. Photo by Zhang Lujie p. 14 Unless written by Beijing Review correspondents, ttte opinions expressed in signed articles do not necessarily reflect the view of the Beijing Review editorial board. General Editorial Office Published every Monday by BEIJING REVIEW Subscription rates (1 year): Tel; 8314318 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 Australia J\.$29.00 TLX; 222374 FLPDA CN The People's Republic of China New Zealand NZ.$39.00 FAX: 8314318 Distributed by China International Book UK £14.50 English Dept. Tel: 8315599 Ext. 546 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) USA US$29.00 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada. ..Can.$25.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

Keeping Private Business On the Right Tracic by Zhang Zeyu

|r-«-^here's talk both in China and abroad about a change capitalism to China. As the government has consistently I in Chinese government policy towards private busi- noted, such bourgeois liberal ideas are unacceptable. Howev• M ness, including the possibility of banning it altogether. er, the nation will not reverse its policy of encouraging a Such speculation has much to do with the drop in the limited development of an individual and private economy. number of individual and private enterprises* in 1989. Sta• It is not surprising that some problems have occurred in tistics show that the number of such enterprises, 14.549 the course of private enterprise development. First, there is million in 1988, slid down to 12.348 million by June 1989, a a certain amount of shortsighted activity which gives rise to decrease of 17.8 percent. an irrational industrial structure. Because many people are Encouraging the vigorous but circumscribed growth of interested in high profits, there is less interest in operating private enterprises, that is, a diversified economy dominated businesses with a narrow profit margin; the number of by public ownership, is a specific feature of Chinese social• private businesses engaged in commerce is more than half of ism. Such an economy, moreover, is required because the the total, while those in catering and service trades make up country, still in the primary stage of socialism, is beginning only 15.5 percent. This is a deviation from the original its development on a relatively backward economic founda• purpose of developing individual businesses. Businessmen tion. were expected to go into the catering and service trades, do The policy of supplementing public ownership with pri• repairs and produce handicraft articles because these activi• vate ownership was formulated on the basis of the experience ties were normally not taken up by state and collective gained over many years of socialist development. As is well enterprises but were still indispensable to improving the known, China once tried to place its entire economy under people's standard of living. Some private enterprises have public ownership. This premature effort hindered economic also competed with state and collective enterprises for raw development, slowed a rise in living standards, and caused materials and markets and so affected the operation of the the public many inconveniences. The present policy, benefi• latter. cial to the nation's economy and the people's standard of Second, tax evasion has become a serious problem among living, has proved to be correct and so will remain un• private enterprises. According to a survey conducted in east changed. China's Jiangsu Province in 1988, some 52.8 percent of the Since 1979, when the Chinese government initiated its individual businesses evaded taxes. policy of encouraging an appropriate level of development Tax evasion cuts down on state revenue but, of course, of private enterprises, such businesses have played a positive boosts the income of some individual and private enterprise role in three ways: proprietors, so much so that the latter have become far —They complement and make up for the deficiencies of richer than workers, farmers, professors, highly qualified the state and collective economies. They make the public's researchers and state functionaries. This unfair income dis• life much easier by increasing the availability of a great tribution has caused discontent among the public. variety of goods on the free markets. Of the nation's total Thirdly, poor management has made it difficult for some 1988 retail sales volume, 13.7 percent came from individual private enterprise proprietors to continue operation. businesses. In view of the above, the government is improving its —They generate funds for the state. Between 1981 and administration of private enterprises during the current re• 1988, taxes collected from individual businesses alone were trenchment. Law-abiding businesses which contribute to eco• expected to reach 12 billion yuan in 1989. nomic development and satisfy the people's needs are being —They create jobs for China's enormous labour force. By protected and encouraged to expand; those guilty of tax the end of 1988, they had provided jobs for more than 23 evasion are required to jnend their ways; and those which million people. are not likely to meet the nation's needs are being redirected. In spite of their rapid development, the individual and The drop in the number of private enterprises last year, private economies remain small segments of the Chinese therefore, was a temporary phenomenon arising from the economy, together accounting for only 2 percent of the gross process of retrenchment. national product (GNP). Their limited development is, of In a speech marking the 40th anniversary of the People's course, understandable in an economy dominated by public Republic of China, Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin ownership; they should not affect the overall socialist nature explained this policy towards individual and private econ• of the economy. Moreover, encouraging their growth cannot omies by saying: "Our policy towards these sectors is, first, be construed as supporting the goal of those who advocate to encourage them to develop vigorously within limits speci• bourgeois liberalization. They want to turn private enterpris• fied by the state; and, second, to strengthen management es into the principal sector of the economy, dump public and guidance over them by economic, administrative and ownership in favour of private ownership, and thus restore legal means so as to increase their positive role and res• trict negative aspects harmful to socialist economic devel• •In China, an individual enterprise is one employing no more than seven persons, including the owner. It becomes a private enterprise opment." when the number.exceeds seven. For brevity, both, when appropriate, Private enterprises in China are expected to develop on a are referred to as private enterprise in this article. sound basis after consolidation and improvement. •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-2*, 1990 EVENTS / TRENDS that the quelling of the counter-revolutionary rebel• Beijing Applauds End of IVIartiai Law lion has won a decisive vic• tory. Hu Daofen, an agronomist oreign businessmen and eign companies have since with the Beijing Municipal people from all walks of rented space for their Beijing Academy of Farm and Fores• F life in Beijing have wel• offices there. try Sciences, said he agreed comed the decision by the Meanwhile, Max Wilhelm, with what Premier Li said in Chinese government to lift general manager of the his televised speech, especial• the martial law imposed in Great Wall Sheraton Hotel, ly the view that "people of parts of the capital. Chinese said the lifting of martial law the whole country should Premier Li Peng announced will definitely have a posi• cherish the country's stabili• the decision on television on tive influence, especially on ty in the same way as they January 10. tourism this year. take care of their own eyes." Sadao Madokoro, deputy The stability of Beijing is Many teachers and stu• general manager of the Bei• the stability of China, he dents from Beijing, univers• jing office of Japan's Mitsui said. ities and colleges expressed and Co. Ltd., said he saw the Reaction of Beijing Resi• their support for the lifting lifting of martial law as a dents. On the morning of of martial law. sign of political stability in January 11, only hours after Xu Jialu, vice-president of China. the end of martial law, many the Beijing Teachers' Univ• He added that China's eco• Beijing residents were seen ersity, said that people from nomic reform and opening to taking photographs, sightsee• all walks of life, including the outside world have made ing and flying kites on Tian• college students, have come it possible to enlarge the bus• anmen Square, the centre of to realize that China needs iness scope of his company Beijing. They said they were stability. with branch offices in 11 ci• happy with the government's He said that both the re• ties in China. decision. They also paid tri• form and the improvement "The foreign businessmen bute to the martial law en• of the people's livelihood in here hope that China's poli• forcement troops for their China need stability, and cies of economic reform and contribution to quelling last therefore those who want to opening to the outside world June's anti-government riots stir up chaos in China will will not change, and we hope and restoring stability in the find themselves up against that our company will furth• capital. the will of the people. China's er its business activities in "The government's an• internatiomtl exchanges China," Madokoro said. nouncement of the lifting of and economic development Keng Lam, executive di• martial law in Beijing where would benefit from the end• rector and deputy general it had been imposed is a sign ing of the martial law, he ad• manager of the China World of the stability of the capital ded. Trade Centre, said, "What and the country as a whole," A student from the history we have seen in Beijing is a said Han Zuoli, a famous department of Beijing Univ• return to normalcy. In the writer and an educator. ersity said that he at first long run, we are confident "Now the Communist Party could not understand the about China." He returned to and government are leading martial law announcement China last June 18, shortly the Chinese people on the last May. Yet, he said, time after the turmoil ended in socialist road and pushing has shown that it has helped Beijing. ahead with the reform and maintain the social order and The China World Trade the economic rectification return the city life to normal. Centre is a US$450 million drive. As a veteran revolu• Some students from the joint venture between Chi• tionary, I feel very glad to People's University of Chfha na's Foreign Economic and see all that." said that the stability of the Trade Consultants Corp. and Qian Chuntao, a leading country and the society ac• the Hong Kong-based Kerry member of the China Demo• cords with the will of the Industrial Co. Ltd. It opened cratic National Construction people of all nationalities in for business at the end of last Association, said the lifting China. November, and about 80 for• of martial law has shown •

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 5 EVENTS / TRENDS for its reunification, the prom• otion of national culture also serves as a bridge linking the two sides of the Taiwan Straits. It is Chinese Culture: A Political issue also an important means of dee• pening mutual understanding among all ethnic Chinese living positive approach to and cultural heritage, even to the at home and abroad and makes China's national culture extent of despising the Chinese for a greater degree of national A is, under the present nation, was part of the bid for coalescence. domestic and international cir• "wholesale Westernization" ad• Li pointed out that as a bad cumstances, not only a matter of vocated by those who stubbornly effect of the wrong tendencies, cultural development but a ques• clung to bourgeois liberalization, for quite some time it looked like tion of great political signif• Li said. there was nothing good to say icance, said a top Party official In face of the offensive about China while everything in Beijing. launched by the Western mon• foreign was just wonderful. Some Li Ruihuan, Standing Com• opoly bourgeoisie to effect a people could hardly open their mittee member of the Party's "peaceful evolution," he said, a mouths without talking about Political Bureau, said on Janu• flourishing national culture is an foreign countries and abusing ary 10 at a national seminar on important condition for inspiring their own ancestors. cultural affairs that the debate the national spirit, enhancing Li urged Chinese writers and on national culture going on in the nation's confidence and self- artists to create healthy works China over the last few years is, esteem, upholding patriotism to meet the needs of the peo• in essence, a major ideological and withstanding all pressure ple. "We must use good literary and pohtical struggle. from the outside. works to minimize and eliminate Negation of China's historical He said that, as China works the influence of bourgeois liber- hina cannot do without either the four cardinal Cprinciples*, construed as Five Tenets for the Open Policy the cornerstone for the state, or the reform and opening to the —The fundamental principle charge of the State Commission outside world, chosen as the road for restructuring the economy is for Restructuring the Economy, to the nation's prosperity. This is to better combine the planned urged his audience to overcome one of the five tenets guiding the economy and market regulation, an impatience for quick results implementation of the policy of and it is imperative now to find in China's construction as well as reform and opening to the out• an ideal way for such a combina• in its reform. "China's economic side world. tion. restructuring will last a fairly The other four principles, as —The continuity and stabihty long period of time and probably spelled out by Premier Li Peng of the policy of reform and open• will accompany the whole pro• in his concluding speech at a na• ing to the outside world institut• cess of socialist modernization tional meeting on economic res• ed a decade ago should be main• before a complete operational tructuring held on January 8, tained to avoid major ups and system combining planned econ• are: downs so as to guarantee a stable omy and market regulation —Reform and opening to the development of the productive comes into shape," he said. outside world are the self- forces. However, this policy He pointed out that reform perfection of the socialist sys• should be constantly improved, measures should be tried and tem; they are designed to give replenished, consolidated and judged by practice before a deci• fuller play to the superiority of perfected on the basis of stabil• sion is made on whether to popu• the socialist system, instead of ity. larize them. completely altering socialism. —New reform experiments The pr Tiier reaffirmed that, should be tried out by taking over the past ^ecade, reform and *To uphold the leadership of the Com• advantage of the opportunities opening to the outside world munist Party, the socialist road, the people's democratic dictatorship, and provided by the current econo• have boosted the country's prod• Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong mic rectification. uction, enhanced its ..ional Thought.' Li, who is also minister in strength and improved people's

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 EVENTS / TRENDS

alization in the field of art and literature," he stressed. Li said that China should ac• tively draw on everything in for• eign culture that is useful to it• self. He reiterated that China would adhere to the principle of "letting a hundred flowers blos• som and a hundred schools of thought contend," which is a guideline for the fostering of China's socialist culture. Meeting the participants in the seminar, Party General Secre• tary Jiang Zemin asked literary and art workers to creat more works with a distinct national flavour and style, which will mirror the features of the present great age in Chinese history on the basis of a deep understanding of socialist development and the realities of life. Excerpts from Li Ruihuan's speech at the seminar will be car• ried in a forthcoming issue of the Beijing Review. o lives to varying degrees. a whole. China has also made encourag• Li announced that the State ing achievements and accumu• Commission for Restructuring Answers to Some lated rich experience in explor• the Econor j will remain a func• Current Questions ing the ways and means for re• tional institution of the State form in a developing socialist Council for overall planning on r • ihe recent announcement re- country, he said. economic restructuring. I garding the lifting of the Speaking on the relationship The commission's main task martial law imposed in between the economic rectifica• will be to formulate plans for parts of Beijing was a "natural tion drive and the deepening of both urban and rural economic course of development," said reform, Li said that the goal of restructuring, to help leaders State Council spokesman the rectification is to create more make decisions on trying out and Yuan Mu. favourable conditions for reform promoting some reform mea• The reason for the step, Yuan and opening to the outside world. sures. told a press conference on Janu• All reform measures, he added, Li expressed his hope that ary 11, was that "the task of the should centre on the rectification those who work in departments martial law has been victoriously during the period of economic for economic restructuring will completed. restructuring. go down to the grassroots level "The situation in Beijing and Li also spoke positively of the and integrate theory and practice throughout the country is stable work done by government de• more closely. They should follow and the social order has returned partments in charge of restruc• the socialist principles and take to normal," he added. "And in turing the economy over the past China's reahty into account in my opinion, there was no special decade. learning from and drawing consideration about the date cho• Of course, he added, in these on foreign countries' economic sen by Premier Li Peng for the departments there were a few management experience, he said, announcement." people enamoured of bourgeois and pay close attention to Chi• Yuan told reporters that the liberaUzation seeking to under• na's economic development plans only possible special considera• mine the process, but they could while working out reform plans tion to call off the martial law at not represent the departments as and measures. • this juncture might be the ap-

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 7 EVENTS / TRENDS proach of the Spring Festival law put to an end in Beijing, Jin of Taiwan, Penghu, Jinmen and (January 27), the Chinese New said Fang and his wife, Li Shux- Mazu islands." Year. ian, have violated China's Cri• "This is utterly illegal and ab• Since the conditions were fa• minal Law and the only way out surd," Jin said. "And it goes vourable for calling off the mar• for them is to plead guilty imme• without saying that GATT tial law, the announcement diately and mend their ways so should reject this illegal applica• would contribute to the joy of as not to alienate themselves tion filed by the Taiwan author• the festival, he added. from the people. ities." Proper Arrangements for Those Taiwan's GATT Membership Ap• No French Warships for Taiwan. Killed by Accident. Yuan told plication Illegal. The Foreign The Foreign Ministry spokesman reporters that local governments Ministry spokesman told report• said that France's decision not to and departments concerned have ers that there is only one China sell warships to Taiwan was a made appropriate arrangements in the world, and the govern• for those who were injured or ment of the People's Republic of wise one and that China appre• killed by mistake during the tur• China is the sole legal govern• ciated the decision. It was wise moil last June in Beijing. ment of China. because it accorded with the He said the relatives of those The Taiwan authorities, styl• agreement on the establishment victims were fairly satisfied with ing themselves as the govern• of the Sino-French diplomatic the arrangements, though most ment of a sovereign country, relations and with the overall si• of them are not willing to have have gone so far as to apply for tuation concerning the bilateral the names of their kin published. entry into the General Agree• relationship. "The Chinese government is ment on Tariffs and Trade "This will be conducive to im• obliged to respect their wishes," (GATT) on behalf of the so- proving and developing Sino- Yuan added. called "separate tariff territories French relations," Jin said. • Zhao Ziyang Still a Party Mem• ber. In response to a question Key Projects to Be Continued about the former general secre• tary of the Chinese Communist hina will continue the con• ing efficiency. Party, Zhao Ziyang, the spokes• struction of 580 large and The scale of China's overall man said that Zhao is still a C medium-sized projects this construction projects this year member of the Party. And his year while carrying out its na• will be kept within the scope of case remains an "intra-Party" tionwide austerity programme. last year. New construction pro• one. About 200 of these projects are jects allowed to start this year Zhao's case, he said, is under connected with energy. They in• include coal mines, electric pow• investigation. The results will be clude 90 electric power projects, er stations, communications fa• made public in a proper way 65 coal projects and 22 oil pro• cilities, chemical fertilizer plants upon the completion of the in• jects. The other 86 projects cover and projects connected with wat• vestigation. the fields of transport and com• er conservation, forestry, agri• He told the meeting that Zhao munications, postal services and culture and exports. and his family are living a nor• telecommunications. To ensure the smooth progress mal life as anybody else does in The continuity of these key of construction in key areas, the Beijing. construction projects is of great government put the money back significance in ensuring a bal• to where it was earned. For ex• Fang Lizhi Issue Calls for Joint anced growth of China's national ample, revenue from energy and Effort. Chinese Foreign Minis• economy in general and industri• communications will be used for try spokesman Jin Guihua told al and agricultural production in construction of key projects in the news conference that the set• particular. these two fields. This principle tlement of the sensitive Fang The country's general princi• will also apply to railway con• Lizhi issue requires efforts by ple governing capital construc• struction. both China and the United tion in 1990 can be summarized Meanwhile, the state will con• States. in four points — reducing the trol both the annual scale of in• When asked about the possibil• total number of new projects to vestment in capital construction ity that the Chinese government the minimum; readjusting con• and the general level of invest• might take a flexible attitude to• struction patterns; giving priori• ment in projects now under way. wards the issue after the martial ty to key state projects and rais- •

8 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 INTERNATIONAL Berlin Disagrees With Bonn's Plan by Luo Wen The West German people generally support Chancellor Helmut Kohl's 10-point plan for the gradual reunification of the two Germanics, but the German Democratic Republic officially criticizes the plan. he people of West Germany the GDR if Democratic Germany quicken the pace of disarmament have never stopped talking makes thorough political and eco• in Europe and seeks an integra• T about the subject of Ger• nomic reforms and holds its free tive European security system. man reunification since Germany elections this May. Kohl's plan explains West Ger• was split at the end of World II. With that in mind Kohl sug• many's basic interests and, at the And their enthusiasm for a single gests three steps towards the goal same time, removes worries from Germany soared to a new high at of a single Germany. The first is its allies that Bonn will act alone the end of last year when the si• to establish joint committees in in reuniting the two Germanics. tuation in the German Demo• such areas as the economy, com• At first, almost everyone in cratic Republic (GDR) changed munication, environmental pro• West Germany supported the quickly. tection, science and technology, plan. One poll indicated that 81 On November 9, the GDR gov• health and culture. The second percent of West Germans want• ernment announced that it was would be to set up a confeder• ed to help Democratic Germany opening the Berlin Wall and its ation of two sovereign German without conditions and 79 per• borders. Hundreds of thousands states, that is, to establish a joint cent favoured German unity. The of the GDR residents immediate• government committee to co• Christian Democratic Union, the ly poured into West Germany ordinate policy and some special Christian Social Union and the and West Berlin. On November joint committees as well as a com• Free Democratic Party support 28, Kohl announced in Bundestag mon parliament. The third is to Kohl's plan. The Social Demo• his 10-point plan. The proposals organize a central government. cratic Party of Germany, the ma• have caused strong repercussions Because the issue of German jor opposition party, which has in the two Germanics, thus be• reunification is sensitive to the long regarded reunification as a coming a central topic in both situation in Europe, the last five forbidden subject, has shown that countries' political arenas. points of the plan outline Bonn's it's inclined to agree with the Facing a situation where many position on integrating the two government, though it has found GDR citizens poured into West Germanics into the common Eu• some shortcomings in Kohl's Germany, Kohl's plan proposed ropean home while taking into ac• plan. The Green Party, which op• granting emergency humanitari• count its impact on East-West re• poses the reunification of the two an and medical assistance to De• lations. Germanics, has avoided criticiz• mocratic Germany. It also pro• The plan makes sure that Bonn ing Kohl's plan for the sake of the posed setting up an inter-German will not take unilateral action, ballot. The Republicans, an ultra- fund, which will help residents signalling that it respects the ter• right party, not only expressed of Democratic Germany pay for ritorial integrity and security of support for reunification, but also trips to the West beginning lanu- each European country; actively advocated the re-establishment of ary this year. In return, the GDR participates in building the Eu• the German Reich. should abolish visa restrictions ropean Community, thereby en• But even in West Germany, and the compulsory payments so couraging it to expand beyond the there have been different public far demanded from West Ger• Elbe to develop an over-all co• opinions about the issue of reuni• mans going to visit the GDR. operation in Europe; continues to fication. With the increase in im• Kohl's plan proposes an all- promote the process of the Con• migrant, housing and employ• round economic, scientific and ference on Security and Co• ment problems, enthusiasm for technological co-operation with operation in Europe; advocates to unity has declined.

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 9 INTERNATIONAL

ence and the lo;ig time North- South debt issue. In many cases, resolutions were passed in favour of the oppressed nations. Development and expansion of Third World's Role in the non-aligned movement in the 1980s showed that the role of the International Affairs third world in international polit• ical struggles was increasing. by Chen Jiabao The non-aligned movement, at its nine summit meetings and dur• ing many sessions of the UN Ge• ^he increasingly important tries from doing whatever they neral Assembly as well as other role played by the third please as they have done in the international conferences, for• T world in international af• past. warded many resolutions in fa• fairs was one of the most notable The UN agenda in the 1980s vour of the national security, in• developments of the 1980s. Third included discussions on the prob• dependence and economic devel• world countries participated in re• lems creating regional tensions, opment of third world countries, solving significant geopolitical is• such as those concerning Afghan• thereby fighting for justice as well sues, easing regional tensions and istan, Kampuchea, Lebanon, the as their interests and rights. actively opposing outside interfer• Arab-Israeli conflict, South Afri• for instance, at the recent 44th ence by the superpowers. In doing ca's apartheid policy, the Palesti• UN General Assembly some so they have defended world nian issue, Namibian independ• countries in the non-aligned peace. On January 5, 198S, 15 members of the United Nations Security Council ananimously adopt a Gone forever is the domination resolution demanding Israel stop deporting Palestinians from the occupied territories. of the world by the superpowers, therefore giving third world coun• tries more room to speak out about international affairs. At the United Nations, third world influence is increasing. In this influential international or• ganization with 159 members, third world representatives form an overwhelming majority. This majority is a strong force in main• taining peace and upholding jus• tice, thereby preventing the super• powers and hegemonistic coun-

In Democratic Germany reac• Conference. believe that a single German state tions to Kohl's plan are as strong He stressed that stable relations will break the balance of power in as in West Germany with citi• between the two nations represent Europe and that the task is to zens presenting contradictory op• the prerequisite for the security reform, not to reunify. Some re• inions. Democratic Germany's and stability of Europe as a formist groups are interested in ruling party and government •vho'e. He said his country is setting up a confederation. They have clearly rejected Kohl's greati> concerned about Kohl's oppose formal unity for fear of proposals. Democratic German suggest!.- 1 for setting up a con- being overcome by their econo• spokesman Wolfgang Meyer said federatic of the two Germanics, mic superpower neighbour and Kohl's plan runs against the cur• and he said that Democratic Ger• inheriting Western social ills. rent reality. He criticized the plan many intends to establish a con• Some newspapers have described for disregarding the sovereignty federation of two sovereign coun• the situation this way: "The Ger• and independence of the two Ger• tries. man Democratic Republic is manics as stipulated by the basic Newly-emerged parties in De• being annexed by Bonn and is resolution of German relations mocratic Germany also have becoming a source of cheap la• and the document of the Helsinki many opinions and ideas. Some bour for West German industry."

10 BEIJING REMEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1»90 INTERNATIONAL movement successfully drafted re• measures. Although these resolu• powers that seek regional hege• solutions regarding aid by the in• tions were opposed by a certain mony. Therefore, power politics ternational community to third superpower or by several devel• leading to injustice, aggression and interference will be thwarted. world countries hoping to im• oped countries, they were finally prove the social environment, Since the Soviet invasion of Af• passed with an overwhelming ma• enhance North-South dialogue ghanistan in 1979, the United Na• and coordinate drug-deterrence jority because they reflected the tions, urged by third world coun• wishes of the third tries, passed numerous resolutions On Febniaiy 17, 1989, Afghan gnenilla fighters hold a horse race in Peshawar in celebration of the Soviet troop withdrawal world countries. demanding an immediate pullout from their country. Because the non-of Soviet troops. aligned movement re• The non-aligned movement and flects the wishes of the the Organization of the Islamic developing countries Conference also passed similar re• on many international solutions supporting the Afghan issues, its membership people's struggle and the media• has grown to 102 in tion by the United Nations. Final• the 1980s from 25 in ly, an agreement was reached and the 1960s, when it the Soviet Union withdrew all its was founded. Now, it troops from Afghanistan in Fe• boasts two-thirds re• bruary 1989. presentation of all the After Viet Nam invaded Kam• countries and two-puchea in 1978, the United Na• fifths of the total po• tions with an overwhelming ma• pulation in the world. jority passed many resolutions Some developed coun• demanding Vietnamese troop tries, who in the past withdraw. paid little attention to In December, the United the non-aligned move• States invaded Panama, provok• ment, began to send ing strong condemnation from the observers to its sum• third world. The reaction from mit meetings in the Latin American countries was 1980s. particularly strong, with some na• Any third world tions recalling their ambassadors countries, even those from the United States and others that are weak or small offering material and humanitari• in size, now have the an aid to the Panamanian people. support of other third The UN Security Council held an world nations when emergency session to discuss the they have been invad• US invasion. ed by superpowers or What is worth mentioning is

Opposing opinions say that un• newspaper, three-quarters of the ereignty. Both East and West, ity is inevitable because the two city's population agreed on the especially West European coun• Germanics are actually one na• reunification of the two German• tries such as France, are worried tion with the same culture. Unity ics. However, other surveys indi• about a united Germany and are may narrow the gap in political, cated that 83 percent of the popu• keeping a close watch on the si• economic and cultural aspects be• lation of East Berlin wanted to tuation. As well, the concept of tween the two Germanics, they maintain the GDR's independ• the common European home has yet to be realized and people have say. They even support the pre• ence. no idea about when a new Euro• sent West German president, Ri• The issue of German reunifica• pean security system will be set chard von Weizsacker, to head a tion is complicated because it in• up to eliminate anxieties over united Germany. In recent rallies volves East-West relations, US- German neutrality and domina• and demonstrations in Leipzig, Soviet ties and many contradic• tion in Europe. Therefore, it Dresden, Carl Marx Stadt and tions and problems within Eu• might be practical to establish a other cities, ideas about a united rope. These elements make reu• German confederation, but it will Germany were generally contrad• nification a difficult task. De• take a long time to go from con• ictory. According to a Leipzig mocratic Germany wants its sOv- federation to a united state. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 11 INTERNATIONAL that some Western countries, backed by the United States, proposed a resolution on "free• dom of speech and peaceful as• sembly" during a UN special committee meeting ih Novem• ber 1989. The resolution, de• signed to interfere in the in• ternal affairs of third world countries, was strongly opposed by many third world countries. They proposed amendments to the resolution. The Western countries then attempted to kill the amendments through a vot• ing procedure, but only man• on March 14, 1989, Norodom Sihanouk (second from right) chairman oi the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea, Prime Minister Son Sann (third from right) and Khieu Sainphan (right) aged to look bad when the jointly hold a press conference in Beijing. They announce setting up a Supreme Defence Committee. amendments were confirmed XU ZHICHENG by a vote of 85 to 30. ty has helped nearly 20 Afri• solving the Kampuchean prob• Third world countries have can countries break from colon• lem; the Israeli expansionism with been serving as mediators more ial rule, develop national econom• superpower backing is still block• frequently. They have helped re• ies and maintain independence. ing independence for the Palesti• solve regional disputes by prev• Meanwhile, the Contadora nian people; Lebanon is still in enting interference by the super• Group, composed of Mexico, Pan• the throes of civil war; many un• powers. ama, Colombia and Venezuela, stable factors exist in southern In the 1980s, frequent disputes has made great efforts in easing Africa, especially the Pretoria re• arose among third world countries tensions in Central America. In gime's apartheid system; the because of old border and ethnic recent years Latin American lead• American invasion of Panama squabbles. In settling those dis• ers have consulted frequently on took place a mere two months af• putes, regional organizations set regional issues and called on the ter a failed coup attempt. up by third world countries superpowers to stop interfering in The world political situation re• played an active role through me• the internal affairs of Nicaragua mains unstable in some third diation. and El Salvador. world countries in Central Amer• The Arab League, consisting of Hindsight has revealed that ica, South America, the Middle more than 20 member states, met third world countries, which be• East, Africa and Asia. came politically mature in the often during the 1980s and did Difficulties facing the third 1980s, played an increasingly im• much towards mediating the Iran- world countries are particularly portant role in defusing world Iraq war. Working with the Unit• serious in economics. By the end tension and safeguarding world ed Nations, the league finally suc• of 1989, the developing countries peace. ceeded in bringing an end to the owed the developed countries US$ However, sources of world ten• decade-old Persian Gulf war. The 1.3 trillion. North-South debt ne• sion and turbulence still ex• Arab organization is continuing gotiations are now in stalemate. ist. The superpowers' arms to act as mediator in negotiations Meanwhile, more and more capi• race is still going on; hegemony towards a final settlement of dis• tal has flown out of third world and power politics are still caus• putes between the two countries. countries to developed countries. The Organization of African ing problems in third world coun• tries; regional conflicts continue; The general trend as the world Unity is also working towards set• and external interference and in• enters the 1990s is towards peace tlements in the Chad-Libya bor• ternal problems are an ever- and dialogue. But that doesn't der dispute and in other border present irritant in long-standing mean peace prevails throughout conflicts in Africa. It campaigned "hot-spots" in third world coun• the world. The arduous task of continuously at the United Na• tries. establishing a new international tions for the independence of Na• political and economic order lies mibia. As well, it continues the In Afghanistan, the civil war is ahead. And third world countries fight against apartheid in South growing fiercer after the Soviet will play an even greater role as Africa. troop withdrawal; in Kampuchea, they expand and strengthen their Since its establishment in 1963, war continues unabated because forces. • the Organization of African Uni• Viet Nam lacks sincerity in re•

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CHINA

An Important Sign of China^s Stability

n a televised speech, Premier and performed an immortal deed tremely important condition for Li Peng announced the lift• for the Party and the people. The defeating any enemy. I ing, as of January 11, of the great People's Liberation Army, As public order in Beijing has martial law imposed in parts of tested in a sharp, complicated eompletely returned to normal, Beijing. He also signed a State struggle of blood and fire, has the historical mission of martial Council order to the same effect. once again proved its worth as an law has been accomplished. With This is an important sign of Chi• army led by the Chinese Com• its lifting, we wish to extend our na's stability. munist Party, as a powerful pil• cordial regards to the martial law The political upheaval which lar of the people's democratic enforcement officers and sol• occurred in Beijing in late spring dictatorship and as an army diers. Comrades, you have and early summer last year of the Chinese people. Such a worked so hard. We thank you plunged the capital city into an• heroic army is the pride of from the bottom of our hearts archy. To stop the turmoil ef• our Party and the glory of the and will be grateful to you for• fectively, maintain public order, Chinese people; it is the good ever. protect people's lives and proper• fortune of the Chinese nation to The lifting of martial law does ty from infringement and ensure enjoy its protection. Without it, not necessarily mean that peace the normal operation of state or• the people would have nothing. will reign supreme throughout gans at the central level and With such a people's army, we the land. The reactionary forces of the Beijing municipal gov• can be sure of the nation's stabil• abroad will not give up their ernment, the State Council an• ity and of the people's ability to dream of subjugating our coun-. nounced, in accordance with Sec• lead a peaceful life. try, nor with the tiny number of tion 16, Article 89 of the Consti• The martial law enforcement people at home who stubbornly tution of the People's Republic troops of the People's Liberation cling to bourgeois liberalization of China, the imposition of mar• Army presented themselves to be resigned to their defeat. We tial law in parts of Beijing as of the residents of Beijing as an must not relax our vigilance just 10:00 hours, May 20, 1989. army of valour, civility and vic• because we have won a victory in Experience in the past seven tory. They were supported by the checking the turmoil and quell• months has proved that the order people of the capital. When Bei• ing the counter-revolutionary re• of the State Council was neces• jing was under martial law, there bellion or because martial law sary and correct. The imposition were many heart-stirring stories has been lifted. We should more of martial law, which promptly which demonstrated the army's thoroughly struggle against and effectively stopped the tur• love for the people, the people's bourgeois liberalization and edu• moil and the counter• warmth for the army, and the cate people in the need for such revolutionary rebellion in Bei• ways by which the army, the pol• work. We should effectively ed• jing, guaranteed both peace in ice and the people jointly main• ucate people in the ideas of pa• the capital and the safety of the tained public order. This great triotism, collectivism and social• People's Republic of China. It struggle to defend the Party, to ism. We must take prompt, will.be recorded as a brilliant defend socialism and to defend strong measures against any sa• chapter in the annals of the re• the basic interests of the people botage by hostile forces. Those public. further increased the army's who violate the law must be ser• While carrying out a historic prestige among the people and iously dealt with within the legal mission entrusted by the Party further cemented the ties be• process. and the state, the martial law tween the army and the people, Our country needs a stable en• enforcement troops of the Peo• ties as inseparable from each oth• vironment to concentrate its ef• ple's Liberation Army endured er as fish are from water. As the forts on socialist modernization. humiliation and hardships as saying goes, "So long as the army Without stability, society's fore• they confronted a critical situa• and the people are united as one, most requirement, nothing can tion. However, assisted by the no one imder heaven can con• be done. police, they did an excellent job quer them." Such unity is an ex• All people who love the mother-

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 13 CHINA Experts Look at the 1990s

aged and young writers and ar• Socialist Culture With tists have emerged and their works have given literature, film Chinese Characteristics and television a new, flourishing atmosphere. by He Jingzhi However, some erroneous trends, especially that of bour• ihe great success world, and through geois liberalization, have also ap• in China's liter• restoring things to or• peared and spread unchecked. T ature and art der and emancipation These trends were criticized since the Third Plen• of the mind, the Par• by comrades upholding correct ary Session of the ty's line on literature ideas, but, for various reasons, 11th Central Commit• and art has returned the criticism, with ups and tee of the Communist to normal. downs, failed to thoroughly solve Party of China can be The policy of serv• the problems. attributed to the Par• ing the people and The disturbance last spring and ty's correct line of serving socialism has summer, however, made it neces• "one focus and two been put forward and sary to strongly criticize and cor• basic points," a refer- the policy of "letting a rect the mistaken trend in the , , He linuhi. hundred flowers blos• hterary and art circles. Now, som and a hundred schools of while still carrying out the policy ence to the central thought contend" implemented. of reform and opening to the out• task of economic development As a result, the artistic workers side world, the tendency of bour• and adherence to the policy of who previously were oppressed geois liberalization has been, by reform and opening to the out• and persecuted have been exoner• and large, halted. side world and to the four cardi• ated. Some of their works, unjust• In reviewing the literary and nal principles. ly criticized before, are now re• art work of the last ten years, we Through criticism and elimina• cognized for their value to socie• should take note of the following tion of the destructive influence ty and many new works, done experiences and lessons: of the ultra-left line pushed by with youthful energy, have come First, the Third Plenary Ses• the "gang of four" in the artistic off the press. sion of the 11th Central Com• The author is the acting cultural min• In recent years, many middle- ister. mittee of the Chinese Commun- land and wish it strong and pros• vailing in China, the nation will At the same time, we should so• perous should defend the unity still face some difficulties. In licit their opinions and criticisms of our country and the stability view of.these difficulties, it is and learn about their thoughts of our society as they would pro• even more necessary for us to and demands in order to improve and strengthen our work. In this tect their own lives. They must strengthen unity and increase way we can forge closer ties with do nothing detrimental to unity our efforts. Leaders at various them. They are the source of our and stability. levels should go among the mass• strength. As long as our Party Serving the people is the fun• es, clearly explain the current si• maintains the closest possible damental principle of the tuation, policies and difficulties contact with the masses, we shall Chinese Communist Party; the and describe the methods neces• never be cowed by any enemy or Party does everything in the in• sary to overcome them. They difficulty, but shall, instead, be terests of the Chinese people. should encourage the masses to triumphant. Even with a stable political, eco• overcome difficulties and in• (Renmin Ribao editorial, nomic and social situation pre• crease their confidence to do so. January U, 1990)

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CHINA

ist Party eliminated the "leftisi," with the fate of the country. cialist civilization with advanced ossified and dogmatist influence China should, therefore, build culture and ideology, and recog• in the arts, while our adherence a socialist culture with Chinese nizes culture as an important to the emancipation of the mind characteristics, a culture with part of socialist civilization. and reform and opening to the both a national and revolution• Those of the literary and art outside world is unshakable. As ary identity. This objective is world have also recently summed the consistent stand of CJhina's complementary to and identical up both their positive and nega• Marxist literary and art workers, with the policy of reform and tive experiences. Most of them this principle will be firmly ad• opening to the outside world. love their motherland and their hered to and will not change even Third, just as we must trans• socialist cultural careers, and are when problems of another nature form and build our country, our willing to continue making con- occurred during this period of literature and art time. Although blind opposition should also be con• to everything foreign appeared as structive. While we a result of the influence of dog• preserve and car• matism and ossified thinking in ry on fine cultural the past, true Chinese Commun• traditions, we must ist Party members never act in do away with out• such manner. During the war dated thoughts and years in Yanan, for example, old cultural mores comrade Zhou Enlai tried every which have a nega• means possible to find pianos and tive impact. foreign books and musical re• During the last cords in the library of the Lu ten years, we have Xun Arts College for artistic been trying to workers. Also, during the 17 eliminate various years following liberation, a great dogmatic and ossi• many foreign writers and works fied things, as well by some representative figures of as the dross of feu• dalist culture. At Young Zhou Enlai, China's first drama to reflect the early youth of a modern Western art, were introd• proletarian leader,. was staged recently by Harbin Children's Art uced to China. the same time, as Theatre in Beijing,. Here the young Zhou Enlai is portrated with his In his Talks on the Yanan For• we use and assimi• fellow-students. W^NG ZHONG late the achievements of the um on Literature and Art, Mao tributions to the country. bourgeois culture, we should dis• Zedong specifically emphasized Only a few literary figures and the use of both past and current card its corrupt influences be• artists advocate bourgeois liber• foreign materials for reference. cause they hinder the nation's alization. The situation of some His proposal for "making the construction. Our goal is to do who have stayed abroad is com• past serve the present and foreign away with old ideas so that we plicated; some expressed under• things serve China" is a principle can build a new socialist culture standing as they got to know the which we should always uphold. with Chinese characteristics. truth here at home. It's clear, At the same time, however, we There is, however, a difference though, that many friends, in• must avoid the indiscriminate in• of opinion on how this is to be cluding overseas Chinese, have a sincere interest in China's cultur• troduction of art works with pos• accomplished. Some people think al endeavours. Generally, then, sible negative influence into our target should be feudalism the situation is favourable. China as China opens its door and "leftism" rather than the ne• wider to the outside world. gative bourgeois elements. The China's cultural undertaking, Second, China's reform and correct method, however, is that which has had both rich experi• opening to the outside world are we accept the good elements of ences and profound lessons, will not mindless actions. The goal of capitalism and reject the nega• certainly achieve new heights of reform is not to transform our tive. prosperity in the 1990s. The high socialist system into a capitalist Cultural developments depend spirits of writers and artists is demonstrated by the many newly one, for, without socialism, the on the nation's economy, but we emerged good works. With the Chinese nation would not be re• are in a much more advantageous new pride evident in Chinese so• juvenated, and China's cultural position than in the past. Our cialist culture, those who are con• undertaking would not thrive. Party has summarized its experi• cerned about China's cultural life This is because the fate of htera- ences and lessons from past mis• have good reason to feel satis• ture and art is closely connected takes; it now attaches great im• fied. • portance to the building of so•

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 15 CHINA technology development already take part, in some way, in econo• mic construction. Technical re• The Key to Modernization sults are increasingly commer• cialized, and various scientific —Science and Technology research and production con• glomerates have sprung up like by Song Jian mushrooms. Independent scien• tific research institutions operate t the start of the 1990s, it is under the director responsibility important that we review system and the contract respon• A the past in order to better sibility system. With expanded plan for the future. decision-making powers, these in• At the National Science Con• stitutions have become more dy• ference held in March 1978, namic and vigorous. Various ent• Comrade Deng Xiaoping, on be• ities which combine technology half of the Party Central Com• with industrial production and mittee, delivered an important trade have thus become an im• speech in which he expounded on portant link between science, Marxist philosophy. He stressed technology and the economy, that science and technology are provide new opportunities for the key productive forces of the four Song lian. XJNHUA circulation of talented people and modernizations, and that scien• and technological system, an im• tists and technicians are part of create an important condition the working class. His thinking, portant component of the na• for development of China's new, thus, laid the theoretical foun• tion's development, began after high-technology industry. dation for policies regarding the the Decisions of the CPC Cen• Over the past ten years, China country's scientific and technol• tral Committee on Reform of has made significant achieve• ogical work as it entered its new the Scientific and Technological ments in science and technology. period of reform and openjng to System was announced in 1985. By the end of 1988, the num• the outside world. The practice of Practice indicates, to date, the ber of professionals in natural the past ten years since the Third basic success of the reform. sciences reached 9.66 million, Plenary Session of the Uth Par• At present, the following si• twice as many as in 1979. Of this ty Central Committee has shown tuation has gradually emerged: group, 700,000 are senior experts that this thinking of his was ab• science and technology are being above the level of associate pro• solutely correct. oriented towards economic con• fessor and more than 3 million In 1982, the Party Central struction, society and the market. above the level of engineer. These Committee and the State Coun• Most institutions concerned with nearly 10 million people love cil announced the strategic pol• icy wherein economic construc• tion would rely on science and technology, and the work of science and technology would, in turn, be oriented towards econo• mic construction. In 1987, the 13th National Party Congress made this policy ever more spe• cific by noting that the develop• ment of science, technology and education would take priority, and that economic construction would rely on scientific and tech• nological progress in order to raise the quality of labourers. Reform of China's scientific

The author is minister of the State The scientists and technicians who have contributed to building the sute's synchronous radiation Science and Technology Commission. laboratory. fU ZHENXIN

16 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CHINA their motherland and are stead• technology. Conversely, at the are very limited, and so, only by fastly loyal to socialism and the present time, the main force a unified, focused plan and a con• people. They selflessly dedicate of science and technology must centration of available resources themselves to science, technolo• serve to build a strong economic can we achieve the desired re• gy, education, economics and a base. This policy conforms with sults. Given the present economic host of other endeavours. They the people's interests and is re• strength, any attempt of develop• have made great contributions to quired for scientific and technol• ing science and technology in an the prosperity of their country ogical development. For quite all-round way or letting-it-go at• and can be trusted and relied some time in the future, there• titude on the part of industrial upon by both the Party and peo• fore, we must firmly China's scientists snccessfolly developed a lOO-ton piece of ple. implement the poli• equipment (or synthetic oil experiments last year. Picture shws Without question, the vast cy of relying upon an oil sample is being collected. DONG RONGGUl number of scientific and technol• science and technol• ogical personnel who fill China's ogy for economic economic and social development growth. needs, and help to strengthen its In recent years. national defence, have achieved State Council depart• many high-level scientific and ments have laid down technological breakthroughs by and put into motion self-reliance and hard work. This various programmes is clearly evident in the more for economic and so• than 10,000 important scientific cial development by results achieved annually in re• relying on scientific cent years. and technological pro• Prospects for the 1990s make gress. These include us feel that today's achievements the programme for are not enough, that they are tackling difficult relatively minor compared with scientific and technol• contributions China can and ogical problems, the should make to mankind. There• spark programme, the fore, we must continue our ef• technical knowledge forts. Comrade Deng Xiaoping spreading pro• pointed out that science and tech• gramme, the bumper nology are productive forces, and harvest programme the most productive forces at (or brilliant achieve• that, and that science and tech• ment programme), the high-tech departments and local govern• nology could probably provide a research programme and the ments are unacceptable for the solution to many problems. His torch programme. All these pro• present and a long period to words are a great encouragement grammes were mapped out and come. Lack of a unified, focused to the scientific and technologi• implemented with China's pre• plan can only result in the weak• cal circles. So, in the 1990s, we sent situation, future possibilities ening of the momentum of Chi• should be all the more devoted to and international situation in na's economic construction and the development of science and mind. These and other scientif• of its scientific and technological technology and rely on them to ic and technological efforts con• progress. cope with the difficulties and ducted in each province, muni• Modern science and technolo• challenges we face in economic cipality and autonomous region gy possess a strong international construction. have greatly stimulated the en• character for every country and It is also true, nonetheless, that thusiasm of scientists and techni• nation has made some contribu• the country's economic strength cians, and played a positive role tions to their development one is the basis for the rapid develop• in economic construction. These way or the other. It follows, ment of modern science and tech• programmes will continue to be thereby, that any country which nology. From a long-term point implemented, enriched and up• wants to develop its scientific and of view, then, it's clear that only dated according to actual needs. technological undertaking rapid• by developing the economy can At the present primary stage of ly must establish close interna• we provide enough funds, man• socialism, however, the material tional contacts; it must exchange power and material resources for and financial resources offered information and form co• the development of science and by the government and society operative, yet challenging rela-

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 17 CHINA tionships. The policy of opening to the outside world formulated by the China's Foreign Trade Chinese government in the 1980s and the international environ• Steadily Developing ment resulting frorn it greatly promoted the development of by Zheng Tuobin China's scientific and technologi• cal undertakings. Recently, the rrihe 1980s, as reflected in the Chinese government reaffirmed I most recent figures, was a on several occasions that the period of rapid develop• ment for China's foreign trade. evening policy will not only re• By 1988, according to the Min• main unchanged but be expand• istry of Foreign Economic Rela• ed. Therefore, all research insti• tions and Trade, the total import tutions, colleges and universities and export volume had reached and large and medium-sized en• US$80.49 billion, 2.74 times high• terprises will continue to practise er than that of 1979. US$4G.64 this policy in their scientific and billion of this were exports, ac• technological exchanges with for• counting for 1.41 percent of the eign countries. This is of import• world's total, compared with 0.83 ance and far-reaching signific• percent in 1979. China's export Zheng Tuobin. LIU YUHUl ance for the exchange of know• volume now ranks the 16th in the part in multilateral economic and ledge, progress in scientific re• world, whereas it stood at number trade co-operation and, in return, search, attraction of new technol• 32 in 1979. The country's for• has received extremely beneficial ogies, renovation and transfor• eign trade continued to develop international technical assistance. mation of equipment, nurturing in 1989. By December 10, 1989, The 1990s will be vital to Chi• of talented people and the devel• out of some US$73,166 billion opment of new market opportun• na's socialist modernization. In worth of imports and exports, the coming decade, the nation ities. Any practice that violates US$39.68 billion were in exports, this policy is bound to result in will strive to realize its second a 6.9 percent increase over the strategic target of developing the self-suffocation. same period of 1988; an estimate national economy so that the cur• showed the total volume of im• Historical experience also tells rent GNP doubles and so the ports and exports in 1989 slightly us that even under conditions of Chinese people live a comfortable higher than in 1988. opening to the outside world, we life. By the end of the 1990s, Chi• cannot expect others to freely Between 1979 and October na's national economy is expected transfer high technologies to us. 1989, there were 20,735 foreign- to be greatly strengthened, and The development of modern funded enterprises throughout thus able to provide a more solid science and technology requires, the country approved by the material base for further opening first and above all, reliance on state, 8,000 of which have already to the outside world. the strength and wisdom of Chi• begun operations with US$14.7 The international situation, na's own scientists and techn• billion of funds already invested. though somewhat relaxed, is still icians. Only through our own Most of these have achieved good none too tranquil. The tendency economic efficiency with fruitful achievements can we be quali• to form regional economic group• results in technology import and fied to participate fully in in• ings in the world is ever more a take-off in technology export. ternational exchanges and co• evident and international econo• Also, China's overseas construc• operation. On this point, any im• mic competition more intense. practical illusion is detrimental tion projects and labour service have solidly entered the world With trade protectionism gaining to the nation's interest. ground and some Western coun• China expects to quadruple its market, and so the country has begun to earn profits from its for• tries placing "economic sanc• GNP by the end of this century. tions" against China, the devel• The burden is heavy and the road eign investment. Moreover, after readjustment, foreign-aid pro• opment of the country's foreign long, but our scientists and techn• trade could be adversely affected. icians, forever closely united grammes have developed healthi• ly; China now takes an active Some problems in the domes• with the people, will strive to ful• tic macro-economic environ• fil this mission invested by The author is minister of Foreign ment have also caused difficulties history. • Economic Relations and Trade. to the foreign trade area. It is not

BEIJING REVlftiV, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CHINA easy to keep a sus• Third, develop div• tained and stable ersified forms of for• growth in export trade eign economic co• while effectively car• operation. We will do rying out foreign eco• our utmost to open up nomic co-operation. markets, expand for• Despite this, we are eign contract projects sure that the current and labour services economic rectification and the deepening of and develop selected the reform will help overseas investment. bring about a stable We will continue to and co-ordinated de• provide economic and velopment in China's technical assistance to foreign economic ex• foreign countries, and change and trade. pay close attention to First, efforts will be improving the com• continued to maintain prehensive benefits of economic and techni• a stable growth in the The leader of a Chinese well driling team in Nigeria dicnsses a plan with a export trade in line Nigerian englneei. DUAN JIYONC cal aid to foreign with the requirement countries. China will for development of the national made to import foreign commod• also actively partici• economy. Also, based on interna• ities, continuing to keep a proper pate in multilateral economic and tional market needs we will more balance between imports and ex• trade co-operation, and solicit in• fully use China's advantages and ports. In line with the develop• ternational aid. Together with the favourable conditions created ment of the national economy, we other developing countries, China by the 1989 devaluation of the will readjust the compositions of will do its utmost to strengthen Renminbi against other foreign imports and exports and make South-South co-operation, and es• currencies to further improve the more efficient use of foreign cur• tablish a new world economic or• mix of exports and actively devel• rencies. der. op export-oriented industries and In the face of the emergence of products being strongly competi• Second, actively solicit foreign tive, and producing quick returns capital. We will actively seek regional economic groupings and and high efficiency. Efforts will loans provided by foreign govern• intensified international competi• be made to raise the export qual• ments and international financial tion, we must continue the open ity, properly arrange the supply organizations so long as they do policy on an all-round, plural• of commodities for domestic and not attach additional conditions istic, selective and efficiency- foreign markets, and expand in• on the country and are based on seeking basis, and bilateral, mul• ternational markets. Effective mutually beneficial co-operation. tilateral and regional economic measures will also be taken to rec• China focuses the use of foreign co-operation conducive to the de• tify the administration of foreign capital on attracting direct for• velopment of the economies of trade. These include resolutely eign investment. It will further various countries. We will contin• cleaning up foreign trade com• improve the investment climate ue to consolidate and develop the panies, bringing into full play the and, in accordance with the state economic co-operation with third main role of specialized central industrial policy, give proper world countries, strengthen eco• and local foreign trade firms and guidance to foreign investment. nomic exchanges with socialist industry-trade companies and es• The management of more joint countries, and continue to devel• tablishing mechanisms for effec• ventures and co-operative enter• op economic and trade relations tive macro-control over foreign prises will be encouraged on the with developed Western coun• trade as quickly as possible. At basis of renovating China's exist• tries. Additional effort will be the same time, we will conscien• ing enterprises. We will raise the made to develop the economic co• tiously follow the principle of efficiency of pur work and im• operation and trade relations be• "honouring signed contracts and prove services in order to help tween the mainland and Hong keeping promises," in order to foreign-funded enterprises solve Kong, Macao and Taiwan, the maintain China's good reputa• difficulties crop up in production tion. While expanding exports, and management and to increase aim of which will be to promote proper ~ arrangements will be foreign businessmen's confidence common prosperity and economic in investing in China. development. o

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 19 CHINA not been eliminated; the problem of an excessive amount of idle funds has not been resolved; and Finances Continue to Improve the society's overall demand still outstrips the overall supply. All by Li Guixian these problems have placed pres• sure on the central bank to issue banknotes and credit. With limit• ed source of funds, however, the ver the past year, in line bank is unlikely to balance cre• with the Party Central dit receipts and payments quick• O Committee and the State ly. The .country's financial si• Council's strategic deployment tuation, therefore, still remains measure for improving and recti• grim. The only way to thoroughly fying the economy and deepening solve these problems is to contin• the reform, the People's Bank ue to tighten the money supply, of China, the country's central actively promote the rectification bank, has adhered to the policy of the country's economic order of tight credit and control of the and deepen reform in line with issuance of money and loans, im• the strategy of the central author• provement of the credit struc• ities. This policy should not be ture, ensuring the supply of cre• li Gnixian XINHUA waved because of some localities' dit to key projects and reduction rectifying the economy and dee• complaint that they are short of of credit to ordinary projects. pening the reform and the policy funds. We should bear in mind The bank has put overall scale of tight credit are correct and the lessons of 1986 and 1987 in of various loans under the con• effective. trol of the plan approved by the which two austerity programmes state and, at last year's end, regis• Despite the many achieve• were given up halfway. The er• tered the lowest growth rate of ments, China's finances still faces ror of "relaxing control whenever money in circulation in recent some problems. The reduction of there are some complaints" years. In accordance with the investment scale in fixed assets should not be committed again. state industry policy, the bank and the control of the excessive 1990 is a year of crucial import• has improved the structure of growth of consumption funds are ance to the programme for im• credit and loan supply by giving still not up to the govern• proving and rectifying the coun• priority to large and medium- ment's plan; the existing indus• try's economic order and deepen• sized key enterprises, agricultur• trial structure is far from ration• ing the reform. Whether or not al production and the purchase of alized; the financial deficit has the issue of money and credit can farm produce, import and export trade and other key construction projects. After an inventory of warehouse stocks, the various lo• calities tapped their enormous amounts of idle funds and in• creased their savings deposits. In addition, the bank has further improved the management of foreign exchange and foreign debts, and tightened its own rules, management and service. To sum up, the nation's finan• cial and economic situation as a whole has gradually taken a fa• vourable turn. Practice has proved that the central authori• ties' principle of improving and

The Gaolan branch of the Indastrial and Commercial Bank of China in Lanzhon City has attracted The author is jDresident of the People's increased savings deposits by offering deposit "awards" and setting up permanent deposit service Bank of China. sutions in mral areas. LIU FAHU!

20 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CHINA

be strictly controlled, the credit development of energy, transport bank credit. structure reasonably readjusted and communications, raw mater• —Striving to tap fund poten• and funds used more effectively ials and other infrastructure pro• tial. Idle funds will be tapped have a close bearing on the sus• jects, the production of large through an inventory of ware• tained, steady and co-ordinated and medium-sized key enterpris• house stocks and clearing up of development of the national es, purchase of commodities for debts. economy. Hence, we should con• export, the state key construction —Promoting the reform of the tinue to carry out the govern• projects and the production of financial system. Rectification of ment's credit policy and practise commodities in great demand. financial institutions will be car• the following: Funds will be readjusted flexibly ried out in an active and steady —Strengthening financial on the premise of curtailing the manner to cut the losses of funds planning. The credit control res• overall supply; the existing con• to the state. Efforts will also be ponsibility system will be contin• tradictions eased and structure made to strengthen the manage• ment of the country's monetary improved through timely read• ued, the method of controlling market in order to constantly seasonal loans improved, and the justments of the credit policy improve and establish a healthy overall supply of money and cre• with an eye to promoting the monetary order. In addition, the dit strictly controlled. The cen• steady development of .the na• centralized management of fi• tral bank's administration of cre• tional economy. nance will be strengthened with dit and funds will be streng• —Strengthening the supervi• an eye to enhancing the cen• thened and its ability to make sion and management of enter• tral bank's ability of macro- timely readjustments increased. prises' own circulating funds and regulation and control. —Striving to readjust the cre• adopting measures to solve the —Strengthening the manage• dit structure. Primary import• problem of default of payment ment of foreign exchange and ance will be given to credit for between enterprises. foreign debt, increasing foreign agriculture. Measures will be —Continuing to increase sav• exchange earnings, and ensuring adopted which lend energetic ings deposits. Efforts will be repayment of capital and interest support to agricultural produc• made to strengthen the manage• to preserve the nation's reputa• tion and the purchase of farm ment of interest rates and im• tion. and sideline produce. Continuous prove services to attract more —Improving all basic oper• support will also be given to the savings deposits and maintain ations of the bank. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 21 CHINA

thening centralization in defence of the authority of the Party Resolutely Punishing Corruption Central Committee and the State Council. This will support the by Wei Jianxing implementation of the govern• ment decrees. Deepening the struggle against hina's supervis• " opinion applauds the corruption. The struggle against corruption is a matter of vital ing organs at work done by the importance to the reputation of C various levels, Ministry of Supervi• the Party and the government as following the princi• sion in the past two well as to the success of the ple of "all-round su• years. The year rectification and improvement. pervision for a clean 1990 is crucial for im• Therefore, the supervising de• government," concen• proving the economic partments will continue to focus trated their efforts on order and rectifying their attention on the struggle the fight against cor• the economic envi• against corruption and inves• ruption in 1989. This ronment and the task tigate and prosecute cases of includes such viola- confronting the su• abuse of power for money in• tions of the law and pervising organs at volving leading cadres, lead• discipline as corrup- w*"**™^* LiNFucAi various levels are ar• ing organs and even the law- tion, bribery, seeking personal duous. In the new year, while the enforcing departments. They will gains by use of power in hand, government continues its efforts also focus on cases of strong so• malfeasance and dereliction of to improve the economic order cial repercussion. Cases of ser• duty. Statistics show that in the and rectify the economic envi• ious impact to the whole nation, first ten months of 1989, the su• ronment in order to deepen re• a single region or a single depart• pervising organs received 168,700 form, the supervising depart• ment will be dealt with most sev• reports of suspected violations ments will carry out three major erely as a warning to others. This and subsequently goal also aims to restore the con• investigated and fidence of the broad masses of prosecuted 38,908 the people in the struggle against of them. Discipli• corruption. nary sanction was Building a clean government. In meted out to more this regard, the supervising de• than 23,700 people, partments can do a lot, but they including 1,200 will focus their efforts on super• cadres at the coun• vising implementation of the sti• ty head level and pulations concerning a clean gov• four at the provin• ernment which were issued by cial governor lev• the Party Central Committee el. Of these, some and the State Council. The work 2,700 accused of will start with problems that in• criminal behaviour volve leading cadres. In this re• were transferred China's supervising departments have received 168,700 reports of saspected violations of law and discipline. Drawn hy U SHIjIE gard, any action in violation of after investigation the said stipulations will be sev• to judicial departments for trial. tasks. erely dealt with, while those who Such action resulted in the re• Strengthening supervision over are honest in performing their trieval of some 340 million yuan law enforcement. During the duties will be honoured. This is and, moreover, reflected a strong rectification-improvement cam• expected to promote administra• defence of the dignity of law paign, existing economic in• tive institutions' advancement and discipline and the support terests will undergo some towards honesty and efficiency. of clean government. The gov• changes and the contradiction In sum, the task shouldered by ernment action is warmly wel• between the partial and local in• the supervising organs is honour• comed by the masses and public terests and general interests will able but arduous. Creativity is become sharper. Given this, su• needed to raise the work of su• The author is minister of Supervision. pervision will focus on streng• pervision to new levels. •

11 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CHINA

Focus of Procuratoiial Work in 1990 by Zhang Siqing n the past year, China's pro- infiltrated, corrupted, roped and curatorial organs at all levels attacked state functionaries. As I have actively fought against a social phenomenon and special corruption and bribery and parti• form of class struggle, graft and Zhang Siqing. cipated in the struggle to check bribery will exist for a long time turmoil and quell the anti- in the future. Therefore, in the corruption and bribery, it is also government rebellion; investigat• campaign against corruption and necessary to deal with criminal ed, arrested and prosecuted a bribery, the procuratorial organs cases of tax evasion and refusal number of serious offenders. Pro• this year will come to grip mainly to pay taxes, embezzlement of gress has been made in the inves• with the following fields of work: public funds and fraudulent tra• tigation and handling of cases • Conscientiously but firmly demarks. of those who infringed upon ci• deal with the cases of those Currently, there are still fac• tizens' democratic rights, person• who surrender and confess their tors affecting China's social or• al rights, and dereliction of du• crimes during the period of the der. The procuratorial organs ties, and in other fields of work. Circular on Criminals Guilty of should severely crack down on They have thus ensured political Graft, Bribery and Speculation serious criminal offenders, pers• stability and social order, prom• Who Must Surrender Themselves ist in the advance involvement oted economic development and Within a Specified Time Limit system regarding major criminal advanced construction of clean issued by the Supreme People's cases investigated by the public government. Court and the Supreme People's In 1990, we shall pay close at• Procuratorate in August 1989; tention to the following areas of • Take further steps to mobil• procuratorial work: the struggle ize the masses and activate the against graft and bribery, the offence reporting system. Special crackdown on felonious activ• attention will be paid to ini• ities, and promotion of other pro- tial investigation and informa• curatorial business. tion feedback; The Chinese Party and govern• • Enhance investigative aware• ment have always attached great ness and techniques, ensure pro• importance to resolute elimina• per handling of cases, and contin• tion of graft and bribery. The ue to focus on major, important majority of the Party and govern• cases. The chief procurator will ment employees are honest, law- take the lead in handling cases abiding and plain-living, a fact and, at the same time, a system to determined by the fundamental handle major, important cases at nature of our Party and govern• several levels of responsibility, Disse ^ting legal infonnatlon to the public. ment. However, we will not deny internal restrictive system will be LI SHljl that corruption does exist among set up; the building of the in• security organs, promptly and ac• our Party and government func• vestigative organizations streng• curately combat criminals and tionaries, and that graft and bri• thened; and the procuratorial or• strengthen the supervision of law. bery are very serious. At the gans' anti-corruption and anti- In close co-operation with the re• same time, we realize that, in- bribery functions intensified; levant departments, we should 'fluenced by the bourgeois liber• and pay close attention to areas where al ideas and the corrosive influ• • While handling cases, ad• social order is not well main• ence of corrupt ideology, hostile equately publicize and conduct tained. In large and medium- domestic and foreign forces have education on the legal system. sized cities, particularly com• The author is deputy chief procurator While devoting a major effort munications centres and coastal of the Supreme People's Procuratorate. to investigating cases involving open areas, we should deal with

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 23 CHINA specific cases according to local conditions and strike squarely, accurately and relentlessly at cri• minals, no matter where they flee, who have committed rob• An Open System: Ensniing bery, murder, rope and theft. It is necessary to continue the cam• Honest Government paign against prostitution, gam• bling, the production, traffic and by Our Staff Reporter Wu Naitao spread of pornographic publica• tions, the trafficking in women and children, the sale and abuse Governments at all levels throughout the country are in of drugs, the use of feudal super• the process of setting up a system to eliminate stition to defraud, and other por• corruption among their employees. One example is the nographic activities. Dongcheng District Government of Beijing. It is paying While paying close attention to close attention to departments in daily contact with the the above, the procuratorial or• public and have been harshly criticized because of gans at all levels should improve investigations of cases infringing corruption. A set of new binding mechanisms upon citizens' democratic and characterized by open government work systems and personal rights, and dereliction public supervision is being established. of duties; accept, investigate and deal with cases brought and on appeal by the citizens; and exer• ne day in October 1988, the permanent residence card. cise supervision over the supervi• Wen Quanyuan, a senior Wen was so indebted that he sory and reformatory organs so O editor of the Art Publish• wrote a letter of thanks to the as to promote the all-round pro- ing House, entered the house• local government. Actualily he curatorial work and fulfil lawful hold registration section of the needn't have done so. It is only obligations. Dongcheng district branch of the right and proper for government There are 160,000 procuratori• Beijing Public Security Bureau employees, in accordance with al staff and 10,000 bailiffs with a Ricoh brand camera and the stipulations of the state and throughout the country. This a video machine—gifts to the with normal procedures, to carry contingent of procuratorial staff, policeman who was in charge of out their duties without expect• on the whole, does the job well, permanent residence registration ing gifts. Should people express but there also exist some prob• in Beijing for Wen's wife. She thanks to the chef for cooking lems. Therefore, it is necessary to further strengthen ideological worked in another part of the banquet dishes or to the street and political work, heighten the country, had retired, and wanted cleaner for cleaning the street? theoretical level and ideological to apply for permanent residence The answer is, of course, no. consciousness of the procuratori• in the capital. Wen was already Nevertheless, it is true that the al staff and ensure the comple• impatient about the various pro• dishonesty of a few government tion of tasks. It is necessary to cedures but even more so when employees has left the improper enforce strict disciplines among he was told, "don't expect them impression on the public that the procuratorial staff and keep to do it for you for less than "nothing can be done without building an honest organization. 1,000 yuan." So, he bought the money." Sometimes, however, as Recently, the Supreme People's generous gifts. When he offered in Wen's case, people are sur• Procuratorate worked out and them, however, he was politely prised by normal, honest activ• published the disciplinary rules refused by the policeman and ity. for procuratorial staff. Through was told that so long as his wife's In order to do away with cor• the wide publicity, education, ex• situation was in accord with ruption among government em• amination and supervision, these government stipulations, there ployees, governments at all levels disciplines will be turned into the would be no. problem for her to have made an effort to put into conscious action of each public register in Beijing. After a while. place the system for clean gov• procurator so as to ensure an Wen returned to the public se• ernment in various parts of the honest staff of the procuratorial curity bureau and successfully country. The Dongcheng District organs and constantly enhance completed his wife's domicile ap• Government in Beijing has paid their combat effectiveness. • plication by paying five cents for special attention to those depart-

24 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CHINA menls that have close links with used by some for selfish ends. To channels. The district planning the public and those which have stem corruption, it is necessary bureau makes known its laws been harshly criticized for cor• to establish an effective and open and regulations on the planned ruption, and has tried to institute binding mechanism. management, procedures for ex• a set of new binding mechanisms The district's law enforcement amination and approval, the to prevent improper activities. departments have always been standard charges and adminis• Covering 25.38 square km and regarded by people as units "not trative supervisory rules. having a population of 641,000, to be trifled with." People are To sum up, the open system the area includes the city's busy unhappy with the bureau for in• involves, first, the laws and regu• Wangfujing Street, Tiananmen dustry and commerce because it lations and the decrees and poli• Square and the Beijing Railway is difficult to get the licenses, the cies of implementing public af• Station. With booming com• public security bureau because it fairs; and second, the procedures merce and service trades, the dai• is difficult to apply for residence for handling affairs, the internal ly floating population here is as permits, and the tax bureau be• structure of organizations, the cause of "tax of human relation• limits of functions and powers, high as 300,000. An investigation ship." If these departments make made by the district people's gov• tkar how they operate and place and the work procedure, names ernment in April 1988 showed themselves under the supervision and jobs of the law enforcement that the majority of the 8,300 law of the public, those who don't act personnel; third, the time limit enforcement officials acted fair• according to law or who take ad• for accepting and examining cas• ly and impartially according to vantage of their position to seek es; and fourth, the outcome of the law. They are charged with personal gains will be exposed any case. enforcing the laws and adminis• and denounced. To this end, the Since the open system of han• trative control of industry and nine law-enforcement depart• dling affairs is quite new, it has commerce, taxes, public securi• ments of the district have publi• attracted the public's attention, ty, pricing, measurement, public cized 130 rules and regulations. and become a hot topic among health, epidemic prevention, and A list of "ten prohibitions" for local residents. After reading the ten other matters of public con• the public security officers and newspaper, one resident of the cern. A small number, howev• 16 stipulations on handling per• Xicheng District made a special er, acted improperly by accept• manent residence registrations trip to the Dongcheng district ing dinner invitations and gifts. are pasted on the wall of public security bureau to copy Some of them took graft, accept• the Dongcheng public security the stipulations on registering for ed bribes and abused their power branch bureau. The tax bureau a permanent residence. Before, for personal ends, actions which publicizes the tax policy, the he said, the regulations had been defamed the reputation of the management system of tax col• locked in a cabinet. People did government and aroused public lection, the fines and punish• not know how to handle even the indignation. The district people's ments for illegal activity, work simplest of matters and had to government believed that the discipline rules and supervisory ask others for help. Nowadays, clean and honest government though, the clauses are pasted should not only deal with in• on the wall and people can dividual cases of corruption, find out in a glance what to but also plug the loopholes do. This not only promotes the with better laws and more dis• impartial handling of affairs cipline. but is conducive to efficient work. According to a public The Open System of opinion poll, after the open Handling Affairs system of handling affairs was One reason, the Dongcheng begun, 12.5 percent of those District Government believes polled believed that govern• that corruption is hard to ment departments had great• check, is that government ly increased efficiency while power is too mysterious and 61.2 percent believed that sealed off from the public. Be• work efficiency had increased cause the public doesn't un• somewhat. According to sta• derstand how the government tistics by the self-employed la- system works, loopholes are NO gifts to law enforcement officials. ZHANG juN bourcrs management section

BlilJINC REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 25 CHINA of the district bureau for indus• get a box of them; and while promote public supervision, the try and commerce, some 170 li• testing soft drinks, a whole car• bureau has made known not only censes were handled in July ton of them would disappear. the result of typical cases, but 1988. After the implementation The sample supply units could also cases of manageinent per• of the open system, the section not refuse to "pay tribute" to the sonnel who have violated the law processed 194 licenses in the first epidemic prevention personnel, and regulations. For instance, half of August and, moreover, because if they were offended no Wang Juchuan, a managerial all were completed within the hygiene certificate of food quali• staff of industry and commerce, specified time. "Formerly," the ty could be obtained. To halt this took advantage of his power head of the section said, "the activity, the epidemic prevention and sought benefits from a self- length of time for handling licen• station has clearly set forth the employed household. He was re• ses was unclear; there was no number of personnel and the ported to relevant authorities. supervision nor restriction on the quantity of the foodstuff to be Judged guilty, he was adminis• process. The industrial and com• used for samples. It has also tratively disciplined at a meeting mercial office could be dilatory stipulated that the laboratory attended by all the bureau's staff in carrying out their task, as technician cannot take any sam• along with representatives from could our office. The procedures ples home and that those who do the individual workers' associa• for some licenses could take as the work cannot do the testing as tion. long as six months. Now, the well. The number of people tak• in the past, some people had to time for handling licenses is ing samples has thus dropped feast and f)resent gifts to under• known to the public. If the appli• from 20 to two since the new takers in order to get services. cant, after completing formali• stipuations were implemented. Today, however, such attempts ties, cannot get the license within of bribery won't work. two weeks, he or she can report it In order to check the hapha• to the supervisory official or to zard imposition of fines, the in• Open Social Supervision the offence reporting station. If dustrial and commercial bureau the person who is in charge of the of the district has made a series With a lack of open social su• work does not have a justifiable of explicit stipulations. For inst• pervision, it is hard to guarantee reason for the delay, he or she ance, when a fine exceeding 20 a clean and honest government. will be criticized or punished." yuan is imposed on a self- The Dongcheng District, howev• employed catering merchant for er, has implemented open, social Guarding Against the Abuse a violation of regulations, the supervision through "Offence re• of Power case must be recorded and re• porting." The offence reporting ported to the head of the indus• station of the district govern• The arbitrary refusal to handle trial and commercial office ment was set up in July 1988 affairs without gratuities at the for his signature and approval. when the district government grass-roots units of the govern• When a self-operating catering formulated the "Provisional Re• ment and among law enforce• household is ordered to stop gulations of Reporting Govern• ment officials is an abuse of doing business, a form dealing ment Work Personnel Who Com• power. The district government, with such cases put out by the mit the Crime of Graft, Bribery, therefore, has demanded that all district industrial and commer• Abuse of Power and Blackmail" units at the lower level work out cial bureau must be filled out. and instituted strict hearing pro• measures to curb any activity of The Dongcheng Industrial and cedures. It has allowed the public this sort. Commercial Bureau is "in charge to enter the arena of supervision In the past, for example, when of 6,200 self-employed labourers, and take part in legal proceed• some health workers of the 5,300 state and collective enter• ings. The effect has frightened district's epidemic prevention prises and 38 open markets.lt those who neglect their duties. Li bureau took a foodstuff sample deals with people who violate Zhongyou, an official of the dis• for laboratory testing, it was an management rules and with trict government, said that while opportunity to eat and drink those who engage in speculation handling affairs, law enforce• without payment. Even if only and profiteering. In 1988, it han• ment personnel now sense tens of one person was needed to take dled more than 10,000 such cas• hundreds of eyes fixed on them. the sample, seven or eight people es, with fines ranging from sev• In order to help his brother- would go. While testing a roast eral to tens of thousands yuan. in-law to engage in trade. Nan chicken, it was common that ev• According to Lu Wei, director Rongbao, head of the industrial eryone took one home; while of the Dongcheng Industrial and and commercial office, bor• testing pastry, everyone would Commercial Bureau, in order to rowed 12,500 yuan from a self-

26 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CHINA employed labourer who operated in the area under his jurisdic• tion, and by doing so, violaicd ZhejiangTaps Export Potential the stipulations of professional discipline which state that indus• hejiang Light Industrial metics. trial and commercial cadres are Products Import and Ex• The corporation's overseas mar• not allowed to raise money from Z port Corp. (ZLIPIEC) ex• ket has expanded from one or two those who are under their man• ported US$72.49 million worth of locations to nearly 100 countries agement. A resp' nsible member light industrial goods in 1989, an and regions, including the United of the local individual workers' increase of 7.8' times States, Canada, the Fed• association found out about over 1980. eral Republic of Ger• many, Britain, France, Nan's action and reported his According to He Italy, Brazil, Argentina, offence to the higher authorities. Shoulin, general mana• ger of the corporation, Japan, Southeast Asian The accusation proved to be true countries. Hong Kong, after an investigation by relevant ZLIPIEC, like other foreign trade companies Macao, Libya and Gui• authorities. Nan was administra• nea. Its exports to the tively disciplined and ordered to in Zhejiang Province, could not handle import American and West Eu• return the money within a set ropean markets make and export businesses H^S^„„U„ time period. independently before « o n. up 40 percent of its total Since its founding this past 1980 because of the old manage• export value. year, the offence reporting sta• ment system. All the province's Located in China's southeast tion has received 683 reports of foreign trade businesses were then coast, Zhejiang has a complete ar• offences involving 523 govern• centrally managed by Shanghai's ray of industrial branches with a ment functionaries. Cases in• foreign trade companies. Since solid technical force and strong volving graft, bribes and abuse China introduced the policy of production capacity. It particular• ly excels in processing light in• of power accounted for 14.5 per• opening to the outside world and enlivening the domestic economy dustrial products, the output and cent, squandering and wasting in 1979, however, the country's quality of which have gone up public funds made up 43.3 per• foreign trade management system year by year. In recent years, the cent, cases involving bureaucra• has undergone a drastic reform. province's light industrial depart• cy and a dilatory style of work The result has been an expansion ment has imported a batch of adv• accounted for 15.1 percent, and of the autonomy of the foreign anced equipment, raw materials other assorted cases made up the trade companies in some prov• and technology, and has created remainder. Some 57 percent of inces. Zhejiang Province is includ• conditions for the expansion of lo• the cases have been handled and ed and so ZLIPIEC can trade cal exports. Products much fa• closed; 13 percent of the cases directly with overseas clients. voured by overseas clients in• have been transferred to judicial Following the motto of "quality clude S.T.-brand festival decora• organs, and the other cases and cUents first," the corporation tion lamp set. Gold Gate padlocks, are under investigation. The has endeavoured to develop new Cow Head pocket knives, West Dongcheng District Government products and new varieties and Lake scissors. Tun Huang- and Flower-brand playing cards. Dou• also invited nine noted public fi• quickly increased its volume of ex• port. In 1981, the corporation's ex• ble Sail footwear. Snow Peak- and gures to set up a supervisory port value rose to US$23.74 mil• Sea Lion-brand badminton shuttle Committee to supervise the in• lion against US$9.29 million in cocks and Flying Leave bicycles. vestigation, handling and closing 1980. It then rose annually, reach• To promote trade and meet the of all cases reported by the ing US$35,93 million in 1985, needs of the international market. public. US$48.22 million in 1986 and Manager He said his corporation Li Runwu, former head of the US$59.21 million in 1987. is willing to develop new products, Dongcheng District, said, "The The corporation now exports varieties and designs jointly with construction of the honest and several hundred kinds of products, overseas businesses and will at• clean government can begin with including everyday articles, hard• tach particular importance to co• the open system of handling af• ware for daily use, shoes, gloves, operative projects involving the fairs. It should be based on re• leather products, stationery, sport processing of imported materials, production of goods with the form, however, and we should facilities, souvenirs, toys, paper brand designated by overseas further explore and perfect products, household electrical ap• pliances, building materials, plas• clients, compensatory trade and new mechanisms to restrict any tics, clocks and watches, and cos• joint ventures. • emerging signs of corruption." •

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 27 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS

Rural Firms to Face Period of Austerity

ZHONGGUO RIBAO The country's rural firms en• crease in state revenue was made (China DaUy) ^ tered their heyday in the early by rural companies. elebrations for the New 1980s when thousands of labour• The paper said wherever the Year and for Spring Festi• ers were freed from the land, rural firms are well developed, val in late January, two of thanks to the responsibility sys• the educational standard is high• Cthe most important Chinese hol• tem introduced into farming that er and cultural activities are idays, are expected to draw plen• greatly improved work effi• flourishing. More investment is ty of money out of consumers' ciency. channeled into farming and me• pockets, but rural firms are chanization and the society is urged to hold onto more public Achievement more stable because more people funds during their annual year- have jobs and the per-capita in• end distribution in order to alle• This surplus labour force come is higher. viate the severe lack of capital could not enter cities which had Problems, however, have that might jeopardize their oper• yet to find a way to solve their cropped up along with the rapid ations next year. own unemployment problems. development of the rural firms. Agriculture Minister He Kang Faced with a shortage of funds, The dependence of a large num• appealed to township enterprises the State hardly spent any ber of them on banks for circu• to rely on their own funds to money to create jobs for lating funds have made them too compensate for the reduction of them. However, through self- fragile to stand much outside in• bank loans and also to raise ef• accumulated capital and bank fluence. There have been reports ficiency, practise thrift and cut loans, they set up industrial of low efficiency, poor manage• unnecessary capital construction firms, transportation companies ment and serious pollution in during the austerity period that and tertiary services, many of many enterprises. Some have is to continue next year. which have thrived during the been found producing inferior In east China's Jiangsu Prov• past decade. and shoddy goods and too many ince, where rural firms have In 1988, rural firms employed have been set up in the process• been the most prosperous since 95 million people, a quarter ing industry in areas where the the early 1980s, the provincial of the rural labour force, and raw materials, energy and elec• Party committee and the govern• turned out 650 billion yuan tricity they need are not abun• ment are telling enterprises to ac• (US$138 billion) of products, dant. cumulate capital from individual nearly 60 percent of the gross Since the central authorities employees' pay rather than pin• agricultural production value, decided to halt new credits to ning their hopes on the banks. Farmers' Daily reported. rural firms under the auster• Faced with a tighter market of Township industries generat• ity programme, the once heated raw materials, energy and elec• ed 27.6 percent of the country's growth of rural enterprises start• tricity, and affected by the coun• gross value of industrial output ed to cool down. The growth was try's financial policy, rural enter• and US$8 billion in exports. Rur• over one-third for consecutive prises are expected to slow down al firms alone produced half of years between 1985 to 1988, but their growth rate and production the garments the country sold this year it is expected to be ar• for exports in 1990. abroad. People's Daily reported. ound 10 percent, according to A large number of township During the past decade, the reports in Farmers' Daily and enterprises are expected to go paper said, township enterprises Science and Technology Daily. bankrupt or shift to processing turned in 114.5 billion yuan of More than 3 million compan• farm products, become accesso• taxes to the state, devoted 16.3 ies have been shut down, merged ries for state-run urban firms, billion yuan to farming and an• with others or shifted to other produce raw materials, energy other 68.4 billion yuan to rur• businesses in 1989 and 8 million and other products based on lo• al development. From 1985 to employees had to return to land, cal resources, as the state hopes. 1988, over half of the net in• which does not seem to need that

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS much labour. The weakening domestic mar• ket, the rising prices of raw ma• Changes in Chinese-Made Garments terials, energy and electricity, JINWAN BAO in October 1988, the ideas set and a fear among many firms of (The Evening News) forth in the book Nature of Gar• policy changes and government hanges are evident in the fa• ments by Chinese designers was interference are also factors in shion world. brought to foreign scholars' atten• the present slump. 1. Clothing styles have tion. The situation is expected to C 4. Major design changes have been changing day by day and the continue into 1990 when, though consumers' desire to keep up with taken place. Traditional design still on the increase, the growth the latest fashion is clearly evi• idea which said the more compli• of rural industry and tertiary dent in China's clothing market. cated the newer, the more garish trade will be even slower than According to a 1988 survey con• the more beautiful and the more this year due to the tightening ducted in Beijing, 61 percent of simple the more singular have credit. the young and 25 percent of given way to a simple but novel, The country's insufficient cul• the middle-aged were particular and an elegant but practical prod• tivated land compared with the about the style of clothing they uct series. A new generation size of its labour force will have purchased. They seek fashion and of famous designers will soon to absorb some returning work• style which pronounce a specific emerge. ers whose enterprises close down. 5. Science and technology ma• character and function. terial research has begun to take The government is trying to 2. Chinese-made garments are root in China. China has es• reassure the public and create entering the international market. tablished a clothing research and jobs for farmers while encourag• China's 1988 garment export val• design centre and 105 clothing re• ing intensive farming and build• ue amounted to US$4 billion, a search institutes throughout the ing irrigation projects. So far, volume reflected by the various country, the establishment of these measures appear to be ef• industrial clothing delegations which forms a scientific research fective. There have been reports sent to participate in world- network for garment design and of higher efficiency, better man• famous garment fairs, at which production. agement and increased farm graceful Chinese models showed 6. Within textile industry, the yield. off the latest in Chinese-made clothing industry is the most adv• Yet 1990 will be a tougher year garments. anced and development research when the surplus rural labour 3. No longer is China lacking a for clothing design is now the fo• force find it difficult to set up "school of fashion design." At the cus of current efforts in the in• new firms or find jobs in the First Beijing International Dis• dustry. existing companies and some re• cussion on Basic Clothing Design turned workers from bankrupt (No. 1792) enterprises discover that the lim• ited farming plots of their fami• lies do not need them. Bao Youti, a researcher at the State Planning Committee, pred• icted that the exports produced by rural firms will slow down next year because the state-run exporting companies do not have enough money to purchase their products. He said the growth of rural enterprises in central and west China will, for the first time, ov• ertake that of firms in the coas• tal areas, which lack natural re• sources, but he predicted there will still be a large gap between the better developed east and the backward west. (December 29, 1989)

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 29 BUSINESS/TRADE

satellite launching market, China port corporation, Zheng is confi- ; China to Launch is continuing to develop carrier dent of the corporation's future. | US-Made Satellites rocket technology and to expand At the same time, he complained capacity in order to meet foreign that the too many export chan- i arly this year, the Asian Sa• needs. • nels have made the price of trad• tellite No. 1, manufactured itional products, such as wol- I Eby the American Hughes fram, stibium and rare-earth me• Aircraft Company for the Nonferrous Metals tals, fall from time to time and ; Asian Satellite Telecommunica• Trade Talks thus affected foreign currency in• tions Corp. Ltd., will be launched come for the state. by China's Long March-III Rock• rwihe China Nonferrous Me- It is said that the Ministry of et from the Xichang Satellite • tals Import & Export Corp. Foreign Economic Relations and Launching Centre. It will be pos• will hold trade talks in Trade will take strict measures to itioned in orbit above the South• control the licensing of exports east Asian equator. Hong Kong this February. At the talks all large and medium-sized of nonferrous metals in large This satellite was used aboard enterprises of the China Non- amount, action which is expected the American space shuttle in ferrous Metals Import & Export to help increase prices. 1984, but could not be placed in Corp. will promote export of The integration of copper in• orbit because of the rocket trou• their products. Some products al• dustry which was organized last ble. ready enjoy a position in the in• year played a significant role in . Also, sometime in 1992, China ternational markets. guaranteeing the quality of ex• will launch two communication General Manager Zheng Rug- port products and scheduled de• satellites for the Australian Tele• livery of goods. It is hoped that communications Co. Aussat. ui said the annual import and export volume of his corporation similar organizations for other The China Great Wall Indus• trades will also be established. try Corp., the Asian Satellite Te• increased at an average rate of 63 Fei Ziwen, general manager of lecommunication Corp. Ltd. and percent from 1984 to 1988. How• the China National Nonferrous the American Hughes Aircraft ever, it encountered unprecedent• Co. signed contracts to launch ed difficulties last year. The price Metals Industrial Corp., said re• US-made satellites on January hikes of raw materials in the cently at the annual corporation 23, 1989 and October 31, 1988. domestic market, the lack of meeting that in 1989 the output The Chinese and US govern• funds and the price slump in the of China's ten most used nonfer• ments reached three agreements international market affected ex• rous metals (aluminium, copper, on the launching of US made sa• ports. The annual export volume lead, zinc, nickel, tin, stibium, tellites aboard Chinese rockets. last year amounted to US$450 mercury, magnesium and titan• After the Chinese government million, compared with US$520 ium) surpassed 2.1 million tons, put down the Beijing riots in million in 1988. Zheng said that representing a 4 percent increase June 1989, however, the US gov• imports are a little better off than over last year. Of these, alumi• ernment banned export to China exports. The import of alumina, nium made up 750,000 tons and of three Hughes aircraft satel- for example, has been complete- copper 540,000 tons, representing Utes, two for Aussat and one for don schedule. The turnover of respective increases of 4.4 per• the Hong Kong-based consor• the corporation's branches in the cent and 4.7 percent. Fei said that tium Asiasat, which were to be United States, Japan, Federal in the process of improving and launched on the Long March Germany, Canada and Hong rectifying the economy and dee• Rockets. Kong and other countries and pening the reform, the govern• On December 19, the US gov• regions reached US$600 million ment supports the development ernment approved the export of last year, the best since the esta• of raw material industry and is the three satellites to China. blishment of the overseas adopting effective measures for Thus, the main obstacle to China branches. the development of state-owned Great Wall Industry Corpora• Zheng said China's placement large and medium-sized enter• tion's fulfilment of the contracts of priority on natural resources prises which produce raw mater• was cleared away. and the need for economic de• ials (including nonferrous me• Preparations for the launch• velopment have determined the tals). It is expected that in 1994 ing of the sateUites with China's large amount of imported and ex• the output of the ten most used Long March Rockets are report• ported nonferrous metals. As the nonferrous metals will reach 3 edly on schedule. In addition, general manager of the largest million tons. facing sharp competition in the nonferrous metals import and ex• by Han Baocheng

30 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 BUSINESS/TRADE

creasing respectively at an aver• Tanzania-Zambia Railway age annual rate of 28.7 and 37.8 percent compared with the third Continues to Make a Profit co-operation period when China he Tanzania-Zambia Rail• railway was in dire financial did not participate in manage• ment. The total net profit was way, once running in the straits. 221 million Tanzania shillings T red, is taking a turn for the To help Tanzania and Zambia better. Statistics show that during (about US$12 million). Locomo• improve the situation, beginning the fiscal year from July 1988 to tives and railway lines were also June 1989, the railway's freight with the fourth technical co• upgraded, and the number of ac• volume reached 1.4 million tons operation period (July 1983-June cidents reduced. and passengers hit 1.6 million; Beginning with the transportation income was 4.3 fifth period of co• billion Tanzanian shillings, a net operation (July profit of 1.29 billion shillings 1986-June 1989), si• which represented increases over tuation continued to the previous year. turn for the better. The 1,860-kilometre Tanzania- The annual freight Zambia Railway is the largest volume was over 1 project China has constructed in million tons. The to• Africa. During three previous tal net profit reached technical co-operation periods 2 billion Tanzanian since the railway was built and shillings (about turned over in July 1976, the vol• US$25 million). ume of goods and number of pas• The technical co• sengers transported decreased be• Fait of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway at the Zambia border. operation protocol for cause China only paid attention 1986), Chinese experts provided the sixth period (July 1989-June to technical guidance and did not technical guidance and manage• 1999) among China, Tanzania get involved in business manage• and Zambia was signed last July. ment assistance in nine areas In addition to continuing to par• ment. In addition, both Tanza• such as transportation, locomo• nia and Zambia lacked manager• ticipate in technological and tive, materials and goods, plan• management co-operation, China ial experience. During the seven ning and finance. The arduous will provide special loans for re• years of operation, the total loss effort resulted in the total freight serve tracks, spare parts and per• amounted to 900 million Tanza• volume reaching 3.06 million sonnel training. nian shillings, ensuring that the tons, passengers 3.5 million, in- by Li Wanming

veloping countries with the per- cians, foreign students in China News in Brief capita income of less than at state expense, trainees invited • Barber Conable, the gover• US$400 annually. with the approval of different de• nor of the World Bank (WB), an• partments of the State Council, nounced at a press conference • The State Administration of provinces, autonomous regions, held recently in Washington Foreign Exchange Control an• municipalities and cities with in• D.C., that his bank plans to prov• nounced the use of "purchasing dependent planning power. It can ide China with US$2.3 billion payment certificate" instead of also be used by employees work• worth of interest-free loans. The the "preferential certificate for ing in China whose countries two sides are currently negotiat• waiving foreign exchange certifi• signed payment agreements with ing the details. cate" issued in April 1980. All China, representatives living in He said that his bank suspend• foreign experts and students who China from the United Nations, ed loans to China in June last possess certificates of its kind the Asian Development Bank and year and hoped to restore the pro• may use Renminbi (RMB) to pay. other international organizations, gramme as soon as possible. The for labour, buy train, ship and and people who provide China WB issues loans of this kind every plane tickets and purchase com• with technology services, and three years. Borrowing countries modities in the Friendship Store, those who receive wages in Ren• needn't pay interests, only a 0.75 other shops and service centres minbi according to concerned percent service charge under a re• assigned for foreign guests. The provisions. payment term of 35 to 40 years. certificates are intended for for• Validity of the certificate is one The loan is mainly aimed at de- eign experts, teachers, techni- year. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 31 CULTURE / SCIENCE t a time when most young people show a blind enthu• siasm for modern art, it Atakes special courage for an artist to proclaim his works as realistic. One such artist is Xu Yanzhou, whose paintings were recently displayed at the China Art Gal• lery in Beijing. Xu, now aged 28, began his The Charm career as an artist ten years ago. Since 1980, his oil paintings have been exhibited both at home and Of abroad, drawing the attention of the artistic community. The Bei• jing exhibition focused on his most recent artistic experiments Realistic Paintings and explorations. The works on display revealed Xu's persistent and daring spirit. Through a detailed depiction of country landscapes, he succeeded in extolling the simplicity and tranquillity of country life. The Spring Equinox is named alter the fourth internal of the Chinese calender. Xu graduated from the Shan• dong Arts Academy in 1983. He entered the Central Academy of Fine Arts in 1987 to continue his studies under such masters as Jin Shangyi and Wen Lipeng. There he explored oil painting tech• niques and Western realism, gradually forming his own style. Though he lives in the city, he still cherishes a special affection for the countryside and the farm• ers on the banks of the Huanghe (Yellow) River. Every year he makes several trips to the coun• tryside to sketch and collect ma• terials. Through his depiction of the honest farmers and their envi• ronment, he shows his consider• ation for human life and his awareness of the significance of nature. This is clearly demon• strated in a series of paintings named after the 24 Jieqi, the div• isions of the solar year in the traditional Chinese calendar. The series shows country girls wearing simple clothes in scenes with seasonal characteristics. Such a combination of realis• tic depiction and philosophical thinking is one of the most re-

32 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 CULTURE / SCIENCE Removing Aorta Tumours n November 1989, the Shanghai ZhongsHan I Hospital succeeded in re• moving an aorta tumour in the upper right part of the stomach of 75-year-old Lin Decheng, a retired medical worker in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Three weeks later, Lin was dis• charged from hospital. From January to Novem• ber 1989, the Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital has suc• ceeded in removing such tumours from thirteen pa• tients. The stomach aorta tumour seriously endangers patients' lives. If the tumour is not removed immediately, it ex• pands step by step and finally breaks, resulting in a massive hemorrhage and quick death. The removal is extremely dif• ficult, however, and can easi• ly cause massive hemorrhage after an operation. Xn Yanzhon's painting, Emiy Spring Awakens the Worms. The removal of stomach markable characteristics of con• praised Xu's works when he said, aorta tumour was first suc• temporary Chinese oil painting. "One of his most valuable char• cessfully done abroad during Chinese oil painting has a acteristics is that he has never the 1950s. Ten years later, the solid tradition. In the 1980s, real• forgotten he is a modern man, a Shanghai Zhongshan Hospi• istic oil paintings by artists such modern Chinese." tal also did the operation and as Luc Zhongli and Chen Yifei Xu's oil works began to take on achieved good results. Over began to cause a stir in Chi• a strong country flavour when he the past nearly 30 years, na's art circles. In 1987 realis• was still a student. After grad• Chinese hospitals have car• tic paintings in the Exhibition ried out 200 removals, 110 of of Contemporary Chinese Oil uation he further perfected his which were at the Shanghai Paintings held in the United technique and endeavoured to Zhongshan Hospital. States, which included Xu's present the inner reality of the According to statistics works, received high praise. contemporary Chinese people. In from the Shanghai Zhong• Talking about his works, Xu doing so, he had surpassed the shan Hospital, after opera• said, "I intend to present my un• mere recreational pursuit of col• tion, the five-year survival derstanding of the age through our and image. He pours all of rate is 73.37 percent and ten- country subjects which, to my his sincerity into his work and is year survival rate 67.94 per• eyes, have the strongest Chinese able to employ philosophy in the cent; in foreign countries, characteristics." creation of his art. He has made they are respectively 57 per• Wen Lipeng, head of the De• remarkable progress in a short cent and 38 percent. partment of Oil Painting at the period. • Central Academy of Fine Arts, by Wei Liming

BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 33 CULTURE / SCIENCE

ty also has some records regard• ing Lijian. In The History of the Five Liang Dynasties, a history The First Romans in China book recording the feuGansu finally solved this historical mys• against Lijian in the South Province, set up during the reign tery. Through a study of The Mountains and was defeated. A of Emperor Yuan Di of Western History of the Han Dynasty: The geography book of th© Eastern Han Dynasty (76-33 BC), was Biography of Chen Tang by Ban Han Dynasty says, "Local people used for Roman prisoners of war. Gu (32-92), they discovered that call the ancestors of the Roman The discovery has not only in 36 BC, more than 40,000 offi• prisoners-of-war Lijian, Lijian is solved the historical mystery of cers and men led by Gan Yan- pronounced Liqian in the local the whereabouts of a 6,000-man shou, the Han viceroy of the dialect." So, during the Sui Dy• army defeated by Persians, but is Western Regions (a Han Dynas• nasty (581-618), the name of Li• also of significant value to the ty term for the area west of Yu- jian was changed to Liqian. Af• study of Sino-foreign relations. menguan, including the area of ter the Tang Dynasty (618-907), In Ancient times, China called Xinjiang and parts of Central Lijian people launched three Rome either "Daqin" or "Liji• Asia), and his assistant Chen uprisings in the Gansu Corri• an." The Records of the Histori• Tang, sent a punitive expedition dor. During the Qing Dynasty an said, "there is Lijian to the against King Zhi Zhi and fought (1644-1911), Tao Baolian, an as• north of Anxi" (in today's north• a fierce battle in Zhizhi City (to• sistant to Xinjiang viceroy Zuo eastern Iran). day's Soviet city of Dzambul). Zongtang, made a note about Li• In 54 BC, seven army divisions Chen Tang and his troops saw jian town in his writings. of over 40,000 men under the strange troops using a defence of Scholars have found the command of Marcus Licinius round shields in a fish-scale for• Chinese and foreign historical Crassus, a wealthy slave owner mation and of wood city walls materials tally with their on-site outside the earthen city walls. and mihtary chieftain in Rome, investigations. During the Xin This defence was used at that attacked Anxi and was defeated Dynasty, established by Wang time only by Roman troops. Af• in a major campaign by Persians Mang (45 BC-23 AD) between ter studying this historical ma• in the second year. His eldest son the Western and Eastern Han led 6,000 soldiers, remnants of terial, Chinese and foreign scho• lars believe that the strange sol• Dynasties, the name of Lijian the No.l Group Army, to break was changed into Jielu because through the encircling Persians. diers were the remnants of the these two words were similar in After many difficulties, they Roman troops who had disap• pronunciations. In The Times fled to Kangju (today's Karakh peared years before. Han troops Atlas of World History published Soviet Socialist Republic), which won the battle of Zhizhi. They in the United States in 1979, the was then under the rule of captured 45 and called for the Xiongnu King Zhi Zhi, and be• surrender of more than 1,000, location is called Jielu. Scholars came a vassal troop of the Xiong• most of whom were Lijian peo• have also studied several ancient nu. From that time on, this part ple. The government of the West• town ruins concerning Lijian. of the Roman army disappeared ern Han Dynasty then set up a Relics were gathered from the from Western historical records, Lijian town within the boundar• sites of ancient towns established leaving no trace of their wherea• ies of Yongchang, Gansu Prov• since the Western Han Dynasty bouts. ince especially for holding the (206 BC-24 AD) in the Gansu group of Roman prisoners. Corridor. They note that after In early 1989, Guan Yiquan, a Lijian people settled down in specialist in Central Asian histo• Scholars have also found that the Gansu Corridor, they inter• ry of the Northwest Institute for many Chinese historical books married with local people. Where Nationalities, Chen Zhengyi, a have a record of Lijian. For inst• are their descendants after more scholar in Soviet history of the ance. The History of the Western than 2,000 years of develop• Lanzhou University, an Austri• Regions says, "Another name for an expert and a Soviet expert Daqin is Lijian." The History of ment? It's an interesting question both of whom work in Lanzhou Western Rang of the Wei Dynas• waiting for a final answer. •

34 BEIJING REVIEW, JANUARY 22-28, 1990 ART PAQE

I.

A Sculpture of Myself.

A Woman of Miao Nationality.

Sculptures by Wu Tianbao

Wu Tianbao, born in Chongqing, Sichuan Province in 1939, now teaches at the Art Department of the Porcelain Institute of Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province. His works involve a wide range of themes and a variety of techniques. Wu pays close attention to the characteristics of porcelain and pottery and has specialized in porcelain sculptures. Mis works elicit an array of sensations from viewers.

A Girl.

African Lion. ST-Bra airy Ughte

ights can lighten your mood, with simple but elegant

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