DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 4: Improve Coal Quality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 4: Improve Coal Quality 4. Improve Coal Quality 4. Improve Coal Quality1 1. Profile specifying coal quality in purchasing contracts, even if higher quality coal is more expensive. Even before the ower plant boilers are designed to accommodate establishment of environmental requirements for coal a range of types of coal but, within this quality, operators of coal-fired power plants voluntarily range, variations in coal properties can affect established standards and specifications for the fuel they performance and efficiency. A boiler designed to purchased so they would be able to effectively operate their Pburn a high rank bituminous coal is going to perform quite boilers and minimize the amount of time the boilers had differently if lower rank sub-bituminous coal is introduced, to be taken off-line for maintenance. Boilers are typically and properties such as high ash or sulfur content can designed and constructed based on a specification coal or impair not only the thermal performance of the boiler, but range of specification coals that the purchaser intends to also associated duct work and virtually all boiler auxiliary use as its fuel, such as that secured for a long-term purchase systems, including sootblowing, forced and induced agreement with a given mine or group of mines. Once a draft systems, steam temperature control, bottom and fly boiler is constructed and in operation, owner/operators will ash removal, pulverizers, and primary air, secondary air, typically continue to specify fuel coals to be compatible burners, and combustion controls.2 Air permit conditions with the design characteristics of their boiler and boiler for new or modified boilers specify fuel type and quality, auxiliaries and any associated regulatory requirements. and require fuel sampling in order to bind the range of Alternatively, the owners/operators may make the decision potential emissions that are associated with variations to purchase off-spec fuels that they can live with to provide in these parameters. Off-design fuels can affect boiler an economic advantage, assuming there are no regulatory performance and efficiency. requirements that influence those decisions. Higher ash content in coal affects every piece of plant Some coal processing may be required for an as-mined equipment that handles and processes coal, such as coal to meet the specifications of purchasers.3 To maintain conveyors, pulverizers, crushers, storage, and so forth. The coal quality within specified ranges and meet boiler increased load on this equipment also increases auxiliary performance objectives, coals with different properties can power consumption; that is, the quantity of plant-site be blended, either by the coal producer or at a power plant. energy needed simply to operate the plant, which reduces Another option for meeting coal quality specifications the quantity of electricity that can be transmitted for sale, is through “beneficiation.” Coal beneficiation is the thus increasing the plant’s operating costs and decreasing industry’s term for any of several processes and treatments its profit potential. that improve coal quality. The most common of these Plant operators understand that there are benefits from beneficiation processes is “coal washing.” 1 Adapted from James, C., & Gerhard, J. (2013, February). the Alstom boiler specification sheet available at: http://www. International Best Practices Regarding Coal Quality. Montpelier, alstom.com/Global/Power/Resources/Documents/Brochures/ VT: The Regulatory Assistance Project. Available at: www. pulverised-coal-boiler-tower-type-boilers.pdf. raponline.org/document/download/id/6438 3 The Virginia Center for Coal and Energy Research. (2009). 2 The trend toward increased use of Powder River Basin coals, Meeting Projected Coal Production Demands in the USA: Upstream even in the Eastern United States, has led to newer boilers Issues, Challenges, and Strategies. Prepared for the National being designed to operate within broader ranges of fuel types Commission on Energy Policy. Chapter 4 (Coal Preparation). and quality. Tangentially fired boilers can also accommodate Available at: http://www.energy.vt.edu/ncepstudy/outline/ a broader range of fuel types and quality. See, for example, Coal_Production_Demands_Chapter4.pdf. 4-1 Implementing EPA’s Clean Power Plan: A Menu of Options Beneficiation results in a variety of improvements to maximum fifty five per cent passing one quarter inch power plant operations that directly affect the profitability square wire cloth sieve to be determined basis the of a coal plant, its emissions and ability to meet primary cutter of the mechanical sampling system environmental requirements, and its ability to avoid future (A.S.T.M. D4749)5” [sic] economic risks. In particular, coal washing can dramatically reduce the sulfur and ash content of coal, resulting in Under these kinds of contractual arrangements, quality a significant reduction in air emissions, a reduction in standards are enforced by the parties to the contract, auxiliary power demand, and a number of other co- with recourse to the appropriate judicial body in cases of benefits. disputes over performance.6 2. Regulatory Backdrop 3. State and Local Implementation Experiences Coal quality standards are typically implemented through state or local construction and operating permits Coal specifications were utilized for the design of water and via language in procurement contracts. tube boilers in the mid to late 1800s and were in place There are several ways in which quality control for some of the early steam electric stations that were requirements can be specified in a permit. For example, in operation prior to 1900. More than a hundred years the source’s operating permit may specify a maximum ash ago, the United States government adopted coal quality content and a maximum sulfur content for coal burned in specifications for the coal it purchases.7 In the years since, a boiler. These conditions are typically enforced through quality specifications have become an industry norm and sampling, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements. essentially all purchasers of coal, including those who Although air permit limitations are important for use it to generate electricity, have experience with such regulatory purposes, contractual arrangements between the specifications. seller of the coal and the purchaser are the primary means Coal beneficiation has been a common practice for by which commercial quality control is established. One meeting coal quality specifications across the United example of contractual standards for coal quality comes States. However, coal beneficiation is most economical and from the New York Mercantile Exchange. Under standard beneficial today when applied to fuel that will be burned in New York Mercantile Exchange rules, there are a number a pulverized boiler. Less coal washing occurs in the United of coal quality specifications; for example, the following are States today than in the 1980s and 1990s owing to: specifications for Central Appalachian Coal: • increased use of fluidized bed boilers; Coal delivered under this contract shall meet the • increased availability of coal from the Powder River following quality specifications on an as-received basis [as- Basin; Powder River Basin coal has a relatively low received does not refer to subsections (6) and (7)]: ash content of five to six percent, is also lower in 1. BTU4: Minimum 12,000 BTU/lb, gross calorific sulfur than Appalachian coal, and is mined almost value, with an analysis tolerance of 250 btu/lb below exclusively through longwall or opentop extraction, (A.S.T.M. D1989) 2. Ash: Maximum 13.50%, with no analysis tolerance 4 A BTU is the amount of heat required to increase the (A.S.T.M. D3174 or D5142) (3) Sulfur: Maximum temperature of a pint of water (which weighs exactly 16 1.00%, with an analysis tolerance of 0.050% above ounces) by one degree Fahrenheit. (A.S.T.M. D4239) 5 CME Group. (2012). NYMEX Rulebook: Chapter 260 – 3. Moisture: Maximum 10.00%, with no analysis Central Appalachian Coal Futures. Available at: http://www. tolerance (A.S.T.M. D3302 or D5142) cmegroup.com/rulebook/NYMEX/2/260.pdf. 4. Volatile Matter: Minimum 30.00%, with no analysis 6 Contracts generally specify the method of resolving conflicts, tolerance (A.S.T.M. D5142 or D3175) as well as the adjudicatory body and jurisdiction. 5. Grindability: Minimum 41 Hardgrove Index (HGI) 7 Pope, G. (1910). Purchase of Coal by the Government under with three-point analysis tolerance below (A.S.T.M. Specifications: with Analyses for Coal Delivered in the Fiscal Year D409) 1908-09. Government Printing Office. Available at: http:// 6. Sizing: “Three inches topsize, nominal, with pubs.usgs.gov/bul/0428/report.pdf. 4-2 4. Improve Coal Quality which optimizes the amount of coal that can be 10,000 BTU per kilowatt hour (kWh), burning bituminous removed per unit of labor; coal. Their results indicate that a heat rate improvement to • increased coal prices – boilers (including pulverized 9890 BTU/kWh, that is, a one-percent increase in boiler coal boilers) were designed and/or modified with efficiency, can be achieved through coal washing.8 Each more flexibility to operate acceptably with the lower one-percent increase in boiler thermal efficiency can in turn 9 quality, less expensive coals; and decrease CO2 emissions by two to three percent. These • utilization of new or improved emissions controls that results will vary depending on the specific fuel combusted; allowed the use of lower quality/lower cost coals while plants burning lower quality coals are likely to have still meeting air emissions requirements. more potential to improve thermal efficiency.10 The Asian Thus, it is often possible for coal quality specifications to Development Bank (ADB) conducted an extensive survey of be met without requiring any coal beneficiation techniques. the Indian coal industry in the 1990s and found that for each Air pollution regulators in virtually all states will be 10-percent reduction in ash content, thermal efficiency can familiar with the practice of limiting the sulfur and ash be improved by up to six percent, with an average of one to content of coal in power plant operating permits.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Petrographic and Vitrinite Reflectance Analyses of a Suite of High Volatile Bituminous Coal Samples from the United States and Venezuela
    Petrographic and vitrinite reflectance analyses of a suite of high volatile bituminous coal samples from the United States and Venezuela Open-File Report 2008-1230 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Dirk A. Kempthorne, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Suggested citation: Hackley, P.C., Kolak, J.J., 2008, Petrographic and vitrinite reflectance analyses of a suite of high volatile bituminous coal samples from the United States and Venezuela: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008-1230, 36 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1230. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. ii Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................1 Methods ..............................................................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Middle School - Round 14A
    MIDDLE SCHOOL - ROUND 14A TOSS-UP 1) Earth and Space – Short Answer What is the term for sediment with a particle size less than 2 microns? ANSWER: CLAY BONUS 1) Earth and Space – Multiple Choice Which of the following correctly describes the typical progression from dead organic matter to coal? W) Peat, lignite, bituminous [bih-TOOM-in-us], anthracite [AN-thrah-site] X) Lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite Y) Lignite, bituminous, peat, anthracite Z) Peat, bituminous, anthracite, lignite ANSWER: W) PEAT, LIGNITE, BITUMINOUS, AND ANTHRACITE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 2) Physical Science – Short Answer Chlorine has an atomic mass of 35.45. Given that chlorine has two naturally-occurring isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37, then, to the nearest whole number, what percentage of chlorine atoms have a mass number of 35.45? ANSWER: ZERO BONUS 2) Physical Science – Short Answer To the nearest gram, what is the mass of two moles of carbon dioxide? ANSWER: 88 Middle School - Round 14A Page 1 TOSS-UP 3) Math – Short Answer What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line with equation 7x – 4y = –28? ANSWER: –4/7 BONUS 3) Math – Short Answer A fence is built along the perimeter of a 200-foot-by-300-foot rectangular field. Posts are placed at the four corners and every 5 feet thereafter. How many posts are required? ANSWER: 200 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ TOSS-UP 4) Life Science – Short Answer In eukaryotes [YOO-care-ee-oats], DNA and histones are organized into what structures? ANSWER: CHROMOSOMES BONUS 4) Life Science – Short Answer What type of microscopy [my-CRAW-scah-pee] involves the use of a laser, photomultiplier detector, and a pinhole that ensures elimination of out-of-plane light emitted by the sample? ANSWER: CONFOCAL Middle School - Round 14A Page 2 TOSS-UP 5) Energy – Short Answer Researchers at the Joint BioEnergy Institute are studying ionic liquids as a solvent to break down cellulose before biofuel production.
    [Show full text]
  • Putting Clean Tech on a Path to Subsidy Independence
    APRIL 2012 BE YOND BOOM & BUST PUTTING CLEAN TECH ON A PATH TO SUBSIDY INDEPENDENCE Jesse Jenkins, Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute Mark Muro, Senior Fellow, Metropolitan Policy Program, Brookings Institution Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, Cofounders, Breakthrough Institute Letha Tawney, Senior Associate, World Resources Institute Alex Trembath, Policy Associate, Breakthrough Institute APRIL 2012 BE YOND BOOM & BUST PUTTING CLEAN TECH ON A PATH TO SUBSIDY INDEPENDENCE Jesse Jenkins, Director of Energy and Climate Policy, Breakthrough Institute Mark Muro, Senior Fellow, Metropolitan Policy Program, Brookings Institution Ted Nordhaus and Michael Shellenberger, Cofounders, Breakthrough Institute Letha Tawney, Senior Associate, World Resources Institute Alex Trembath, Policy Associate, Breakthrough Institute INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS LISTED FOR IDENTIFICATION PURPOSES ONLY APRIL 2012 CONTENTS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY g CONTENTS f 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4 Key Recommendations for a New Era of Clean Energy Policy 8g Key Recommendations for a New Era of Clean Energy Policy 8 PART 1: FROM CLEAN TECH BOOM TO FEDERAL SPENDING BUST 1g2 PART 1: FROM CLEAN TECH BOOM TO FEDERAL SPENDING BUST Methodology 1g5 12 Methodology 15 Analysis of Federal Clean Tech Spending, 2009 to 2014 1g6 Analysis of Federal Clean Tech Spending, 2009 to 2014 16 The Federal Clean Tech Funding Cliff 1g9 The Federal Clean Tech Funding Cliff 19 What’s Left After 2014? 2g2 What’s Left After 2014? 22 PART 2: CLEAN TECH MARKET IMPACTS 2g3 PART 2: Wind
    [Show full text]
  • Anthracite Coal 13
    Rock and Mineral 10-Specimen Kit Companion Book Presented by This mineral kit was also made possible through the generosity of the mining companies who supplied the minerals. If you have any questions or comments about this kit please contact the SME Pittsburgh Section Chair at www.smepittsburgh.org. For more information about mining, visit the following web site: www.smepittsburgh.org BSA’s www.scouting.org - search “Mining in Society” SME’s www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/ Updated July 2016 © SME Pittsburgh Section The SME Pittsburgh Section thanks the companies, mines, and individuals who provided mineral samples and donated time or services that made these mineral kits possible. Alpha Natural Resources, Inc. CONSOL Energy, Inc. Coolspring Stone Supply John T. Boyd Company Morton Salt Murray Energy Corporation Newmont Mining Corporation Reed Gold Mine (State of North Carolina) Steelhead Specialty Minerals United States Gypsum Company US Steel Corporation United Taconite (Cliffs Natural Resources, Inc.) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 MINERAL IDENTIFICATION 5 FUELS 10 Bituminous Coal 12 Anthracite Coal 13 BASE METAL ORES 14 Iron Ore 15 Copper Ore 16 PRECIOUS METALS 17 Gold Ore 18 ROCKS AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS 19 Gypsum 21 Limestone 22 Marble 23 Salt 24 Zeolite 25 Note: many of the images reproduced here are from Wikipedia which allows non commercial use or from the Minerals Education Coalition web site http://www.mineralseducationcoalition.org/minerals. INTRODUCTION The effect rocks and minerals have on our daily lives is not always obvious, but this book will help explain how essential they really are. If you don’t think you come in contact with minerals every day, think about these facts below and see if you change your mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal Characteristics
    CCTR Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research COAL CHARACTERISTICS CCTR Basic Facts File # 8 Brian H. Bowen, Marty W. Irwin The Energy Center at Discovery Park Purdue University CCTR, Potter Center, 500 Central Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022 http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/ Email: [email protected] October 2008 1 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL FORMATION As geological processes apply pressure to peat over time, it is transformed successively into different types of coal Source: Kentucky Geological Survey http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/peatcoal.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm&h=354&w=579&sz= 20&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=NavOy9_5HD07pM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=134&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcoal%2Bphotos%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX 2 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR COAL ANALYSIS Elemental analysis of coal gives empirical formulas such as: C137H97O9NS for Bituminous Coal C240H90O4NS for high-grade Anthracite Coal is divided into 4 ranks: (1) Anthracite (2) Bituminous (3) Sub-bituminous (4) Lignite Source: http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=4929705428518&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE8 3 Indiana Center for Coal Technology Research CCTR BITUMINOUS COAL Bituminous Coal: Great pressure results in the creation of bituminous, or “soft” coal. This is the type most commonly used for electric power generation in the U.S. It has a higher heating value than either lignite or sub-bituminous, but less than that of anthracite. Bituminous coal
    [Show full text]
  • MANUFACTURING AGENDA a National Blueprint for Clean Technology Manufacturing Leadership and Industrial Transformation CONTENTS
    MANUFACTURING AGENDA A National Blueprint for Clean Technology Manufacturing Leadership and Industrial Transformation CONTENTS Executive Summary 2 Overarching Objectives 4 MANUFACTURING AGENDA 6 PILLAR 1: Invest at Scale in a New Generation of American Manufacturing 6 PILLAR 2: Innovate to Transform Industry 11 PILLAR 3: Responsibly Mine, Reclaim, and Recycle Critical Materials 14 PILLAR 4: Use Public Investment Wisely to Build a Strong, Clean, Fair Manufacturing Economy Across America 16 PILLAR 5: Change the Rules to Build a Clean Economy that Works for All 20 Glossary of Key Concepts and Terms 23 Endnotes iii Cover photo by: Sam VarnHagen, courtesy of Ford Motor Company EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The U.S. can once again lead the world in manufacturing the technologies and products of the future. As an integral part of an aggressive strategy to address the climate emergency head on—and in line with achieving net zero emissions economy-wide by 2050—we have the opportunity to modernize and transform our industrial base to make it the cleanest and most advanced in the world, while spurring the creation of a new generation of good, safe jobs manufacturing clean technology. This industrial transformation can bring dynamic industries back to communities that have been left behind by deindustrialization and under-investment, and provide a starting point for broadly shared growth and prosperity. Last year, the BlueGreen Alliance—alongside our labor central role in the balance of U.S. imports and exports— and environmental partners—released Solidarity for and the jobs that go with them. Manufacturing also Climate Action, an ambitious, concrete platform to has the proven ability to provide pathways into the address the crises of climate change and economic and middle class for millions of workers and families, and to racial inequality simultaneously.1 support millions of high-skill, high-wage jobs.
    [Show full text]
  • Fostering Clean Technology Innovation
    The GEF UNIDO Global Cleantech Programme for SMEs Fostering Clean Technology Innovation in Emerging and Developing Countries “We are creating an innovative, global program supporting small- and medium- sized enterprises by leveraging the Cleantech Open’s global platform with UNIDO’s international network and resources.” — Dr. Naoko Ishii, CEO and Chairperson, Global Environment Facility EntrEprEnEurial innovation is thE answEr to our most prEssing EnvironmEntal problEms, and thE kEy to Economic growth • Innovators are developing ingenious solutions to major challenges in energy generation, distribution and storage, air and water pollution, waste management, new forms of transport and construction techniques. • Entrepreneurship thrives in countries where there’s minimal red tape, strong rule of law, ready access to venture capital, and a vibrant support network for entrepreneurs. • Almost all net new jobs are created by growing small businesses. storage, air and water pollution, waste management, new forms of transport and construction techniques. gEF, unido and clEantEch opEn bring PROVEn EXpEriEncE • UNIDO and the Cleantech Open, with the support of the GEF, have joined forces to launch cleantech platforms and competitions in developing and emerging countries, based on the Cleantech Open’s proven accelerator model originally created in Silicon Valley. • UNIDO has been supporting SME’s in developing countries for over 20 years. • The Cleantech Open runs the world’s largest cleantech accelerator, supporting innovators and entrepreneurs through extensive training, mentoring, showcases and access to capital: • Over 720 startups have completed this process in the United States alone • Over 40% of reporting alumni companies have now raised capital totalling over $800M, creating thousands of jobs • Participating countries will have access to the UNIDO’s in-country resources and to the Cleantech Open’s events, training, materials and an online global platform connecting entrepreneurs to a global network of mentors, investors and experts.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Low-Carbon Transport Through the GEF
    Advancing Sustainable Low-Carbon Transport Through the GEF A STAP Advisory Document Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel, administered by UNEP, advises the Global Environmental Facility Advancing Sustainable Low-Carbon Transport Through the GEF A STAP Advisory Document Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel, administered by UNEP, advises the Global Environmental Facility Advancing Sustainable Low-Carbon Transport Through the GEF Prepared on behalf of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) by: Holger Dalkmann (Transport Research Laboratory) and Cornie Huizenga (Partnership on Sustainable, Low Carbon Transport)* Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Lev Neretin of the Secretariat of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel of the GEF for the guidance provided in the drafting of the Advisory Document. The Document benefited greatly from the comments and suggestions received from the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, the United Nations Development Program, the United Nations Environment Program, as well as the GEF Secretariat. A draft of the document was also circulated for comments to selected members of the Partnership for Sustainable Low Carbon Transport and comments were received from Axel Friedrich; Heather Allen (International Organization for Public transport); Andrea Lobo and Hilda Martinez (Center for Sustainable Transport Mexico); Sophie Punte (Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center); Sanjivi Sundar (The Energy and Resources Center); Eric Zusman (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies). Please use the following reference for this publication: GEF-STAP (2010). Advancing Sustainable Low-Carbon Transport Through the GEF, A STAP advisory document by Holger Dalkmann and Cornie Huizenga.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Energy Solutions and Clean Technologies in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
    Sustainable Energy Solutions and Clean Technologies in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT Copyright © UNIDO 2018. All rights reserved. This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the state reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of firm names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. The opinions, statistical data and estimates contained in signed articles are the responsibility of the author(s) and should not necessarily be considered as reflecting the views or bearing the endorsement of UNIDO. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information herein, neither UNIDO nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of this material. This document may be freely quoted or reprinted but acknowledgement is requested. For reference and citation, please use: UNIDO (2018). Sustainable Energy Solutions and Clean Technologies in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia. Fresner, J., Krenn, C., Schoening, S. A report of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, Austria.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Fundamental Difference Between Coal Rank and Coal Type
    International Journal of Coal Geology 118 (2013) 58–87 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Coal Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijcoalgeo Review article On the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type Jennifer M.K. O'Keefe a,⁎, Achim Bechtel b,KimonChristanisc, Shifeng Dai d, William A. DiMichele e, Cortland F. Eble f,JoanS.Esterleg, Maria Mastalerz h,AnneL.Raymondi, Bruno V. Valentim j,NicolaJ.Wagnerk, Colin R. Ward l, James C. Hower m a Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY 40351, USA b Department of Applied Geosciences and Geophysics, Montan Universität, Leoben, Austria c Department of Geology, University of Patras, 265.04 Rio-Patras, Greece d State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China e Department of Paleobiology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA f Kentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA g School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia h Indiana Geological Survey, Indiana University, 611 North Walnut Grove, Bloomington, IN 47405-2208, USA i Department of Geology and Geophysics, College Station, TX 77843, USA j Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto and Geology Centre of the University of Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal k School Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, University of Witwatersrand, 2050, WITS, South Africa l School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia m University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511, USA article info abstract Article history: This article addresses the fundamental difference between coal rank and coal type.
    [Show full text]
  • Iea Statistics
    IEA STATISTICS COAL INFORMATION Corrigendum Please note that despite our best efforts to ensure quality control, errors have slipped into the Coal Information 2015. New pages from IV.435 to IV.444 (Plus, “Achevé d’imprimer” changed to “second edition, October 2015”) See next pages 2015 Secure Sustainable Together COAL INFORMATION (2015 edition) PART IV - IV.435 COUNTRY NOTES In many cases, data submitted by Member countries to Greenhouse and Energy Reporting (NGER) data as the secretariat do not conform to the standard report- the main energy consumption data source for the ing methodology or have other particular characteris- Australian Energy Statistics. As a result, there are tics. Information set out below will assist readers to breaks in the time series for many data between 2002 interpret data for particular countries and aid in the and 2003. The revisions have also introduced some comparison of data among countries. methodological problems. The national statistics appear The notes given below refer to data for the years 1960 to have problems identifying inputs and outputs to cer- to 2013 and may also refer to 2014p preliminary data tain transformation processes such as gas works plants, as well as the information on CD-ROM and the on- electricity plants and CHP plants. Energy industry own line data service. In general, more detailed notes are use and inputs to the transformation processes are available for data since 1990. sometimes not reported separately in the correct cate- gories. More detail is given in the notes below. Data for anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite are available separately For the 2002 data, the Australian administration began from 1978.
    [Show full text]
  • Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: a Case
    applied sciences Article Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: A Case Study of Coal in the Madzaringwe Formation in the Vele Colliery, Limpopo Province, South Africa Elelwani Denge * and Christopher Baiyegunhi Department of Geology and Mining, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Featured Application: Authors are encouraged to provide a concise description of the specific application or a potential application of the work. This section is not mandatory. Abstract: The Madzaringwe Formation in the Vele colliery is one of the coal-bearing Late Palaeozoic units of the Karoo Supergroup, consisting of shale with thin coal seams and sandstones. Maceral group analysis was conducted on seven representative coal samples collected from three existing boreholes—OV125149, OV125156, and OV125160—in the Vele colliery to determine the coal rank and other intrinsic characteristics of the coal. The petrographic characterization revealed that vitrinite is the dominant maceral group in the coals, representing up to 81–92 vol.% (mmf) of the total sample. Collotellinite is the dominant vitrinite maceral, with a total count varying between 52.4 vol.% (mmf) and 74.9 vol.% (mmf), followed by corpogelinite, collodetrinite, tellinite, and pseudovitrinite with a Citation: Denge, E.; Baiyegunhi, C. count ranging between 0.8 and 19.4 vol.% (mmf), 1.5 and 17.5 vol.% (mmf), 0.8 and 6.5 vol.% (mmf) Maceral Types and Quality of Coal in the Tuli Coalfield: A Case Study of and 0.3 and 5.9 vol.% (mmf), respectively. The dominance of collotellinite gives a clear indication Coal in the Madzaringwe Formation that the coals are derived from the parenchymatous and woody tissues of roots, stems, and leaves.
    [Show full text]