Johannes Ockeghem Missa Prolationum Musica Nova Lucien

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Johannes Ockeghem Missa Prolationum Musica Nova Lucien Johannes Ockeghem Missa prolationum Musica Nova Lucien Kandel Johannes Ockeghem (circa 1420-1497) Missa prolationum 1. Alma Redemptoris Mater 05.59 2. Missa prolationum - Kyrie 04.53 3. Missa prolationum - Gloria 09.12 4. Missa prolationum - Credo 11.05 5. Missa prolationum - Sanctus 08.40 6. Missa prolationum - Agnus Dei 06.55 7. Salve Regina 10.29 Christel Boiron, Esther Labourdette, Discantus Lucien Kandel, Marie-Claude Vallin, Altus Jérémie Couleau, Xavier Olagne, Tenor Marc Busnel, Guillaume Olry, Thierry Peteau, Bassus Maître absolu dans l’art du contrepoint à la fin du XVe siècle, Johannes Ockeghem was an absolute master of trésorier de Saint Martin-de-Tours, Johannes Ockeghem a counterpoint. For almost forty years at the end of the régné sur la polyphonie franco-flamande pendant près de fifteenth century, ruled over Franco-Flemish polyphony quarante années passées auprès des trois monarques français, under three French kings, Charles VII, Louis XI and Charles Charles VII, Louis XI et Charles VIII. Son œuvre, encore trop VIII. His works, which are still all too rarely performed, peu interprétée de nos jours, ne cesse de nous passionner. continue to fascinate us to this day. La Missa prolationum, à l’instar de la Missa cuiusvis toni, The Missa prolationum, with the Missa cuiusvis toni, représente l’apogée de la spéculation musicale à la veille represents the pinnacle of speculative music in the late du XVIe siècle. Dans quelles circonstances furent exécutés fifteenth century. Under what circumstances were these ces chefs-d’œuvre, quelle est l’origine de leur création? masterpieces performed and why were they written? Sans doute ne le saurons-nous jamais. Cependant, nous We shall probably never know. Be we can well imagine pouvons fort bien imaginer Ockeghem mettant à l’épreuve Ockeghem putting his disciples Agricola, Compère, ses disciples (tous chanteurs et compositeurs émérites), Josquin Desprez and others to the test with his complex Agricola, Compère, Josquin Desprez… pour résoudre des musical enigmas (they were all highly skilled singers and énigmes musicales d’une telle complexité. composers). Le terme « prolation » nous renvoie au début du XIVe The term ‘prolation’ takes us back to the early fourteenth siècle : la mise en place d’une notation très précise ainsi century, when the establishment of a very precise notation que de nouvelles combinaisons rythmiques ont conduit la and new rhythmic combinations took polyphony towards polyphonie vers une ère musicale nouvelle appelée « Ars a new musical era, that of Ars nova. Henceforth musicians Nova ». Pouvoir désormais diviser les différentes valeurs were able to divide the different note values by two, as de notes par deux, et non plus seulement par trois, ouvre well as by three as hitherto, which gave them much un champ considérable aux musiciens. (La prolation greater scope. (Prolation corresponds to the division of the correspond à la division de la semi-brève en deux minimes, semibreve into two minims, prolatio minor, or three minims, « prolatio minor », ou en trois, « prolatio maior ».) prolatio maior.) Toutefois, les compositions liturgiques au XVe siècle, comme However, fifteenth-century liturgical compositions, such les messes cycliques, conservent l’emploi quasi exclusif du as the cyclic masses, continued to use, almost exclusively, « tempus perfectum » (division ternaire de la brève) et de tempus perfectum (division of the breve into three la « prolatio minor ». Dans la Missa prolationum, Ockeghem semibreves) and prolatio minor. In his Missa prolationum transgresse quelque peu cette tradition en attribuant à Ockeghem defies that tradition somewhat by giving each chacune des voix un tempus et une prolatio différents. voice a different tempus and a different prolatio. Malgré son titre latin qui semblerait évoquer une thématique Although its Latin title would seem to suggest a sacred sacrée, cette œuvre n’appartient pas à proprement parler theme, this work does not strictly speaking belong to the au domaine liturgique, mais s’inscrit parfaitement dans le liturgical domain, but it fits perfectly into the speculative cadre spéculatif. Elle ne s’appuie sur aucun motif mélodique context. It is not based on a pre-existing melodic motif, préexistant, issu d’un motet ou d’un chant grégorien. taken from a motet or a Gregorian chant. Cependant, la force spirituelle de ce chef-d’œuvre nous However, the spiritual strength of this masterpiece raises questionne sur les véritables intentions du maître. En œuvrant questions about the composer’s true intentions. In working sur la division multiple du temps, Ockeghem accède à une on the multiple division of time, Ockeghem achieves forme intemporelle, où les lignes vocales semblent s’étirer a form that is timeless, in which the vocal lines seem to dans l’espace infini. stretch into infinite space. Construites sur les teneurs grégoriennes « Alma Redemptoris Built on the Gregorian tenors ‘Alma Redemptoris Mater’ Mater » et « Salve Regina », les antiennes mariales conservent and ‘Salve Regina’, the Marian antiphons retain in part the en partie la structure traditionnelle des motets du XVe siècle traditional structure of fifteenth-century motets (generation (génération de Guillaume Dufay). of Guillaume Dufay). Dans la première section, un duo des voix supérieures In the first section a pair of upper voices sketch the Gregorian esquisse la thématique grégorienne, qui ne sera exposée theme that will not be stated in its entirety until the low dans son intégralité qu’à l’arrivée des voix graves. L’emploi voices enter. The use of tempus perfectum (퇈) symbolises the d’une mesure en tempus perfectum (퇈) symbolise la perfection divine perfection of the Virgin Mary. divine de la Vierge Marie. The second section also begins with a duo (discantus and La seconde section commence, elle aussi, par un duo (discantus altus for ‘Alma Redemptoris’; tenor and bassus for ‘Salve et altus pour « Alma Redemptoris Mater » et tenor et bassus Regina’) in tempus imperfectum diminutum (퇍), with the pour « Salve Regina ») en tempus imperfectum diminutum faster rhythmic figures accelerating the discourse. (퇍), où les figures rythmiques plus rapides entraînent une The last section of the ‘Salve Regina’ is divided into three accélération du discours. parts, corresponding to the three acclamations, ‘O clemens’ La dernière section du « Salve Regina » se divise en trois (tempus perfectum), ‘O pia’ (tempus perfectum), ‘O dulcis Virgo parties correspondant aux trois acclamations « O clemens Maria’ (tempus imperfectum diminutum). Long, rapturous » (tempus perfectum), « O pia » (tempus perfectum), « O dulcis melismas suddenly slow down the musical flow, while Virgo Maria » (tempus imperfectum diminutum). De longs increasing the dramatic intensity of this Marian antiphon. mélismes extatiques font ralentir soudain le flux musical, The ‘Salve Regina’ deviates from the usual canons in that, tout en amplifiant l’intensité dramatique de cette antienne exceptionally, the cantus firmus (transposed down a fourth) mariale. is taken by the bass. Did Ockeghem choose the bass voice Le « Salve Regina » se démarque des canons habituels par le because he himself was a bass, or was it because he wished cantus firmus confié exceptionnellement à la partie de basse to give this work a particular gravity and depth? (transposé une quarte plus bas). Est-ce la tessiture de notre Experience shows that Ockeghem’s music requires singers compositeur qui a déterminé ce choix, ou bien la dimension to stretch their normal vocal ranges and compels them to profonde qu’il entendait donner à cette œuvre ? draw their inspiration from an unusual interiority. L’expérience nous montre que la musique d’Ockeghem His use of rhythmic proportions both in the motets and oblige les chanteurs à dépasser leur ambitus vocal habituel in the masses provides variation, of course, but it also et les contraint à puiser leur inspiration dans une intériorité contributes effectively to the internal power of the musical peu commune. discourse. L’utilisation des proportions rythmiques, aussi bien dans Ockeghem, as we have seen, was a wizard in the field of les motets que dans les messes, ne peut se réduire au seul technical complexities. He was also a marvellous alchemist principe de variation, mais contribue efficacement à la of sound, plunging us into a fascinating, hypnotic world puissance interne du discours musical. that we find ourselves loath to leave. Au-delà des complexités techniques exposées, Ockeghem, en In order to bring out the rhythmic independence of the sublime alchimiste des sons, nous plonge dans un univers voices, we chose to read the manuscript sources using the magnétique et hypnotique, dont il devient difficile de minim as common denominator. s’extraire. Lucien Kandel Enregistré à l’Abbaye de Noirlac - Centre culturel de rencontre (Bruère-Allichamps, France) du 23 au 27 Avril 2011 Ce programme a été créé dans le cadre d’une résidence à l’Abbaye de Royaumont (France) Direction artistique, Prise de son et Montage : Alessandra Galleron et Virginie Lefebvre Conseiller musical : Gérard Geay English translations : Mary Pardoe Photos de l’enregistrement : Alessandra Galleron Remerciements à Eric Rouyer © agOgique 2012 www.agogique.com .
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