For Official Use Only
REPORT ON FOREST RESOURCES OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL
Forest Survey of India Eastern Zone, Calcutta, 1999. For OHlcl~1 usc Only.
REPORT ON FOREST RESOURCES OF JALPAIGURI DISTRICT OF WEST BENGAL.
Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, Calcutta, 1999. PART - I
(MAIN REPORT WITH MAPS, CHARTS &
DIAGRAMS). PREFACE
The Eastenl Zone Unit of Forest S'urvey of IndjEl) Calcutta carried out ·the fieldwork of the forest inventory of J alpaiguri District during the year 1992-93. This repOit lllCOll'>orates details of the Mea slu'veyed) methodology adopted with results of the survey. It also includes the comparison with the lnst survey.
The, Jalpaiguri Dist.rict extends over 6227 sq. km. geogra.phical area of which the recorded fores.ts occupy 1790 sq. km. accounting to 28.75% of the geographical area, However: t.he total forest cover in the district is estimated as 1580 sq, km. in the State of Forest Report 1997 published by Forest Survey of India. Major portion of the forest area is being admiu.istered as Reserved Forests and is dominated by good quality of Sal.
The survey revealed a total g1'owing stock of 27.188 million cu, 1)1. with an average volume 6f 157.347 CU.' 111. pel' ha. TIle. nwnber of stems per ha. has been estimated as 2qO.808. Stratum wise figures are available in the report.
TIle hard work put in by the officers and st~ff members of Eastel11 Zone of Forest Survey of India who were entrusted with carrying out t1le inventory nnd brin.gLllg out the report in the present form is gratefully acknowledged. We are also thailkful to the West Bengal Fo'rest Depaltment for c9~operation and help in conducting fieldwork and maki.ng their records available for collection of datR Wit1lOUt which tlle report could not have been completed.
It ,is hoped that the repolt wiH help the State Gove11.uneut ill plaluling development ~ctivity.
(DI'. D. Pa.ndey) Director FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA EASTERN ZONE, CALCUTIA.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This organization expresses its gratitude and sincere thanks to the officers and staff of West Bengal Forest Department for their valuable co-operation extended to our field parties during. the survey work, ,without which it would not have been possible to complete the survey wo"rk in stipulated time.
I express my sincere thanks to all officers and staff members of Eastern Zone of Forest Survey of India who were entrusted with carrying out the forest inventory and bringing out the report in the presen t form.
(Mbdhawa Trivedy) Joint Director. FOREST INVENTORY AT A GLANCE (JALPAIGURI DISTRICT)
2 1. Geographical area (km ) 6227 2 2. Forest area (km )
I. Recorded forest area 1790
11. Forest cover as per S.F.R.-1997 1580
3. 1. Percentage afforest area to the geographical area 28.75
II. Percentage of the forest area of the district to total 15.06 forest area of the State.
4. I. Percentage of dense forest area to the total forest 16.76 area of the district (canopy density 70% and above) ii. Percentage of moderately dense forest area to the total 52.02 forest area of the district (canopy density 30-69%).
111. Percentage of open forest area to the total forest area 16.18 of the district (canopy density 5 -2 9%).
IV. Percentage of scrub forest area to the total forest 3.47 area of the district. v. Percentage of bamboo brake's area to the Negligible total forest area of the district.
VI. Percelltage of area of young plantation of forestry 4.05 species to the total forest area of the district.
5. Tree data: 1. No. ofstems/ha. (in nos.) 200.808
II. Total stems ('000 nos.) 34697
3 1Il. Volume/ha. (in m ) 157.347
3 IV. Total volume ('000 m ) 27188 LIST OF MAPS D1AGRAMS & CHARTS.
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 Bar chart showin
4 CONTENTS CHAPTER-I 7 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 7 1.1 INTRODUCTION: 7 1.2 CONFIGURATION: 7 1.3 LOCATlON AND BOUNDARIES: 7 1.4 RIVER-SYSTEM: 7 1.5 GEOLOGY AND ROCKS : 8 1.6 C LIM ATE : 8 1.7 IIUMIDJTY : 9 1.8 FORESTS: 9 1.9 PEOPLE AND THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION: 9 CHAPTER - II 11 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 11 2.0 GENERAL: 11 2.1 AREA SELECTED FOR INVENTORY: 11 2.2 MAP S: 11 2.3 SAMPLING DESIGN: 11 2.4 DATA COLLECTION: 12 CHAPTER - III 14 DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION 14 3.0 GENERAL: 14 3.1 MANUAL PROCESSING: 14 3.2 INPUT FOR THE COMPUTER: 14 3.3 PROCESSING ON COMPUTER: 14 3.4 CONSTRUCTION OF VOLUME EQUATIONSfTABLES: 14 3.5 TREE VOLUME : 16 3.6 PLOT VOLUME: 16 3.7 ANALYSIS OF GROWING STOCK: 16 3.8 ERROR: 16 CHAPTER-IV 17 I~ESULTS OF INVENTORY 17 4.0 GENERAL: 17 4.1 INVENTORY COVERAGE: 17 4.2 ANALYSIS OF PLOT DESCRIPTION DATA: 18 4.3 TREE DENSITY STUDY: 24 4.4 VOLUME STUDY : 28 4.5 ERROR CALCULATION: 32 CHAPTER- V 33 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 33 5.1 SUMMARY: 33 5.2 COl\1PARISON WITH PAST SURVEY RESULTS: 33 BIBLIOGRAPHY 35
5 LIST OF TABLES,
Tab/e 1: Muximum & Minimum Temperature in Jalpaiguri District. ______8 Tuble 2: Retillfall. 8 Table 3: M(}ntlt~v rainfall during 1993 in Ja/paigur; district (in mm.) 8 Table 4: Emplt,)'ment, 10 Table 5: Population & Economic Status. 10 Table 6: Population & LivelillO(Jd. 10 Table 7: Covered toposheets, Jalpaiguri District 11 Table 8: Volume Equations. 15 Table 9: Forest Area. 17 Table 10: Stratifieat;oll. 17 T(lbfe 11: Stilltum Wise net Forest Area. 18 TaMe 12: Land 1I.'fl! C{O!isification. J II Table 13: Topography. 19 Tilble 14: A.)pect. 19 Table 15: Rockine,'f,'f. 20 Tflble 16: Soil Consistency. 20 Tuble 17: Soil Texture. 20 Tllhle 18: Soil Eru,,·im1. 21 Table 19: Legul status. 21 T'lblt! 20: Crllpl"jury. 22 Table 21: Fire incidence. 22 T'lblt! 22: Grazing im:itlel1C:e. 23 Tuble 23: Pian/il/illll Po/elltial. 23 Tllhle 2./: ])egrafiation ,~lltU.". 24 Tab/e 25: Stratum wise Density. 24 Tuble 26: Sal (Pluntution) SIFtllum. 24 Tuble 27: Teak (plantation }stratum. 25 Table 28: Miscellaneous (plantation) stratum. 26 Table 29: High Fore.)t .)1ralum. 26 ToMe 30: Total mlmher of,'f(em.'f. 26 Tahle 31: l'otal No. ofStems in Sal plmrtaticms. 27 Tllble 32: Totul number ofStems in Teak Plantations. 27 Tuble 33: Tl1tal numher ofS/em,., in Mi.
6 CHAPTER -I
BACKGROUND INFORMA TION
1 .1 Introduction:
The Eastern Zone Office of Forest Survey of India took up the inventory of forest resources in J aJpaiguri district of West Bengal during the year 1992-93. The survey Was needed to a~s~ss the qu~ntity and quality of forest resources existing jn the district. The information collected would provide a database to monitor the changes in the forest resources. The survey will.also provide a comprehensive source of data to the State Government and will help in planning further developmental activities.
1 .2 Configuration:
The northeastern part of the district forms the foothill belt of the Himalayas where the elevation gradu~lly ~ncreases from the alluvial plain to about 2000 meter and above towards the interior parts. The hills bordering the alluvial plaifl h~ve gentle slope, which becomes appr~ciably steep as the interior mountai~ ranges are approq,?hed where the terrain becomes extremely rough with rugged scarps.
1.3 location and boundaries:
The district has an irregular rectangular shape, the .length being West to East. The district Jalpaiguri lies between 26°16' and 27°0' North latitude and b.etween 88°4' and 89°53' East longitude. The district is bounded in the north by Bhutan and the district of Darjeeling, on the south by the district of Rangpur of Bangladesh and the district of Coochbehar, on the West by the district of Da'rjeeJing and Bangladesh and on the East by the Eastern Duars in Assam which forms part of the district of Goalpara, the right bank of river Sankosh forming the demarcation line. The Duars form the gateway of mountains.
1.4 River-system:
The most of the rivers flow in North-South direction and originate from Sikkim, Bhutan and Darjeeling hills (except Torsa which originates from Tibet). The principal rivers of the district are the Mahananda, the Tista, the Jaldhaka, the Torsha, the Katajani, the Raidak and the Sankosh. The river system 'may be divided into two systems. The Brahmaputra river system contains rivers, like Tista, Jaldhaka, "Torsa, . Kaljoni, Raidak and Sankosh. The Ganga system contains mainly the Mahananda with \ its tributaries. Tn addition, numerous rivulets, ranging from small to medium are flowing within the district.
7 1.5 Geology and rocks:
Jalpaiguri district is almost entirely covered with alluvium, except that a narrow belt of hard rock is exposed along the northern border of the district. The geological formations found in the district are given below in order of increasing antiquity.
Recent and sub-recent Alluvium and other soils, boulder and pebble beds. Miocene (Siwaliks) Sandstone with clay and lignite. Permian (Lower Gondwana) Sandstone and slate with lenses of graphitic coal. Pre-Cambrian (Buxa series) Slate, Schist, Phyllite, quartzite, dolomite, banded Ferruginous rocks. Archaeans (Daling and Dar Gneiss, Schist, Slate and quartzite. jeeling series)
1.6 eli mat e:
Temperature: The period from June to about the beginning of October is the Southwest monsoon season. The rainfall is much heavier due to nearness of hills. The cold season starts from mid-November to the end of February. The hot season usually remains from March to May.
Table 1: Maximum & Minimum Temperature in Jalpaiguri District. STATION YEAR MAXIMUM (uC) MINIMUM (oC) Jalpaiguri 1991 39 10
January is the coldest month with mean daily minimum temperature at 10.7°C. The mean daily maximum temperature in the hottest months is 31.6°C and the mean minimum temperature is 21.3°C
Rainfall: The physical characteristics of the district brought the district under agro-ecological zones of sub-Himalayan West Bengal. The annual rainfall of the district as recorded in three different year is as follows: Table 2: Rainfall.
DISTRICT I Normal rainfall in mm. Actual rainfall in mm. in different ,·cars. 1990 1991 1992 Jalpaiguri 14136 3434 3903 2820 Table 3: Monthly rainfall during 1993 in JaJpaiguri district (in mm.)
DISTRICT MAR. APRIL MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT. NOV. Jalpaiguri 19 203 494 532 1352 632 342 409 11 Source: I. Directorate of Agriculture, Agricultural Meteorological Section, Government of West Bengal. 2. Economic Review 1993-94. Government of West Bengal.
8 1.7 Humidity:
High .humidity is noticed in the at.mosphere tllroughout the year. From February to April, the afternoon relative humidity is comparatively lower and varies between 40 to 50%.
1.8 Forests:
The JaJpaiguri District has an expanse of around 1790 sq. km. i.e. more than one fourth of its total geographical area, covered by beautiful moist tropical forests. Six percent of these forests fall in tlle hilly region of tlle district. 111e State Forest Department is administeri!lg major portion ofthis forest area as Reserved Forests.
1110 forests of the district are dominated by good quality Sal (Shorea robllsta). Percentage of Sal per l1l1it area is lip to a maximum of 90% in the Jalpaiguri Division: Sal with associates like Schima wallichii, Michelia champaca and Chukrasia tabularis constitutes economically the most important component of these forests. Besides, the Lauraceous species also occur in various associations with Lagerstroemia parv~flora,. Toona ciliata. Amoora rohiluka, Bischofia javanica, Dalberg;a si.... 'Wo, Acacia catechu, Safmafia malabarica, Duabanga sonneratioides, Amoora wallichii, Terminalia crenlliata etc.
These forests of the district broadly fall into four categories, viz., riverain forests, plains forests, hill forests and Savannah forests. The most striking feature of slIccession is the abruptmerger of the riverain forests into mixed type and Sal Forests. The plains forests have many distinct types, viz., scattered Sal and wet mixed forests, mature Sal forests, dry mixed type and wet mixed type. Near the streams and moist pockets, occur a type of evergreen forests known as North Bengal Tropical Evergreen Forests harbouring species like Aesculus assamica, Eugenia formosa, Dillenia indica, Eschinocarpus sterculiacells, Castanopsis species, Tala1lma hodgsoni, Pinanga gracilis, Artocarplts chap/asa and Myri."itica species. The hill forests here do not bear any pure crop and are not economically useful. Because of fire protection enforced in the nineteenth century, the Savannah forests occupy smaller area than before. Common species of grasses found in these forests are Saccharum species, ErianfhTls species, Imperafa cyJindrica, Phragmifes karka, Arunda donox, Narenga porphyrocoma and Neyrondia reynandiana.
1.9 People and their socio-economic condition:
The population ufthe district is abuut 2,800,543 according to 1991 census, out of which 2,342,296 is rural population and 458,247 is the urban population. Literacy rate (7 years +) is only 45.09% which is also less than the general literacy position of West Bengal (57.70%). Persons with higher education are few in rural areas but in urban area the position is much better.
There is high concentration of scheduled caste population in this district, which comprises of about 36.99% of the total population as per 1991 census. There is also a fair amount of tribal population in the district, which forms 21.03% of the total population (1991 census). (Ref Final population totals, Paper-l of1992, Vol. II). The economy of the district is mainly based on agriculture. The agriculture production is low and the district is deticient in food grain. Tea is the most valuable crop growll in the district. As a result a bulk of the population consists of either cultivator or the tea estate laborers.
9 Small scale industrial units registered with the Directorate of Cottage and Small Scale Industries are furnished below:
Table 4: Employment.
YEAR UNIT EMPLOYMENT 1985-86 1181 6918 1988-89 1856 10864 1989-90 2253 10590 1990-91 1408 8092 1991-92 1228 6270 (Source: Economic Review 1992-93)
From the above table. it is evident that there is downward trend in getting up small-scale industries in the district.
The following table classifies the total population of the district into different livelihood classes, which would explain the economic status of the district. (Data is based on provisional population total 1991 census).
Table 5: Population & Economic Status.
DISTRICT TOTAL TOTAL MAIN CULTIVATORS AGRICULTURAL MAIN WORKERSAS % OF LABOURERS WORKERS POPULATION RURAL 745429 31.96 251476 140833 URBAN 133021 29.08 6545 7506 878450 31.49 258021 148339
Table 6: PopUlation & Livelihood.
1I0USEIIOL)) INDUSTRY OTHER WORKERS MARGINAL WORKERS NON WORKERS 9658 343462 66426 1520561 3877 115093 1361 323029 13535 458555 67787 1843590
" (Sollrw: b(''OI101l1l e Rev... :w 19'.12.93, Gm1. 01 W~11k.ngut)
10 CHAPTER -II
DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
2.0 General:
Since the inventory entails a wide spectrum of information and data is collected for different parameters, an approved manual of instructions for field inventory by Forest Survey of India, Dehradun has been followed for carrying out the survey of Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal.
2.1 Area selected for inventory:
Following areas are treated as forest areas for the purpose of forest inventory:
1. Area shown in green wash on the Survey ofIndia toposheets. ii. All such areas in which words such as thick jungle, open forest, bamboo etc. are printed. Ill. All those areas indicated by dotted line or spotted line or a pillar line as forest areas. IV. Any other areas reported to be forested areas by local forest department.
2.2 Map s:
The following Survey of India toposheets in the scale of 1:50 ,000 were used • during the present inventory:
T a bl e 7 : C overed topos leets, J alpalgunI . D·IS t flC . t SCALE TOPOSIIEET NO. 1:50,000 78 B 15,6,9,10,11,13,14,15. 78 F 11,2,5,6,7,9,10,11,14,15.
2.3 Sampling design:
a) Gridding of maps: The design is systematic with grid distance of2.SI x 2.51 of latitude and longitude with two sample plots selected from each grid, one at random and the other linked to the first in the opposite direction at an equal distance from the grid center (Ref Diagram-2). These form the basic sampling unit. Thus, 72 plots are laid out in a toposheet with 36 grids on 1:50,000 scale. One sample plot of O. 1 ha. represents about 10 sq. km. on the ground and.,. the intensity of sampling is 0.01 %. The length of each side of the square shaped sample plot is 31.62 meter on the ground and 0.6324 mm. (say 0.6 mm.) on the toposheet of scale 1:50,000.
II b) Precision and nccuracy of the survey: The result of the survey would be at the precision level of95% probability with error limit ± 10% at the state level.
c) Marking of plot center: The method of marking of the plot centers of these two sample plots on the map in each grid of2.5' x 2.5' is shown in diagram at the end of the report. ' First, the length and width of each grid are measured to the smallest convenient scale. The length of the side of the plot on the map corresponds to a 0.1 ha. square plot on the ground is calculated. Let X and Y is the length and width of the grid and S the side of the plot. Subtract side S from both sides i.e. find (X-S) and (Y-S). Let, these numbers be X' and Y'. Two random numbers, one in the range of 0 to X' and the other in the range of 0 to Y' are selected. These numbers are called x and y respectively. Half of the side of the plot (S/2) each are added to find x + S(2 and y + S/2. Then x + S/2 and y + S/2 will be the coordinates of the center of the first plot in the grid, considering the left-hand bottom corner (SW corner) of the grid as the origin of the axes. The center of the second plot is located by joining the center of the first plot with the grid (sampling unit) center and extending this line in the opposite direction. A point at an equal distance from the grid center in the opposite direction is marked which will be the center of the second plot.
Thus, it may be seen that the sampling design adopted was a random sampling with grids as sampling units having a cluster of two piots.
d) Laying out of the plot: The plot center is the intersection of diagonals of the 0.1 ha. plot. Diagonals are aligned NW-SE and NE-SW measuring 44.72 m each. After having approached the plot center with the help of toposheet and reference point, corners of the plot are fixed with respect to the plot center by measuring 22.36 m. in each of the directions viz. North-West, South-East, North-East and South-West directions respectively from the plot center. The North, East, South and Western extremities of the plot are fixed by measuring 15.81 m. from plot center in each of these directions (See Diagram-3).
2.4 Data Collection:
An inventory crew (team) headed by a crew leader collects data from the field. To visit a plot, a prominent reference point is selected in the vicinity of the plot center. The reference point must be clearly visible on the map as well as on the ground e.g. a nala junction or an identifiable natural feature on the spot and is marked by a peg with appropriate markings. For collection of information in codified form from each sample plot, the following forms are used:
a) Plot approach form: It gives an account of details regarding the approach to the plot. All the details from campsite to the plot center are recorded. Prominent reference point along with bearings is recorded which serves as an aid to reach the plot at a future date.
b) Plot description form: The description of several parameters such as topography, soil, land use class, forest type, regeneration, crop data etc. are collected and recorded in this form for an area of2 ha. around the plot.
12 c) Plot enumeration form: This form is filled up for each plot. The details recorded are the name of the species, its code and diameter. Trees less than 10 cm. d.b.h. and utility less than 70% are not recorded usually. But in North Bengal trees down upto 5 cm. D.B.H.(OB) were also recorded as a special case to take into account poles from coppice growth which form the major crop in Sal forests of this tract. Border trees are counted 'IN' when they touch NW-NE and NW-SW boundaries and considered 'OUT' when they touch NE-SE and SW-SE boundary lines.
d) Sample tree form: Data for trees with diameter 10 em. and above at breast height are collected from the North-West quadrant of the plot. In this form, additional data e.g. tree height, bark thickness, length of clear bole, shape of the tree etc. are recorded.
c) Bamboo enumeration form: This form is designed for enumeration of bamboo culms per clump by age of culms and soundness of culms by clump size. Separate forms are used for clump forming and non-clump forming bamboo.
f) Bamboo weight form: To determine the green weight and dry weight of bamboo, this form is maintained. Mature bamboo is selected from each diameter class and for each species~ 30 cm. long pieces from the bottom, middle and top are selected and their green weights recorded. These pieces are properly documented and kept in the base camp and weighed every 30 days till a constant weight is obtained.
,. Since. bamboo did not occur widely (over large areas or with conspicuous presence) in lalpaiguri district, covered by the present slirvey, the details of the kind of data collected there, have not been elaborately tabulated. Hence. the use of form (e) and (f) were very limited.
13 CHAPTER - III
DATA PROCESSING AND COMPILATION
3.0 General:
Data processing was carried out in three phases, viz. manual processing, input on computer and processing on computer.
3.1 Manual processing:
It involved the following steps:
i) Proper documentation of the field information received. ii) Codification of the information in the field forms which has not already been incorporated. iii) Manual checking of the information filled in the forms. iv) Reconciliation of the discrepancies with the help of the field officers.
3.2 Input for the computer:
After manual checking the information of the field forms were transferred on the hard disk. The following data is stored in the hard disk for onward processing. i) Plot description data. ii) Plot enumeration data. iii) Sample tree data.
3.3 Processing on computer:
Processing on computer includes the following stages:
i) Verification of data for the creation of clean file and the transference of . the same to hardl floppy disk. ii) Consistency checking of the data on computer. iii) Correction of the data to remove discrepancies noticed during consistency checking. iv) Tabulation of Stem distribution plot-wise and for the district as a whole. v) Preparation of tables of vol ume distribution. vi) Analysis of plot description data. vii) Calculation of standard error.
3.4 Construction of volume equations/tables:
No trees were felled during the survey for the area. It was decided that the existing volume equations which had been used in the past inventory of Forest Survey of India and volume tables prepared by State Forest Departments should be used lor the present inventory.
The following volume tables for important plantation species were used to calculate the total volumes starting from 10 em. DBH(OB) and above for plantation stratum. The volume tables were obtained from the State Forest Department and based on diameter and height class annexed to Table 5.0 at the end of the Vol. 11 of the report. For plantation species like C/)IJ/(JJl1eria japollh'a, SllOl'ea rolJ11sla, Tecloll(J gram/is the following cquatiolls were LISCO: Crypl()/1Il.~riajapol1ica V = -0.0 I 097 + 5.30991 D2 3 D =:: Diameter in meter, V = Volume in 111
Shorea rabllsfa (i) VI D2 = 9.78645 - 0.325461 D2 3 D = Diameter in meter, V = Volume in 117 for 20 em. DBH (O.B) and above. (ii) V=-0.081297 + 0.0010659 D2 for trees 10 em. to 19 em. DBH(OB)
D = Diameter in em., V = Volume in /113
Tee/alia gl'a/ldis V/D = -0.65623 + 0.00341/D + 7.881 D 3 D = Diameter in meter, V = Volume in m
For estimation of volume in high forest stratum following volume equations were used from previous inventories of Meghalaya State. Table 8: Volume Equations. S.N. Name of the species Equation I Chukrasia velulina l,am7ea cnroll/mlde/iea V=-I.J910-0.14129D+ 0.001645 D2 +O.90~11.fi5 Toona ciliata H A maora lI'afli chi j Di/lenia indica V =-O.0087+0.003675D + 0.0007398 D2 Gl1Ielina arhorea Kvdia cah'cina III II rlocllrplI.l' chapl(l.\}w Alichelia c:Irampaca V = -0.0189 + 0.0008073 lJ'l AnIJlOcepahl/J.~ endamha Schima wallic"ii IV Duabanga sOl7neri/oide... !-Jol1lbax ceiha Tetrameles mu/ijlora V = 0.2920S + 0.00092412 D'l Termina/ia 1I~~'riocarpa Alhizzia species V (:)'lwrea rubusla V = -0.09016 + 0.0009828 f)2
VI Resl of the species V= - 0.081297 + 0.0010659 D2
15 3.5 Tree volume:
Volume of each enumerated tree was estimated with the help of volume tables! equations and was used for generation of stock tables by species and diameter.
3.6 Plot volume:
Volume of each enumerated tree in a plot when added up provided the plot volume. These plot volumes were the basis for estimation of sampling error.
3.7 Analysis of growing stock:
Analysis of growing stock was carried out from plot data and per' hectare figures worked out for each stratum by species and diameter class. Following were the important tables generated for each stratum:
a) Stems/ha. for individual species and its distribution into diameter classes as 10-19 cm., 20-29 em., 30-39 cm. etc. b) Total stems by species and diameter classes. c) Corresponding volumelha by species and diameter classes. d) Total volume by species and diameter class.
3.8 Err 0 r:
Statistical inference is incomplete without information on associated errors. Hence, error has been calculated for every stratum. The acceptable error is in the range of ±10% for the entire State irrespective of the district.
16 CHAPTER ·IV
RESUL TS OF INVENTORY
4.0 General:
In the present inventory, data has been analyzed with a view to highlight the composition and distribution of the trees in various strata in the district.
4.1 Inventory coverage:
The report relates to the forest resources of the Jalpaiguri district 'of West Bengal. The recorded forest area is 1790 sq. km. and the geographical area is 6227 sq. km.
Tnble 9: Forest Aren. DISTRICT GEOGRAPHICAL AREA RECORDED FOREST AREA PERCENTAGE (SO. KM.) (IN SQ. Kl\1.) Jalpaiguri 6227 1790 28.75 (Source :-. State Report on West Bengal Furcsts 1993-94)
Since all the recorded forest area is covered in this inventory, the same is "inventoried area " also.
4.1.1 Stratification:
Stratification has been done on the basis of the land use classes, origin of stand, crop composition and bamboo density class of all the plots surveyed during the forest inventory.' An abstract of the same is furnished below: Table 10: Stratificntioll. SI. No. Stratification Status of forest No. of plots 1 Sal Plantation 8 2 Teak Plantalion 21 3 Miscellaneous Plantation 37 4 High forest High 101 5 Habitation, blank, tea garden, 6 water bodies, grass land within forest area Total 173
173 plots have been distributed over 1790 sq. km. of forest area. One plot, therefore, represents 10.35 sq. km. forest area. Forest area covered by 6 plots had been excluded while calculating the net forest area for growing stock estimation as these plots represented grass land, water bodies. habitation, tea garden area, i.e. forestry plots but non-forestry use. Thus, the net forest area for growing stock estimation and its distribution among the above mentioned strata are given below:
17 Table 11: Stratum Wise net Forest Arc:.. SI. No. Stratum Forest are:. (sq. kill.) 1 High forest 1045 2 Plantation (Teak) 217 3 Plantation (Sal) 83 4 Plantation (Miscellaneous) 383 Total 1728
4.2 Analysis of plot description data:
The plot data collected during inventory in respect of soil, terrain condition, crop etc. were analyzed. The results of plot data analysis are summarized in the following paragraphs. District wise information has been furnished which reveal some salient features.
4.2.1 Description of forest area by land use classes: Table 12: Land use Classification. Code Land usc Descril)tion No. of Forest Pcrcent:lgc No. plots lll'ca (sq. I(m.) 1 Dense trce forest Forest with canopy density morc than 70% 29 300 16.76 2 Moderately dense tree Forest with canopy density 30(X. 10 69% 90 931 52.02 forest 3 Open tree forest Forest with canopy density 5 to 29% 28 290 16.18 4 Scmb forest Forest ",,·jtlt canopy density less than 5% G ()2 3.47 5 Bamboo brakes Areas completely covered with bamboo -- - G Shifting cultiv~ltion Areas under current as well as previous -- - year's shifting cultivation. 7 Young plantation of - 7 72 4.05 forest spp. ~ : S to 10 Trees in line Trees along forest road, canal banks, 2 21 l.1G railway lines & Govt. grass land etc. 11 Barren land - - - - 12 Agri. land without trees - - - - 13 Agricultmalland with - - - - trees 14 Non forest plantation - I lO 0.58 15 Habitation - 1 10 0.58 16 Water bodies - 2 21 1.16 17 Young crop of natural or - 5 52 l.S8 artificial regeneration 1& Unrecorded - 2 21 1.16 Total 173 1790 100
It is observed from the above table that a bulk of the forest area is covered under moderately dense tree forest followed by dense tree forest and open tree forest. It also shows scrub forest to the extent of3.47% only. The district covers only 4.05% young plantations of forestry species.
18 4.2.2 Distribution of forest area by topography;
In terms of topography, the forest area was found to be covered under following four types: Table 13: Topography. CODE TOPOGRAPIIY NO.OFPLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ. KM.) PERCENTAGE 1 Flat 142 1469 82.08 2 Gently rolling 13 135 7.51 3 Hilly 6 62 3.47 4 . Very Hilly II 114 6.36 5 Unrecorded I 10 0.58 Total 173 1790 100
Most of the forest area is under flat to gently rolling and covers 89.59% of the total forest area. Hilly area constitutes 3.47% whereas very hilly area constitutes 6.36% only.
4.2.3 Distribution of forest area by aspect
The distribution of forest area by various aspect classes is given below: Table 14: Aspect. CODE ASPECT NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ. KM.) PERCENTAGE I Northern - - - 2 North-Eastern 2 21 1.16 3 Eastern 3 31 1.73 4 South-Eastern 8 83 4.62 5 Southern 8 82 4.62 , 6 South-Western 6 62 3.47 7 Western 2 21 1.16 8 North-Western 1 10 0.58 9 No Aspect 141 1459 81.50 Unrecorded 2 21 1.16 Total 173 1790 100
A study of the aspect of the district reveals that major portion i.c. 81.5% of the forest area is having no aspect or flat. South-Eastern and Southern aspect cover 4.62% each whereas Northeastern and Eastern aspect occupy very little forest area to the extent of 1.16% and 1.73% respectively. The district occupies practically no area having Northern aspect. The Southwestern aspect constitutes 3.47% offorest area.
4.2.4 Distribution of forest area by rockiness:
The study during the inventory reveals that the district does not bear practically any rocky area. The findings of the survey are given below:
19 Table 15: Roch.illcss. CODE ROCKINESS NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ.KMJ_ PERCENTAGE 1 High - - - 2 Medium - - - 3 Low 3 31 1.73 4 No rock 168 1738 97.11 Unrecorded 2 21 1.16 Total ]73 1790 100
In ~he district, areas bearing low rockiness exist in only 1.73% of the forest area.
4.2.5 Distribution of forest area by soil consistency:
The distribution offorest area by soil consistency class is given below: Table 16: Soil Consistency.
CODE SOIL CONSISTENCY NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ.KM.) PERCENTAGE 1 Friable 35 362 20.23 2 Slightly compact 126 1304 72.83 3 Compact 10 103 5.78 4 Cemented - - - 5 No soil - - - Unrecorded 2 21 1.16 Total 173 1790 100
The above table indicates that most of the soil of forests of JaJpaiguri district is slightly compact to the extent of 72.83% which supports good forest crops. Friable and compact soil consists of20.23% and 5.78% respectively.
4.2.6 Distribution of forest area by soil texture:
The distribution of forest area by soil texture class is given below: Table 17: Soil Texture. CODE SOIL NO.OFPLQTS FOREST AREA (SQ.KM.) PERCENTAGE TEXTURE 1 Clayey - - - 2 Clayey loam 67 693 38.72 3 Loam 68 703 39.31 4 Sandy loam 31 321 17.92 5 Sandy 5 52 2.89 6 No soil - - - Unrecorded 2 21 1.1 6 Total 173 1790 100 Approximately 39.31 % of the forest area of the district consist ofloam followed by 38.72% of the area of clayey loam texture. Sandy .1oam consists of 17.92% of forest area whereas sandy type of soil texture is 2.89% only. The above facts reveal that the good texture soil covers most of the forest areas.
20 4.2.7 Distribution of forest area by soil erosion:
The distribution of forest area by soil erosion status is given in the following table: Tnble 18: Soil Erosion. CODE SOIL EROSION NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ. KM.) PERCENTAGE 1 Heavy erosion 15 155 8.67 2 Moderate erosion 9 93 5.20 3 Mild erosion 65 673 37.57 4 No erosion 82 848 47.40 Unrecorded 2 21 1.16 Total 173 1790 100
The survey reveals that major portion of the forest area faces either no erosion (47.40%) or mild erosion (37.57%). Heavy erosion is observed only in 8.67% of the forests. Soil conservation measures should be adopted in this district accordingly both by structural means as well as by adopting afforestation techniques.
4.2.8 Distribution of forest area by legal status:
The State Forest Department has provided the legal status of the forest area and the surveyed plots fell in the following categories: Tnble 19: Legal status. CODE LEGAL STATUS NO OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SO. Kl\1.> PERCENTAGE 1 Reserved forest 172 1780 99.42 2 Protected torest 1 10 0.58 3 Unclassed forest - - - 4 National Park - - - 5 Private forest - - - 6 Private land with - - - trees owned by Government. 7 Undetermined - - - Unrecorded - - - Total ~ 173 1790 100
4.2.9 Distribution of forest area by injuries to crop:
Distribution of forest area by injuries to crop as observed is summarized below:
21 T :1 bl C 20 : C .·01) I·nllJl·Y. COJ)I~ INJURIES TO CROP NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ. K.I\1.) PERCENTAGE 1 Borer attack, damage 1 10 0.58 by other pest epidemic 2 Top drying 1 10 0.58 3 Illicit felling 98 1014 56.64 4 Scoring of trees - - - , 5 Lopping for fodder - - - - 6 Wind & flood damage 2 21 1.16 7 Other injuries 7 72 4.05 i) Wildtife ii) Lightning iii)Climbcr 8 No injury 56 580 32.37 Unrecorded 8 83 4.62 Total 173 1790 100
The result of the survey of injuries to crop indicates that the district forests are subjected to maximum injuries by human agencies in the form of illicit felling. Injuries due to wildlife are found to be second most important factor covering 4.05% forest area. Natural injuries constitute only a very small portion (1.16%) of the total forest area. Area free from injuries constitute 32.37% of the forests. It is needless to mention that the damage caused by illicit felling reduces the q!Jality of crops and therefore needs proper protection wherever possible.
4.2.10 Distribution of forest area by fire incidence:
Percentage of forest area affected by fire is as follows: Table 21: Fire incidence. CODE FIRE INCIDENCE NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ. KM.) PERCENTAGE I Heavy 1 10 0.58 2 Moderate 2 21 1.16 3 Light 73 755 42.20 4 No fire 90 931 52.02 Unrecorded 7 73 4.04 Total 173 1790 100
From the above. it is observed that there is no appreciable incidence of heavy to moderate fire in the forests. However, light fire incidence occurs in 42.20% of forest area in the district from time to time. Forest area free from fire damage constitutes 52.02%. Preventive measures are to be taken to reduce the light fire incidence in the district.
4.2.11 Distribution of forest area by grazing incidence:
22 Intensity of grazing in the t1istrict forests is Hunished below: Table 22: Grazing Incidence. CODE GRAZING INCIDENCE NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SO. KM.) PERCENTAGE 1 Heavy grazing 23 238 13.29 2 Moderate grazing 55 569 31.79 3 Light grazing 64 662 36.99 4 No grazing 24 248 13.87 Unrecorded 7 73 4.06 Total 173 1790 100
Study reveals that about two third of the forest area suffers from moderate to light grazing, while heavy grazing occurs in 13.29% of the forest area in the district. The forest area, which is free from grazing, is 13.87% only. It is, therefore, evident from the above facts that the forest area is moderately disturbed due to grazing which causes damage to regeneration and soil condition of the forest area.
4.2.12 Distribution of forest area by plantation potentiality:
From the following table the plantation potentiality can be assessed: Table 23: Plantation Potentiality. CODE PLANTATION NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ. KM.) PERCENTAGE POTENTIALITY 1 Plantable 30 311 17.34 2 Unplantable - - - 3 Not applicable 139 1438 80.35 Unrecorded 4 41 2.31 Total 173 1790 100
Plantation potentiality in the forest area of the district is 17.34% only. Plantable areas may be raised afforestation as quickly as possible with choice of suitable species.
4.2.13 Distribution of forest area by degradation:
Distribution offorest area by degradation status is furnished below:
23 T =1 blC 24 : I) ('~n}(I a rIOn s t :} t us. COilE DEGRADED STATUS NO. OF PLOTS FOREST AREA (SQ.KM) PERCENTAGE CA) Grazing, fire, pollarding, illicit cutting, lopping. 11 Heavily degraded 19 197 10.98 12 Moderately degraded 24 248 13.87 13 Mild degraded 57 590 32.95 14 Not degraded 54 559 31.21 (B) Other natural call1lllity such llS landslide, glaciers, rainfnll etc. 21 Heavily degraded 6 62 3.48 22 Moderately degraded 3 31 1.73 23 Mild degraded 5 52 2.89 24 Not degraded 1 10 0.58 25 Unrecorded 4 41 2.31 Tot:}1 173 1790 100
Heavy to moderate degradation due to biotic interference together accounted for 24.85% of the total forest area. Mildly degraded area constitutes 32.95% whereas no degradation occurs in 31.21 % forest area only. Degradation due to natural calamity constitute 8.68% forest area.
4.3 Tree density study:
StrntulII wise tree density analysis!
The distribution of stems/ha. by species and diameter classes in different strata have been calculated and are furnished in Table 1.1 to 1.4 in the Part-II of this report. The abstract of stems/ha in ditTerent strata is summarized below: Table 25: Stratum wise Density. STRATUM DESCRIPTION NO. OF STEMSIIIA I Sal Plantation 155.000 II Teak Plantation 296.666 111 Miscellaneous Plantation 206.216 IV High forest 182.525
4.3.1. Sal Plantation:
Number of stemslha in this stratum is 155.000. It is observed that Shorea rolmsla is the only prepominant species in this stratum, contributing 64.52% of the total stems (Table 1. I) and maximum concentration is noticed in 20 to 29 em. diameter class. The number of stems in this stratum gradually decreases with the increase of diameter class and number of stems was found from 80 cm. onward. It is also observed that 30.64% of the stems belongs to 10-19 % diameter class followed by 29.84% and 24.19% in 20-29 em and 30-39 cm diameter classes respectively. Stems per hectare and the percentage distribution of important tree species are given below: Table 26: Sal (Plantation) StratulII. SPECIES NO. OF STEMSIIIA. PERCENTAGE SllOrca r()hll~'la 100.00 64.52 Lagcrstroemia parl'ijlora 7.500 4.84 Schima wallichii 7.500 4.84 Tectoua grandis 6.250 4.03 Lall/lea coromandelica 5.000 3.23 'li'ewi£ll1l1d~fI()ru 5.000 3.23
4.3.2. Teak Plantation:
The number of stems per hectare in this stratum is 296.666. It is observed that Tec/ona graudis is the predominant species in this stratum, which contributes 71.91 % of the stems. Other important tree species are Lagerstroemia speciosa and Michelia champa ca. About 50.24% of the total stems belong to 10-19 cm (Table No. 1.2) diameter class followed by 32.58% and 12.68% in 20-29 em and 30-39 cm. diameter classes. The distribution of main tree species is as follows :- Table 27: Teak (plantation) stratum. SPECIES NO. OF STEMSIHA. PERCENTAGE Tee/ona {.(ralldis 213.333 7] .91 Lagerslrvemia spccio.m 33.809 11.40 Michelia champaca 9.048 3.05 Gmelilla arhorea 7.6]9 2.57 Macarullgu illdica 4.286 1.44
4.3.3. Stratum wise tree density analysis - Miscellaneous plantation:
The following observation can be made from the per ha. distribution of trees by species and diameter class.
(i) The number of stems/ha is only 206.216.
(ii) No particular species is found to enjoy predominance in this stratum. J"agerstroemia .VJeciosa, GmeliJ1a arborea, Acacia catechu, Alllhocepha/w; chinen",i... , Chllkrusia vel/II/ina, Dalhergia sis:wo, Michelia champaca, Tectol1G gral/dis are the main dominating species.
(iii) Concentration of trees in Jower diameter class i.e. 10-19 cm. is maximum which accounts for 58.72% followed by 19.40% and 9.04% in 20-29 em and 30-39 cm diameter classes respectively. No. of trees above 70 cm diameter class is insignificant and constitute 1.05% only (Table No. 1.3).
(iv) The number of stems/ha with percentage for some of the principal species are furnished below:
25 Table 28: Miscellaneous (plantation) sh·atull1. SPECIES NO. OF STEMS/IIA PERCENTAGE La~erslroelJl ia .\]}eciosa 33.784 16.38 (jmelillCl arborea 13.514 6.55 A cuci" (:atec:llII 12.973 6.29 Anl/7oeepha/lIs ehiJ1ellsi.
4.3.4 High forest:
The number of stemslha in this stratum is 182.525. Shorea robusta is the major species in this stratum again and it contributes 12.89% of the stems. [t is seen that there is a varied mixture of species baving distribution of stems in different diameter classes. An abstract of occurrence of some important species is given below: Table 29: High Forest stratum. SPECIES NO. OF STEMSIIIA. PERCENTAGE SIIOI'ea ruhus/a 23.535 12.89 Machi Ius species 8.788 4.81 ScI,imCl l1'a/lic:hii 6.364 3.49 Amoora wallichii 6 .364 3.49 La~eI'SI,.()emia ....peciosa 5.859 3.21 Tee/olla f!ralldis 4.949 2.71 li'eH'ia ITudi!lora 4.141 2.27
Concentration of trees is maximum In the diameter class 10-19. which contributes 41.01% of the total trees, followed by 22.74% and 16.10% in the 20-29 and 30-39 em. diameter classes respectively (Table No. 1.4). Only 6_~ 1% of the stems are above 60 cm. diameter.
4.3.5. Total number of stems:
The total number of stems in different strata by species and diameter classes is given in Table No.2. 1 to 2.4 (Vide Part-II of this report). These are summarized below: Table 30: Total number of stems. SL. NO. STRATUM TOTAL STEMS('OOO NOJ 1 Sal Plantation 1283 2 Teak Plantation 6446 3 Miscellaneous Plantation 7894 4. High forest 19074 Total: 34697
26 Thus, total number of stems in Jalpaiguri district estimated as 34.697 million.
Total number of stems for some of the dominant species in different stratum are summarized below:
(a) Stratum: Sal Plantation Total identified species - 20. Table 31: Total NQ. of Stems in Sal plantations. SPECIES TOTAL STEMS('OUO NO.) Shorca robusta 828 Lagerstrocmia parviflora 62 Schima walliehii 62 TectOJ la f!randis 52 Lculllea coromallclelica 41 Trewia lludif10ra 41
(b) Stratum: Teak Plantation. Total identified species - 24 Table 32: Total number·of Stems in Tcal< Plantations. SPECIES TOTAL STEMS ('000 NO.) Tee/una xrandis 4635 Lagersfroemia speciosa 735 Michelia ehallljJaca 197 Gmelilla arborea 165 Macarall}(a il1dh:a 93
(c) Stratum: Miscellaneous Plantation. Total identified species - 66 Table 33: Tot:.1 number of Stems in Miscellaneous Plantations. SPECIES TOTAL STEMS (fOHII NO.) Lagerslruemia .~lJeciosa 1293 Gmelil1ll arborea 517 Acacia clllee.-'/III 497 Al1llwcephallls chillen,,';s 362 Chukrasia Felfu/ina 372 DalberJ(ia sissoo 362 Michelia ehampaca 362 Termillalia myriocarpa 372 Tee/ona ~ra}1dis 362 Termillalia crellulafa 228
27 (d) Stratum: High Forest Total identified species - 131 Table 34: Total number of Stems in High Forests. SPECIES TOTAL STEMS(,OOO NO.) Shorea robllsla 2460 Machi/us .\pecies 918 Schima wallichii 665 AIJ1()ora waflichii 665 LaKersfrocmia speciosa 612 Tec/ona grandis 517 li-ell'ia IITtdiflora 433
4.4 Volume Study:
The distribution ofvolume!ha by species and diameter classes in different strata has been calculated using volume tablefvolume equations. The above data are furnished in Table No. 3.1 to 3.4 in the Part-II of this report. The abstract of volumefha in different stratum is summarized below: Table 35: Stratum wise volume / hectare. STRATUM DESCRIPTION VOLUME (M3)/HA I Sal Plantation 108.698 II Teak Plantation 94.509 III Miscellaneous Plantation 121.853 IV High Forest 187.269
4.4.1 Stratum wise volume analysis - Sal Plantation :
3 The volume per hectare in the Stratum is 108.698 m . The principal volume contributing species in this stratum are Shorea robusfa (58.44%), Schima waflichii (24.69%). The volumefha with percentage for some of the species is given below :- Table 36: VolumelHa. In Sal plantations SPECIES VOLUME(MJ )IlIA PERCENTAGE Shorea rob lIs/a 63.527 58.44 Schima wallichii 26.835 24.69 CuslwwjJsis ...pedes 2.478 2.28 Laf(erslroemia speciosa 2.439 2.24 Machi/us specie... ' 1.822 1.68
Regarding the distribution of volume by diameter classes, it is observed that 5.05% volume pertains to (10-19 ) cm. diameter class, 13.30% to the diameter class (20-29) em., 28.37% to the diameter class (30-39) cm., 23.91% to the diameter class 40-49 cm. and 12.91% in the diameter class (50-59) cm. The volume contribution of the above 60 cm. diameter is 16.10% only (Table No. 3.1).
28 4.4.2 Stratum wise volume analysis - Teak Plantation:
Volumelha in this stratum is 94.509 m3 only. The major volume contributing species in this stratum is Tee/vila graJldis, which contribute 72.44% of the total volume of the stratum. The volumelha with percentage is furnished for some of the dominant species. Tnble 37: Volumel Hn. In Teal< Plantations SPECIES VOLUMEIllA.(M") PEHCENTAGE Teclvlla graJ1di.\' 68.462 72.44 Laj.fcrslroemia speciosa 7.477 7,91 A I1I"acephalus chit/ell.... is 4.069 4.30 Gmelina arhorea 2.752 2,91 Bomhax ceiha 2.593 2,74 MiG-he/ia dwmpaca 2.577 2.73
Regarding the distribution of volume by diameter classes, it is observed that 14.23% of the total volume of the stratum pertains to diameter class 10-19 cm , ~ 33.96% to the diameter class 20-29 cm; 27.06% to the diameter class 30-39 cm. followed by 11.36% and 8.74% in the diameter class 40-49 and 50-59 cm. diameter class respectively. The volume contribution above 60 cm. diameter is 4.65% only (Table No. 3.2).
4.4.3 Stratum wise volume analysis - Miscellaneous plantation:
3 The volume/ha. in this stratum is 121.853 m • Lagerslroemia speciosa contributes a major portion of volume to the extent of 16.224 m3/ha followed by Bombax ceiba, Schima wallich;; etc. The volume!ha with percentage for some of the dominant species are given below :- Table 38: Volumel Ha. in Miscellaneous Plantations
1 SPECIES VOLUME/IIA(M ) PERCENTAGE Laxer.'I'Iroemia spec.:iosa 16.224 13 .31 Bomhax ceiba 8.992 7.38 Schillla lI'ul!icllii 6.810 5.59 Shorea robusla 6.640 5.45 AmO()rll wallichii 6.136 5.04
The volume is evenly distributed in all the diameter classes up to 60-69 em. and steeply falls in the next higher diameter classes. Regarding the distribution of volume by diameter classes it is observed that 10.52% of the total volume of the stratum pertains to diameter class 10-19 cm~ 13.93% to the diameter class 20-29 cm.~ 15.60% to the diameter class 30-39 em,; 21.20% in 40-49 cm. diameter class and 10.37% in 50-59 em, diameter class. The volume contribution above 60 cm. diameter class is 10.63% unly (Table No. 3.3),
29 4.4.4 Stratum wise volume analysis - High forest:
3 The volume/ha in this stratum is 187.269 m . Shorea rob1(sta contributes a major portion of volume in this stratum also to the extent of 38.329 m3/ha. The volume/ha with percentage for some of the species are furnished below: Table 39: Volume/ Ha. In Higb Forest
3 SPECIES VO LUME/IIA.(M ) PERCENTAGE Shorea robllsfa 38.329 20.46 Schima wallichii 6.719 3.59 Terminalia helerica 5.670 3.03 LOKcrsfrocmia speciosa 5.613 3.00 Machi!lIs sjJec:ies 5.766 3.08
Regarding the distribution of volume by diameter classes, it is observed that 6.25% volume pertains to 10-19 em. diameter class, 12.32% to diameter class 20-29 em., 17.70% to the diameter class 30-39 em., 16.43% to the diameter class 40-49 cm., and 13.27% in the diameter class 50-59 cm. Trees above 60 cm. diameter (Table No. 3.4) contribute quite a substantial amount of volume to the extent of 34.03% of the stratum.
4.4.5 Total volume:
The total volume in different stratum by species and diameter classes are given in Tahle No. 4.1 to 4.4 (Vide Part-ll of this Teport). These are summarized below: Table 40: Total Volume.
3 SL.NO. STRATUM TOTAL VOLUME('OOO M ) I Sal Plantation 900 2 Teak Plantation 2053 3 Miscellaneous Plantation 4665 4 High Forest 19570 Total : 27188
Thus, the total growing stock of Jalpaiguri district is estimated to be 27.188 3 million m . The contribution of total volume for some of the dominant species in different strata is summarized below:
30 (a) Stratum - Sal Plantation Total identified species - 20 Table 41: Total volume in Snll'Jantations. SPECIES TOTAL VOLUME('OOOl\1)) Shorea robll.\'ta 526 Schima wallichii 222 Casfullopsis .~pecies 20 l,a~c!"""'r()el1lia .\pec:iosll 20 Machi/II.\' ."ijJecies 15
(b) Stratum - Teak Plantation: T ota) identified species - 24 Table 42: Total volume in Teak Plantations.
J SPECIES TOTAL VOLUME('OOOM ) Tec:{ul/({ ~,.a/1(Jis 1488 La~e"sfroemia speciosa 162 Allflwccplutlu"j chillC!lIsi.. ; 88 Gmelina arborea 60 Bombax ceiba 56 MicheJia c:humjJllca 56
(c) Stratum - .Miscellaneous PJantntion; Total identified species - 66 Table 43: Total volume in Miscellaneous plantations. 3 SPECIES TOTAL VOLUME ('0001\1 ) f .agersfroemhl spec:iosa 621 Bombax ceiha 344 Sch;ma wallieh;; 261 Shorea robusta 254 Amoora wallichii 235 Al1fhocephallls chillensis 230 A1achiIus .VJecies 227 Ivlichelill cham/Jaell 218
31 (d) Stratum - High Forest: Total identified species - 131 Table 44: Total Volume in High fiorcst. J SPECIES TOTAL VOLUME('OOOM ) Shorea robust" 4005 Sei1ima walliell;i 702 Terminalia belerica 593 !,lTKers/roemia ...pcciosa 586 Machilils ~'ifJecies 603 Bombax ceiba 577 Amoora wallichii 507
4.5 Error calculation:
The standard error percentage (i.e. S.E.%) has been calculated by ratio method of estimation for the growing stock. The standard error percentage for different stratum is given below:
Table 45: Standard Error Percentage. SL. NO. STRATUM S.E.% I Sal Plantation 27.17 2 Teak Plantation 19.71 3 Miscellaneous Plantation 16.14 4 High Forest 11.10 Total : 8.39
32 CHAPTER - V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Summary:
1. The geographical area of Jalpaiguri district is 6227 sq. km. and the recorded forest areas is 1790 sq. km. which is 28.75% of the geographical area.
2. The forests have been broadly categorized in two classes e.g. High forest and Plantation forests. The plantation forest area is again divided into 3 categories namely, Teak, Sal and Miscellaneous plantation. Thus, 4 strata have been formed out of 1790 sq. km. forest area i.e. 1045 sq. km. is under high forest, 217 sq. km. under Teak plantation, 83 sq. km. under Sal plantation and 383 sq. km. area is Miscellaneous plantation area. Forest area of 62 sq. km. has been excluded for growing stock estimation as these areas represent grass lands, water bodies, habitation etc.
3 3. The per hectare number of stems and volume (m ) as estimated in 4 strata are given below:-
Table 46: Volume & No. of Stems/lla. in various Strata. SL.NO. STRATA NO. OF STEMS/IIA. VOLUMEIIIA.(l\1J) 1 High forest 182.525 187.269 2 Plantation (Teak) 296.666 94.509 3 Plantation (Sa]) 155.000 108.698 4 Plantation (Misc.) 206.216 121.853 Total 200.808 157.347
4. The total number of stems is estimated as 34.69 million and the total growing stock is 27.18 million m3 in the district.
5. 16.76% is covered with dense forest. The moderate dense forest constitutes 52.02% and the open forest constitutes 16.18%. The scrub forest covers an area of3.47% of the total forest area in the district.
6. Only 13 .87% area do not witness any grazing incidence and 68.78% of the area is afiected by medium to light grazing. 13.29% of the area is afiected by heavy grazing.
5.2 Comparison with past survey results :
The P.LS.F.R. carried out a survey in the hills of Buxa Forest Division in the year 1975 to estimate the total number of trees by species categorized A, B, C, 0 (utility wise of North Circle, West Bengal, list of species of different utility classes -
33 Table No. 6.0 may be referred ill Vol. 11 or this report). The forest area under survey in 1975 was composed of 8 blocks, e.g. Adma, Chunabhati, Tobgaon, Toshigaon, Santrabhari, Phaskhawa, Hilipota and Bhutanghat covering forest area of 161. 31 sq. km.
The findings of the present survey in 161.31 sq. km. area of same 8 blocks has been compared with the earlier survey in terms of total number of stems in different diameter class and utility class ~B,C,D, which is furnished in the following tables. Species under utility classes A, B, C & D may be seen at Table 6.0 (Vol. II of this report)
(a) Findings of 1975 Area surveyed = 161.31 sq. km.
Table 47. Total stems by utilit and diametcr' class (in CIIl. UTILITY CLASS 10-39 40-69 70-99 1(10+ TOTAL A 102273 56987 3343 836 163439 8 35395 7121 2615 627 45758 C 381233 121467 22096 4610 529406 D 1934852 258300 42262 9634 2245048 Total 2453753 443875 70316 15707 2983651
(b) Findings of 1992-93 Forest area of 161.31 sq. km. only is considered
Tablc 48: Total stems by utilit and diameter class (in CIlI. UTI L1TY CLASS 10-39 40-69 70-99 100+ TOTAL A 396547 20163 - - 416710 B 107538 6721 - - 114259 C 322614 100817 13443 - 436874 D 2191094 228520 33605 6721 2459940 Total 3017793 356221 47048 6721 3427783
From Table 47 and Table 48 we get a comparative picture of changing pattern of the total growing stock in the hill areas of Buxa Division over a period of about 2 decades from 1975 to 1992-93. It may be concluded that the percentage increase in tree density in terms of total stems stands as 14.88%. The above increase is noticed only in the 10-39 cm. diameter class of the utility classes ~B and D. The maximum increase is noticed in diameter class 10-39 cm. In case of A class which amounts to 287.73%. The increase in Band D c1ass in 10-39 cm. diameter class is 203.82% and 13.24% respectively. The distribution of total stems in higher diameter is more in the earlier survey in all the utility classes. The increase in tree density in about 2 decades points towards a positive effect of the introduction of joint forest management in the State. The fact that the best part of the increase in the lower diameter class i.e. for trees between 10-39 em. Diameter is significant because protection by Forest Protection Committees has been afforded only recently and protected trees have not yet reached the higher diameter classes. ~~------.•
34 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. West Bengal District Gazetteers, Jalpaiguri, Government of West Bengal.
2. Economic Review 1992-93, Statistical Appendix. Government of West Bengal.
3. Census of India 1991, Final Population Totals, Series-I, Paper-I of 1992, Vol. 11 - Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.
4. State Report of West Bengal Forests 1992-93 and 1993-94, and Statistical Cell, Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, West Bengal.
5. Report on the resources survey of the hill forests of Buxa Division, West Bengal, - Pre-investment Survey of Forest Resources 1975.
6. India 1995 - A Reference Annual, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
7. Sixth Working Plan for the Buxa Forest Division North Circle, 1965-66 to 1974 - 75, Volume-l (Part I and Appendices I to XIV excluding V).
8. Local Volume Tables of Plantation Species in Northern Circle Volume-lI, Plantations - Part-II.
35 MAP No.-1 MAP OF IN DIA
SHOWING PROJECT AREA IN JALPAIGURI DISTRICT
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I
PROJECT MAP OF JALPAIGURI g_ISTRl CT ...... _S_C..,A""",L.;;.E :- ~,,!,_'_I~
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S loll Sou ndor y -_._._.- Oit'rlcl Boundary ---- Rollwoy LIM Roa d {NH.\ Olhu Rood
FOREST SURVEY OF ,INDIA INVENTORY DESIGN
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DIAGRAM_ 2 DIAGRAM SHOWING MARKING OF PLOT I_t-!_2_ ~: X 2 I;z' GR 10 IXIBly' ARE THE DISTANCES ALONG IXI B Iyl AX'ES._----- wli~~ S. W. CORN ERAS THE ORIGIN. ·1
01 'b2. .. ORIGIN '- :s DIAGRAM_ 3 -(Xl ~ ~ DIAGRAM SHOWING LAY OUT OF PLOT ~ J~~~"""'___'=-'-'Hi
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Plantation 3 class (in cm.). 1.4 Stems/ha. by species and diameter High Forest. 6 Class (in cm.). .; 2.1 Total stemseOOO No.) by species Sal Plantation 10 and diameter class (in cm.). 2.2 Total stemsCOOO No.) by species Teak Plantation 11 and diameter class (in cm.). 2.3 Total stems rOOO No.) by species Misc. Plantation 12 and diameter class (in crn.). 2.4 Total stems ('000 No.) by species High. Forest 15 and diameter class (in cm.) 3.1 Volume/ha. by species and diameter Sal Plantation 20 class (in cm.) 3.2 Volume/hu. by species and diameter Teak Plantation 21 c]ass (in cm.). 3.3 Volume/ha. by species and diameter Misc. Plantation 22 class (in cm.). 3.4 VoJume/ba. by specjes and diameter High Forest 25 class (in cm.) 4.1 Total volume ('009 m}) by species Sal Plantation 29 and dia1}leter class (in cm.). 4.2 Total volume ('000 m}) by species Teak Plantation 30 and diameter class (in cm.). 4.3 Total volume ('000 m}) by species Misc. 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