DOCSLIB.ORG

The Signs of Aphasia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Signs of Aphasia © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved 31 Handbook of Neuropsychology, 2nd Edition, Vol. 3 R.S. Berndt (Ed) CHAPTER 3 The signs of aphasia Gregory Hickok a and Ursula Bellugi b a Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA Laboratoryfor Cognitive Neuroscience, The Salk Institutefor Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA Introduction to language in another modality to suggest that there are both intrinsic and extrinsic influences driving neocortical organization (Nothias, Theoretical issues Fishell and Ruiz i Altaba, 1998). If this view is correct, a major task in developmental neuroscience Much debate in 19th century neurology centered will be to map out the contributions of intrinsic and around the question of whether there is functional extrinsic factors, and their interaction. specialization within the neocortex. Today, this is no In this chapter, we will present data which bear on longer a contentious issue: functional specialization these general issues from the perspective of the orga- in the adult neocortex is well established. Nonethe- nization of a higher-order cortical system: language. less, a form of this old debate rages on in research on In particular, we will address the question neocortical development. At issue is whether neocor- of the extent to which the functional neuroanatomy tical regionalization arises from properties intrinsic to of language is dependent on the sensory and motor the neocortex itself (Rakic, 1988), or whether it devel- modalities through which it is perceived and pro- ops in response to extrinsic factors, such as pat-terns duced. There are many reasons to think that the neu- of thalamocortical input (O’Leary, 1989). Over ral organization of language should be profoundly the last decade, evidence has accumulated on both influenced by extrinsic factors in development, such sides of the fence. Many studies, for example, have as sensory and motor experience. The temporal pro- demonstrated a fair degree of neocortical reorgani- cessing demands imposed by the auditory system have zation in response to a variety of sensory-input ma- been argued to favor left hemisphere systems which nipulations (Katz and Shatz, 1996; Pons, Garraghty, could, in turn, determine aspects of the lateralization Ommaya et al., 1991; Sadato, Pascual-Leone, Graf- pattern of auditory-mediated language (Tallal, Miller man et al., 1996; Schlaggar and OLeary, 1991; Sur, and Fitch, 1993). Superior temporal lobe regions Garraghty and Roe, 1988), suggesting that extrinsic thought to be important for language comprehension factors exert an influence on neocortical organiza- are situated in and around auditory cortices - a natu- tion. Other studies, however, have shown that some ral location given auditory sensory input of language. regional specific features of neocortex (e.g. gene Likewise, Broca’s area, which is thought to play a expression) emerge independent of extra-neocortical role in speech production, is situated just anterior to influence (Afimatsu, Miyamoto, Nihonmatsu et al., motor cortex controlling the speech articulators. Thus, 1992; Miyashita-Lin, Hevner, Wassarman et al., 1999). it would not be unreasonable to hypothesize that the Taken together, this collection of work seems neural organization of language - including its lat- eralization and within-hemisphere organization - is determined, in large part, by the particular demands *Corresponding author. Tel.: + 1 (858) 453-4100, ext. 1222. imposed by the sensory and motor interface systems. 32 By studying the functional neuroanatomy of signed ical level, ASL, for example, has developed grammat- language, we can test this hypothesis in a straightfor- ical markers that serve as inflectional and derivational ward manner. It has been shown that signed languages morphemes; these are regular changes in form across share a good deal of the formal linguistic structure classes of lexical items associated with systematic found in spoken languages, but differ radically in the changes in meaning (Klima and Bellugi, 1979). At the sensory and motor systems through which language is syntactic level, ASL specifies relations among signs transmitted (Klima and Bellugi, 1979; Lillo- Martin, using a variety of mechanisms including sign order, 1991; Perlmutter, 1992). In essence, signed language the manipulation of sign forms (usually verbs) in offers a kind of natural experimental manipulation: space, where different spatial relations between signs central linguistic structure and function are held con- have systematic differences in meaning, and a spe- stant, while peripheral sensory and motor experience cific set of grammaticized facial expressions that are is varied. Thus, a comparison of the neural organiza- used to mark questions, topicalized sentences, and tion of signed versus spoken language will provide conditionals (Liddell, 1980; Lillo-Martin, 1991). Fig. clues concerning the factors which drive the develop- I shows aspects of the spatial organization of ASL at ment of the functional neuroanatomy of language. (A) the lexical level, (B) the morphological level, and (C) the level of spatially organized syntax. The structure of sign language In summary, ASL has developed as a fully auton- omous language with grammatical structuring at the Like spoken languages, signed languages of the deaf same levels as spoken language and with similar kinds are formal, highly structured linguistic systems, passed of organizational principles. Yet the surface form that down from one generation to the next, with a typical this grammatical structuring assumes in a visual-spa- developmental course, including a critical period tial language is deeply rooted in the modality in which for acquisition (Newport and Meier, 1985; Newport, the language developed in that there is a strong ten- 1991). Signed languages have emerged independently dency to encode grammatical relations spatially rather of the language used among hearing individuals in the than temporally. The implication of this situation for surrounding community: American Sign Language research on the neurobiology of language is that we (ASL) and British Sign Language, for example, are have the opportunity to study a linguistic system that mutually incomprehensible, despite the fact that Eng- is essentially identical to that of spoken language lish is the dominant spoken language in both sur- in terms of its underlying linguistic (i.e. representa- rounding communities. tional) structure, but that is implemented in a radically Signed and spoken languages, however, share different perceptual signal. the underlying structural complexities of human lan- guage. That is, all natural human languages have lin- Brain organization for language and spatial cogni- guistic structure at phonological, morphological, and tion in deaf signers syntactic levels, and signed languages are no excep- tion. At the phonological level, research has shown Hemispheric asymmetries.for aspects of sign lan- that like the words of spoken languages, signs are guage fractionated into sublexical elements, including vari- ous recurring handshapes, articulation locations, and Left hemisphere damage in hearing/speaking individ- limb/hand movements, among other features (Corina uals is associated with deficits at sublexical (‘phonetic/ and Sandler, 1993; Perlmutter, 1992). Furthermore, phonemic’), lexical, and sentence levels, both in pro- comparison of two different signed languages (ASL duction and in comprehension (Damasio, 1992; Good- and Chinese Sign Language) reveals that there are glass, 1993). Supra- sentential (e.g. discourse) deficits, even fine-level systematic phonetic differences lead- on the other hand, have been associated with right- ing to an ‘accent’ when native users of one sign hemisphere damage (Brownell, Potter, Bihrle et al., language learn another (Klima and Bellugi, 1979; 1986). A similar pattern of hemispheric asymmetries Poizner, Klima and Bellugi, 1987). At the morpholog- has been observed in the deaf signing population. 33 A B C Fig. 1. Spatialized linguistic contrasts in ASL structure. (A) Spatial contrasts at the lexical level. The signs for SUMMER, UGLY arul DRY, are distinguished only by the place of articulation on the face. (B) Spatial contrasts at the morphological level. Various modula- tions on the movement of the sign GIVE, for example, can modify the meaning of the verb as indicated. The modulations can be nested to yield complex morphological forms. (C) Spatialized organization underlying the syntax of ASL. Signs can be indexed to specific locations in signing space, and the direction of movement of the verb between spatial endpoints indicate grammatical relations, such as subject and object. 34 the BDAE ratings of signing characteristics, as well Sublexical-, lexical-, and sentence-level processes as a count of the number of paraphasic errors per A variety of sublexical-, lexical-, and sentence-level minute of signing. Comprehension measures included deficits (i.e. typical aphasic symptomology) have been a set of one-, two-, and three-step commands (BDAE found in individual left-hemisphere-damaged (LHD) ‘Commands’ subtest) and an ASL-adapted version of deaf signers (Bellugi, Poizner and Klima, 1989; the Token Test (DeRenzi and Vignolo, 1962). Naming Corina, 1998; Hickok, Bellugi and Klima,1998a; assessment included two BDAE subtests: Visual Con- Hickok, Klima and Bellugi, 1996a; Hickok,Klima, frontation Naming (naming in response to pictures) Kritchevsky
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conduction Aphasia, Sensory-Motor Integration, and Phonological Short-Term Memory – an Aggregate Analysis of Lesion and Fmri Data ⇑ Bradley R
    Brain & Language 119 (2011) 119–128 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Brain & Language journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/b&l Conduction aphasia, sensory-motor integration, and phonological short-term memory – An aggregate analysis of lesion and fMRI data ⇑ Bradley R. Buchsbaum a, , Juliana Baldo b, Kayoko Okada d, Karen F. Berman e, Nina Dronkers b, ⇑ Mark D’Esposito c, Gregory Hickok d, a Rotman Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada b VA Northern California Health Care System, Center for Aphasia and Related Disorders, Martinez, CA, USA c Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA d Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA e Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA article info abstract Article history: Conduction aphasia is a language disorder characterized by frequent speech errors, impaired verbatim Accepted 11 December 2010 repetition, a deficit in phonological short-term memory, and naming difficulties in the presence of other- Available online 21 January 2011 wise fluent and grammatical speech output. While traditional models of conduction aphasia have typi- cally implicated white matter pathways, recent advances in lesions reconstruction methodology Keywords: applied to groups of patients have implicated left temporoparietal zones. Parallel work using functional Conduction aphasia magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has pinpointed a region in the posterior most portion of the left pla- Working memory num temporale, area Spt, which is critical for phonological working memory. Here we show that the Speech production region of maximal lesion overlap in a sample of 14 patients with conduction aphasia perfectly circum- Planum temporale Brain lesion scribes area Spt, as defined in an aggregate fMRI analysis of 105 subjects performing a phonological work- Sensorimotor integration ing memory task.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlation of CT Cerebral Vascular Territories with Function: 3. Middle Cerebral Artery
    161 Correlation of CT Cerebral Vascular Territories with Function: 3. Middle Cerebral Artery Stephen A. Berman 1 Schematic displays are presented of the cerebral territories supplied by branches of L. Anne Hayman2 the middle cerebral artery as they would appear on axial and coronal computed Vincent C. Hinck 1 tomographic (CT) scan sections. Companion diagrams of regional cortical function and a discussion of the fiber tracts are provided to simplify correlation of clinical deficits with coronal and axial CT abnormalities. This report is the third in a series designed to correlate cerebral vascular territories and functional anatomy in a form directly applicable to computed tomog­ raphy (CT). The illustrations are intended to simplify analysis of CT images in terms of clinical signs and symptoms and vascular territories in everyday practice. The anterior and posterior cerebral arteries have been described [1 , 2] . This report deals with the middle cerebral arterial territory. Knowledge of cerebral vascular territories can help in differentiating between infarction and other pathologic processes. For example, if the position and extent of a lesion and the usual position and extent of a vascular territory are incongruous, infarction should receive relatively low diagnostic priority and vice versa. Knowledge of vascular territories can also facilitate correct interpretation of cerebral angio­ grams by pinpointing specific vessels for particularly close attention. Knowledge of functional neuroanatomy applied to a patient's clinical findings can improve detection of subtle lesions by pinpointing specific areas for special attention on CT and specific vessels for attention on angiograms. Discussion The largest area of the brain that is normally supplied by the vessel(s) of the middle cerebral territory is indicated in figures 1 and 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Abadie's Sign Abadie's Sign Is the Absence Or Diminution of Pain Sensation When Exerting Deep Pressure on the Achilles Tendo
    A.qxd 9/29/05 04:02 PM Page 1 A Abadie’s Sign Abadie’s sign is the absence or diminution of pain sensation when exerting deep pressure on the Achilles tendon by squeezing. This is a frequent finding in the tabes dorsalis variant of neurosyphilis (i.e., with dorsal column disease). Cross References Argyll Robertson pupil Abdominal Paradox - see PARADOXICAL BREATHING Abdominal Reflexes Both superficial and deep abdominal reflexes are described, of which the superficial (cutaneous) reflexes are the more commonly tested in clinical practice. A wooden stick or pin is used to scratch the abdomi- nal wall, from the flank to the midline, parallel to the line of the der- matomal strips, in upper (supraumbilical), middle (umbilical), and lower (infraumbilical) areas. The maneuver is best performed at the end of expiration when the abdominal muscles are relaxed, since the reflexes may be lost with muscle tensing; to avoid this, patients should lie supine with their arms by their sides. Superficial abdominal reflexes are lost in a number of circum- stances: normal old age obesity after abdominal surgery after multiple pregnancies in acute abdominal disorders (Rosenbach’s sign). However, absence of all superficial abdominal reflexes may be of localizing value for corticospinal pathway damage (upper motor neu- rone lesions) above T6. Lesions at or below T10 lead to selective loss of the lower reflexes with the upper and middle reflexes intact, in which case Beevor’s sign may also be present. All abdominal reflexes are preserved with lesions below T12. Abdominal reflexes are said to be lost early in multiple sclerosis, but late in motor neurone disease, an observation of possible clinical use, particularly when differentiating the primary lateral sclerosis vari- ant of motor neurone disease from multiple sclerosis.
    [Show full text]
  • 26 Aphasia, Memory Loss, Hemispatial Neglect, Frontal Syndromes and Other Cerebral Disorders - - 8/4/17 12:21 PM )
    1 Aphasia, Memory Loss, 26 Hemispatial Neglect, Frontal Syndromes and Other Cerebral Disorders M.-Marsel Mesulam CHAPTER The cerebral cortex of the human brain contains ~20 billion neurons spread over an area of 2.5 m2. The primary sensory and motor areas constitute 10% of the cerebral cortex. The rest is subsumed by modality- 26 selective, heteromodal, paralimbic, and limbic areas collectively known as the association cortex (Fig. 26-1). The association cortex mediates the Aphasia, Memory Hemispatial Neglect, Frontal Syndromes and Other Cerebral Disorders Loss, integrative processes that subserve cognition, emotion, and comport- ment. A systematic testing of these mental functions is necessary for the effective clinical assessment of the association cortex and its dis- eases. According to current thinking, there are no centers for “hearing words,” “perceiving space,” or “storing memories.” Cognitive and behavioral functions (domains) are coordinated by intersecting large-s- cale neural networks that contain interconnected cortical and subcortical components. Five anatomically defined large-scale networks are most relevant to clinical practice: (1) a perisylvian network for language, (2) a parietofrontal network for spatial orientation, (3) an occipitotemporal network for face and object recognition, (4) a limbic network for explicit episodic memory, and (5) a prefrontal network for the executive con- trol of cognition and comportment. Investigations based on functional imaging have also identified a default mode network, which becomes activated when the person is not engaged in a specific task requiring attention to external events. The clinical consequences of damage to this network are not yet fully defined. THE LEFT PERISYLVIAN NETWORK FOR LANGUAGE AND APHASIAS The production and comprehension of words and sentences is depen- FIGURE 26-1 Lateral (top) and medial (bottom) views of the cerebral dent on the integrity of a distributed network located along the peri- hemispheres.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Yield Neuroanatomy, FOURTH EDITION
    LWBK110-3895G-FM[i-xviii].qxd 8/14/08 5:57 AM Page i Aptara Inc. High-Yield TM Neuroanatomy FOURTH EDITION LWBK110-3895G-FM[i-xviii].qxd 8/14/08 5:57 AM Page ii Aptara Inc. LWBK110-3895G-FM[i-xviii].qxd 8/14/08 5:57 AM Page iii Aptara Inc. High-Yield TM Neuroanatomy FOURTH EDITION James D. Fix, PhD Professor Emeritus of Anatomy Marshall University School of Medicine Huntington, West Virginia With Contributions by Jennifer K. Brueckner, PhD Associate Professor Assistant Dean for Student Affairs Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, Kentucky LWBK110-3895G-FM[i-xviii].qxd 8/14/08 5:57 AM Page iv Aptara Inc. Acquisitions Editor: Crystal Taylor Managing Editor: Kelley Squazzo Marketing Manager: Emilie Moyer Designer: Terry Mallon Compositor: Aptara Fourth Edition Copyright © 2009, 2005, 2000, 1995 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. 351 West Camden Street 530 Walnut Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Philadelphia, PA 19106 Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at [email protected], or via website at http://www.lww.com (products and services).
    [Show full text]
  • Neurophysiology of Communication
    Neurophysiology of Communication Presented by: Neha Sharma MD Date: October 11, 2019 What is Communication? Ø The imparting or exchange of information Ø Auditory, Language, Speech, and Comprehension Ø Focus of presentation – how language and speech are perceived and comprehended by the brain Neurophysiology of Hearing Neurophysiology of Hearing Ø Frequency of sound as speech (sound waves) Ø Frequency of speech is 60-500 Hz Ø Males – 85-180 Hz; Female – 165-255 Hz Ø Ear picks up 20-20,000 Hz Animal Frequencies Animal Vocal Frequency (Hearing Frequency) Elephants 14-24 Hz (14-12,000 Hz) Dogs 1,000-2,000 Hz (67-45,000 Hz) Birds 1,000-8,000 Hz (200-8,500 Hz) Ants 1,000 Hz (500-1500 Hz) Mice/Rats 20,000-100,000 Hz (1,000-100,000 Hz) Cow 70-7,000 Hz (16-40,000 Hz) Bats 50,000-160,000 Hz (2,000-110,000 Hz) Torrent Frog 128,000 Hz (38,000 Hz) Katydid 138,000 Hz-150,000 Hz (15,000-50,000 Hz) Dolphins 175,000 Hz (75-150,000 Hz) Wax Moth 300,000 Hz (300,000 Hz) Auditory Anatomy https://endoplasmiccurriculum.wordpress.com/2012/03/09/internal-ear-anatomy/ Neurophysiology of Hearing Ø Sound waves transmit through the air to the ear Ø Travels through external acoustic meatus to auditory canal to tympanic membrane Ø Oscillate against the ossicles which causes vibration of the oval window Ø Stimulating the cochlea which converts the vibration into electrical signals Ø Hair cells move upwards and forwards causing depolarization of the basilar membrane Ø Due to perturbation of basilar membrane against tectorial membrane Ø Inner hair cells – discriminate
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Consequences of Stroke
    EBRSR [Evidence-Based Review of Stroke Rehabilitation] 2 Clinical Consequences of Stroke Robert Teasell MD, Norhayati Hussein MBBS Last updated: March 2018 Abstract Cerebrovascular disorders represent the third leading cause of mortality and the second major cause of long-term disability in North America (Delaney and Potter 1993). The impairments associated with a stroke exhibit a wide diversity of clinical signs and symptoms. Disability, which is multifactorial in its determination, varies according to the degree of neurological recovery, the site of the lesion, the patient's premorbid status and the environmental support systems. Clinical evidence is reviewed as it pertains to stroke lesion location (cerebral, right & left hemispheres; lacunar and brain stem), related disorders (emotional, visual spatial perceptual, communication, fatigue, etc.) and artery(s) affected. 2. Clinical Consequences of Stroke pg. 1 of 29 www.ebrsr.com Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................1 Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................3 2.1 Localization of the Stroke ...........................................................................................................3 2.2 Cerebral
    [Show full text]
  • Medial Frontal Syndrome
    Gnosia synthesis of sensory impulses resulting in perception, appreciation and recognition of stimuli. Agnosia is inability to recognize the meaning of a sensory stimuli even though it has been perceived Apraxia inability to perform a familiar, purposeful motor act on command that the patient is able perform spontaneously Precentral cortex - strip immediately anterior to the central or Sylvian fissure Prefrontal cortex - extending from the frontal poles to the precentral cortex and including the frontal operculum, dorsolateral, and superior mesial regions Orbitofrontal cortex including the orbitobasal or ventromedial and the inferior mesial regions and Superior mesial regions containing, primarily, the anterior cingulate gyrus The dorsolateral frontal cortex is concerned with planning, strategy formation, and executive function. The frontal operculum contains the centre for expression of language. The orbitofrontal cortex is concerned with response inhibition Patients with superior mesial lesions affecting the cingulate cortex typically develop akinetic mutism. Patients with inferior mesial (basal forebrain) lesions tend to manifest anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation. Motor strip (area 4) Supplementary motor area (area 6) Frontal eye fields (area 8) Cortical center for micturition Motor speech area Prefrontal area Main projection site for dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus Project to basal ganglia and substantia nigra 3 parts- dorsolateral, medial, orbitofrontal Organization of self ordered tasks Executive
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook on Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
    Alekseenko YU.V. HANDBOOK ON CLINICAL NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY FOR STUDENTS OF MEDICAL FACULTY Vitebsk - 2005 УДК 616.8+616.8-089(042.3/;4) ~ А 47 Алексеенко Ю.В. А47 Пособие по неврологии и нейрохирургии для студентов факуль­ тета подготовки иностранных граждан: пособие / составитель Ю.В. Алексеенко. - Витебск: ВГМ У, 2005,- 495 с. ISBN 985-466-119-9 Учебное пособие по неврологии и нейрохирургии подготовлено в соответствии с типовой учебной программой по неврологии и нейрохирургии для студентов лечебного факультетов медицинских университетов, утвержденной Министерством здравоохра­ нения Республики Беларусь в 1998 году В учебном пособии представлены ключевые разделы общей и частной клиниче­ ской неврологии, а также нейрохирургии, которые имеют большое значение в работе врачей общей медицинской практики и системе неотложной медицинской помощи: за­ болевания периферической нервной системы, нарушения мозгового кровообращения, инфекционно-воспалительные поражения нервной системы, эпилепсия и судорожные синдромы, демиелинизирующие и дегенеративные поражения нервной системы, опу­ холи головного мозга и черепно-мозговые повреждения. Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов медицинского университета и врачей-стажеров, проходящих подготовку по неврологии и нейрохирургии. if' \ * /’ L ^ ' i L " / УДК 616.8+616.8-089(042.3/.4) ББК 56.1я7 б.:: удгритний I ISBN 985-466-119-9 2 CONTENTS Abbreviations 4 Motor System and Movement Disorders 5 Motor Deficit 12 Movement (Extrapyramidal) Disorders 25 Ataxia 36 Sensory System and Disorders of Sensation
    [Show full text]
  • A Dictionary of Neurological Signs.Pdf
    A DICTIONARY OF NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS THIRD EDITION A DICTIONARY OF NEUROLOGICAL SIGNS THIRD EDITION A.J. LARNER MA, MD, MRCP (UK), DHMSA Consultant Neurologist Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool Honorary Lecturer in Neuroscience, University of Liverpool Society of Apothecaries’ Honorary Lecturer in the History of Medicine, University of Liverpool Liverpool, U.K. 123 Andrew J. Larner MA MD MRCP (UK) DHMSA Walton Centre for Neurology & Neurosurgery Lower Lane L9 7LJ Liverpool, UK ISBN 978-1-4419-7094-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7095-4 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7095-4 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937226 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2001, 2006, 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Physiological Psychology Review
    Introduction to Physiological Psychology Review [email protected] www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/~ksweeney/psy260.html n Learning and Memory n Human Communication n Emotion 1 What is memory? n Working Memory: – Limited capacity (7 +/- 2) – Information can be held for several minutes with rehearsal § (e.g. memory system you use when you have to remember a phone number but have no place to write it down) n Long-term Memory: – Very large capacity – Essentially infinite duration § e.g. memory system you need when you are reminiscing with friends, or taking a final exam Objects Perceptual Learning Situations Form new circuits Motor Learning in the motor system Forms of Learning Stimulus-Response Form connection Learning between perception and action Relational Learning Connections between stimuli 2 Learning n All forms of learning involve changes in the ways that neurons communicate. Stimulus-Response learning n Classical Conditioning – An unimportant stimulus begins to elicit a similar response as an important one – It involves an association between two stimuli, one of which is reflexive n Operant Conditioning (or Instrumental Conditioning) – A particular stimulus begins to elicit a particular response – It involves an association between a stimulus and a response 3 Classical Conditioning n Famous example: Pavlov’s dogs – First, present dogs with food and measure amount of saliva – Then, start ringing a bell just before food is presented (at first, saliva only occurs at presentation of food) – In time, salivation occurs in response to the bell
    [Show full text]
  • Essentials of Primary Progressive Aphasia
    Essentials of Primary Progressive Aphasia Marsel Mesulam, MD Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago IL 60611, USA INTRODUCTION Acquired language disorders are known as aphasias. Progressive aphasias can arise in the course of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), motor neuron disease (MND), corticobasal degenerations (CBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and dementia associated with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA). While such patients can be said to have progressive aphasias, their language impairment is neither the dominant component of the clinical picture nor its initial feature. In a unique group of patients, a slowly progressive aphasia arises in relative isolation, becomes the principal cause of restrictions in daily living activities, and remains the most salient aspect of the clinical picture for many months. Other cognitive and behavioral domains, while not necessarily intact, are less impaired than language. Such patients are said to have a primary progressive aphasia or PPA. In contrast to the clinical syndrome of probable Alzheimer’s disease (PRAD), which designates a memory-based (amnestic) dementia, or frontotemporal dementia 1 (FTD), which designates a behavior-based (comportmental) dementia, PPA designates a language-based (aphasic) dementia. The PPA syndrome has been described in native speakers of nearly all major language groups, including Turkish.(1) CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS Primary progressive aphasia is
    [Show full text]