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Sustainability Assessment of a Qingyuan Mushroom Culture System Based on Emergy sustainability Article Sustainability Assessment of a Qingyuan Mushroom Culture System Based on Emergy Xingguo Gu 1,2,3, Qixian Lai 1,2,3,*, Moucheng Liu 4,*, Ziqun He 1,2,3, Qingyang Zhang 5 and Qingwen Min 4 1 Institute of Rural Development, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 298, Middle Desheng Road, Jianggan District, Hangzhou 310021, China 2 Key Laboratory of Creative Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China, No. 298, Middle Desheng Road, Jianggan District, Hangzhou 310021, China 3 Creative Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhejiang, No. 298, Middle Desheng Road, Jianggan District, Hangzhou 310021, China 4 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China 5 Qingyuan Scientific Research Center of Edible Fungi, No. 138, Xinjian Road, Qingyuan County, Lishui 310021, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.L.); [email protected] (M.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-8640-4261 (Q.L.); +86-10-6488-8202 (M.L.) Received: 31 July 2019; Accepted: 3 September 2019; Published: 5 September 2019 Abstract: The Qingyuan mushroom culture system (QMCS) in Zhejiang Province has been recognized as the source of the world’s first artificial cultivation of mushrooms with a history of more than 800 years. The system embodies the farming wisdom of the local people who have adapted themselves to and utilized nature and has integrated the traditional bark hacking method with multiple modern patterns for mushroom cultivation based on artificial microbial strains. We have investigated the input–output operation of farmers and assessed and analyzed emergy indicators in a bid to reflect and compare their economic and ecological benefits, as well as their sustainable development by analyzing the three typical mushroom cultivation patterns. The cost-benefit analysis of the three patterns shows that the sawdust medium-cultivated method (SMCM) is characterized by dominance in both net income without labor cost and labor productivity; while the evaluation based on emergy indicators has proven that each has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of ecological and economic benefits and sustainable development. Among them, the bark hacking method (BHM) features the highest utilization rates of local and renewable resources, the smallest damage to the environment, the lowest production efficiency, and the highest exchange efficiency, but the sawdust medium-cultivated method is just the opposite, and the log-cultivated method (LCM) is the most favorable one for sustainable development. As its agricultural heritage, the QMCS’ core of dynamic protection and adaptive management lies in enhancing the sustainable development of its agricultural production methods. It is recommended that the three patterns be improved by targeting their respective shortcomings and at the same time, integrate their advantages to explore a new sustainable development pattern for mushroom cultivation. Keywords: agricultural heritage systems; qingyuan mushroom culture system; bark hacking method; log-cultivated method; sawdust medium-cultivated method; emergy 1. Introduction Fungi is of the most diverse organisms on earth and plays an important ecological and socio-economic role. Not only do they serve as an important food source for humans, but they also Sustainability 2019, 11, 4863; doi:10.3390/su11184863 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, 4863 2 of 13 serve as a “bridge” between the earth and humans through decomposition and biological symbiosis. According to statistics, there are about 2300 species in edible fungi, of which only about 200 are cultivated [1]. A large number of historical data shows that mushroom cultivation technology originated in China. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Wu Sangong (1130–1208) invented the first artificial method of mushroom cultivation in Longyan Village, Qingyuan County in Zhejiang Province, the bark hacking method (BHM) [2], which used natural spores to cultivate mushrooms on wood, marking the beginning of the composite utilization of forest fungi. For more than 800 years, this traditional method of mushroom cultivation has been inherited and developed in the area, including Qingyuan, Longquan City, and Jingning County. An agricultural heritage system composed of forest sustainable management, under forest industry development, mushroom cultivation and processing methods, and mushroom culture and folk customs has emerged [3]. In 2014, Qingyuan succeeded in applying for the second batch of Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage systems of China (China-NIAHS) with its Qingyuan mushroom culture system (QMCS) in Zhejiang [4,5], marking the first of China-NIAHS based on edible fungi. In addition, it is proactively applying for the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) [6,7]. Traditional mushroom cultivation is based on the management of forest resources and emphasizes the compound management of forest fungi [8], representing a model for the rational use of natural resources in earlier agricultural development. However, the requirements for forest species and topographic climate are demanding, and the labor environment is also relatively harsh. Since the creation of artificial strain technology in the 1930s, artificial methods for mushroom cultivation have been continuously improved and updated, and patterns, such as the log-cultivated method (LCM), sawdust medium-cultivated method (SMCM), and briquette cultivation method, have continued to emerge and have greatly impacted the traditional areas of mushroom production. The yield of mushroom can be greatly improved by the LCM and the SMCM, which provides convenience for scientific management and mechanized operation. These new patterns are inherited from the traditional BHM and incorporate more modern science and technology, providing a variety of options for local mushroom farmers to improve their income and labor environment. According to statistics, in the past 20 years, the annual mushroom output in Qingyuan has remained at about 5000 tons, of which more than 95% is cultivated by the SMCM and only a few tons by the LCM and the BHM. So, what are the advantages of the modern cultivation patterns compared to the traditional one? Do modern patterns meet the objectives of regional sustainable development? How can the sustainability of the traditional QMCS be improved? These issues are of great concern to the protection and inheritance of agricultural heritage systems [9], and also have a great impact on the sustainable development of the Qingyuan area. To solve the above issues, it is necessary to evaluate and analyze the various cultivation patterns in terms of the economy and the ecology of the heritage sites to reflect the status quo of the sustainable development of the QMCS. At present, the relevant literature studies the evolution, production methods and combined utilization of different mushroom cultivation patterns [10–12] in the main, providing a sound scientific foundation for understanding the historical characteristics of mushroom agricultural heritage and improving the production efficiency and management level of mushroom cultivation. However, it lacks a comprehensive study of mushroom cultivation based on sustainability. Emergy is a scientific concept and measurement scale developed from system ecology and ecological economics. It can convert the material flow, energy flow, and value stream of agricultural production systems into a unified standard, which is convenient for quantitative analysis and assessment of development sustainability [13]. In view of this, this study makes a systematic analysis and indicator assessment of the three typical cultivation methods, namely the BHM, LCM, and SMCM with the emergy methods to evaluate and compare their economic and ecological benefits, as well as their sustainable development, and to provide a sound scientific basis for the protection and development of the agricultural heritage system [14]. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4863 3 of 13 2. Overview of the Study Area The QMCS in Zhejiang takes Qingyuan as the preservation area of the agricultural heritage system, which also serves as the study area for this paper. Qingyuan is located in the southwest of Zhejiang at 118◦500–119◦300 E and 27◦250–27◦510 N. It dips from the northeast to the southwest geographically, with an altitude of 240 to 1856.7 m, and consists of a variety of landforms including valley, basin, hill, and low and medium mountains. According to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification, it has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with a mean annual minimum temperature of 7.6 ◦C, a maximum temperature of 27.3 ◦C and mean annual precipitation of 1760 mm. The forest coverage rate is 86%, and the common vegetation includes various types, such as coniferous forest, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, bamboo forest, shrub, grass, and meadow. Thus, it is fairly rich in wild fungus resources, with nearly 423 large-scale fungi, including 360 kinds of edible (medicinal) fungi and 79 important valuable strains [15]. In 2018, the registered population of Qingyuan was 20,5100, and the per capita GDP was 51,910-yuan, accounting for 52.6% of Zhejiang’s and 80.5% of China’s per capita GDP [16–18]. The edible fungus industry focused on mushrooms is Qingyuan’s traditional industry and its pillar of the agricultural industry. In 2002, the Qingyuan mushroom won the nationally protected product of origin, the first for a regional
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