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Archaeologists Are Trying ALABAMA HISTORICAL COMMISSION to Understand the Details

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Archaeologists Are Trying ALABAMA HISTORICAL COMMISSION to Understand the Details A STORY OF FREEDOM • THE FORT MIMS' MASSACRE • THE MIRADOR BASIN MAYA american archaeologyFALL 2007 a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 11 No. 3 Searching For Evidence OFOF THETHE $3.95 MimbresMimbres CultureCulture american archaeology a quarterly publication of The Archaeological Conservancy Vol. 11 No. 3 fall 2007 39 COVER FEATURE ARL 39 WHAT BECAME OF THE MIMBRES? T BY TIM VANDERPOOL An excavation in southwest New Mexico TREJO / could answer questions about this fascinating culture. MONICA 12 CLARIFYING AN HISTORIC EVENT BY WAYNE CURTIS 12 In 1813 some 250 soldiers and settlers were massacred at Fort Mims. Archaeologists are trying ALABAMA HISTORICAL COMMISSION to understand the details. 18 SAVING THE MIRADOR BASIN BY MICHAEL BAWAYA Guatemala’s Mirador Basin and its rich Maya legacy are endangered. Archaeologist Richard Hansen and his supporters have an ambitious plan to save it. 26 SIMULATING PREHISTORIC LIFE BY DAVID MALAKOFF The archaeological record can tell researchers what happened, but not why it RABINOWITZ happened. Computer simulations could reveal the causes of prehistoric events. 18 Y 32 A STORY OF FREEDOM JERR BY RACHEL FEIT How did emancipated slaves make the transition to free men and women? 2 Lay of the Land A community archaeology project in Houston is searching for answers. 3 Letters 44 new acquisition 5 Events JOINING FORCES 7 In the News The Conservancy partners with other preservation organizations to save an important Hopewell site. Possible Discovery of Aztec Ruler’s Tomb • Ancient Explosion May Have 46 new acquisition Affected Clovis People • Climate PRESERVING A DAN RIVER VILLAGE Change Leads to Early Agriculture The Bryant site has great research potential. 50 Field Notes 47 new acquisition 52 Reviews A TEAM EFFORT The Conservancy joined with Sarasota County and other 54 Expeditions parties to save the Little Salt Springs site. COVER: Darrell Creel (right) consults 48 point acquisition with crew member Elizabeth Toney THE LEGACY OF THE MARKSVILLE PEOPLE as she excavates a Black Mountain– phase room at the Mimbres site Old The Conservancy obtains a portion of an endangered prehistoric site. Town. Photograph by Matthew Taliaferro american archaeology 1 Lay of the Land The Lesson of Old Town hen I first visited the Old looters, except for the part where they Town site in the late had used a bulldozer to try to get at the W 1970s, it looked like it had valuable Mimbres pots that are placed been bombed by a B-52. The entire over the heads of the deceased. Old DARREN POORE site was covered with holes dug by Town is perhaps the largest and most MARK MICHEL, President complex of the Mimbres ruins of southwestern New Mexico, and Mim- bres pottery is the most valuable in the United States. My guide, a leading Mimbres archaeologist, told me the site was damaged beyond hope and no longer worth preserving, even though it was owned by the American people and managed by the federal Bureau of Land Management. No one seemed to care about protecting the nation’s pre- historic legacy. Only a few years later, things began to change. A stiff new federal law was passed to make it a felony to loot or vandalize archaeological sites, and the federal agencies finally began to take their stewardship seriously. As we learn in this issue of American Archaeology (see “What Became of the Mimbres?” page 39), there was, and is, still plenty to learn from Old Town, despite the extensive damage done by looters. Texas archaeologists Harry Shafer and Darrel Creel examined the site and recognized its potential. For the past 18 years, Creel and his crew have been recovering mountains of data about the elusive Mimbres, including important new information about the people who followed the Classic Mimbres. The Conservancy’s staff sees many heavily damaged sites, and we are never quick to write them off. As Old Town proves, even the most badly damaged sites may have much to tell us, and the Conservancy tries to save them as well as the more pristine ones. 2 fall • 2007 Letters Early Maize Domestication Editor’s Corner Your Summer 2007 news article “Evidence of Ancient Farming Richard Hansen puts in long days. He Found” contains misleading starts around seven in the morning and information about early maize finishes around midnight, sometimes later. domestication. The 9,000– But then he’s directing a huge, multi- year-old date for maize in the disciplinary archaeological project—the Rio Balsas region of west biggest in the history of Guatemala, he Mexico is not the time of says—in the Mirador Basin (see “Saving maize domestication. It is a the Mirador Basin,” page 18). Hansen’s calculation based on the degree of crew numbers approximately 300, and 36 genetic difference (mutations) universities are involved in some capacity. between ancestral Balsas teosinte And that’s merely his day job. Unwarranted and maize to estimate the time of He heads the Foundation for Anthro- Sympathy the appearance of the “Eve-gene” pological Research and Environmental I was disturbed by your sympa- that separated the maize evolu- Studies (FARES), an organization dedicated thetic portrayal of treasure tionary line. Ancestral teosinte to the scientific investigation of the Preclassic hunters and underwater explorers kernels have never been found in Maya occupation of the basin. This occupa- in the Summer 2007 article any archaeological context, so no tion produced a very early and very accom- “Searching for Pirates.” One human use of the plant contributed plished society. Hansen says they became a comes away with the impression to the evolution of its mutated “superpower when the rest of the Maya that it is the archaeologists that maize form. Actual domestication world was struggling to find its identity.” are being picky for not letting must have occurred at some later In order to understand this early Maya these plunderers have uncon- time. Evidence of human associa- florescence, FARES is working to preserve trolled access to valuable artifacts. tion occurs archaeologically by the sites in the basin as well as the basin It is enough to see that attitude in the discovery of plant remains itself, which is threatened by looting, drug the general media without having outside the natural distribution trafficking, poaching, and logging. And in to see it in a magazine of your zone of the plant. order to preserve the basin, Hansen is stature. convinced that he has to help the impover- Dr. Irwin Rovner ished local people find ways to feed their E. E. Deschner CEO, Binary Analytical families other than by the aforementioned Canyon Lake, Texas Consultants activities. So economic development, as Raleigh, North Carolina well as archaeological discovery, has become part of his job description. Sending Letters to Hansen insists that his economic development work hasn’t diminished his American Archaeology scientific research; rather, it’s enhanced it. In 2005, Hansen was awarded he National American Archaeology welcomes your letters. Write to us at Order of the Cultural Patrimony of 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902, Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517, Guatemala, the country’s highest civilian or send us e-mail at [email protected]. We reserve the right to edit and honor, for his efforts. It seems that the publish letters in the magazine’s Letters department as space permits. long days are paying off. Please include your name, address, and telephone number with all correspondence, including e-mail messages. american archaeology 3 WELCOME TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 CONSERVANCY! Albuquerque, NM 87108-1517 • (505) 266-1540 www.americanarchaeology.org he Archaeological Conservancy Board of Directors is the only national nonprofit Gordon Wilson, New Mexico CHAIRMAN organization that identifies, Cecil F. Antone, Arizona • Carol Condie, New Mexico acquires, and preserves the most Donald Craib, Virginia • Janet Creighton, Washington • Janet EtsHokin, Illinois significant archaeological sites Jerry EtsHokin, Illinois • Jerry Golden, Colorado • W. James Judge, Colorado t Jay T. Last, California • Dorinda Oliver, New York in the United States. Since its beginning in 1980, the Conservancy has Rosamond Stanton, Montana • Vincas Steponaitis, North Carolina preserved more than 355 sites across Dee Ann Story, Texas • Stewart L. Udall, New Mexico the nation, ranging in age from the Conservancy Staff earliest habitation sites in North Mark Michel, President • Tione Joseph, Business Manager America to a 19th-century frontier army Lorna Wolf, Membership Director • Sarah Tiberi, Special Projects Director post. We are building a national system Shelley Smith, Membership Assistant • Melissa Montoya, Administrative Assistant of archaeological preserves to ensure the survival of our irreplaceable Regional Offices and Directors cultural heritage. Jim Walker, Vice President, Southwest Region (505) 266-1540 5301 Central Avenue NE, Suite 902 • Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108 Why Save Archaeological Sites? Tamara Stewart, Projects Coordinator • Steve Koczan, Site-Management Coordinator The ancient people of North America left virtually no written records of their Paul Gardner, Vice President, Midwest Region (614) 267-1100 cultures. Clues that might someday solve the 3620 N. High St. #307 • Columbus, Ohio 43214 mysteries of prehistoric America are still Jessica Crawford, Southeast Region (662) 326-6465 missing, and when a ruin is destroyed by 315 Locust St. • P.O. Box 270 • Marks, Mississippi 38646 looters, or leveled for a shopping center, George Lowry, Field Representative precious information is lost. Gene Hurych, Western Region (916) 399-1193 By permanently preserving endangered ruins, 1 Shoal Court #67 • Sacramento, California 95831 we make sure they will be here for future generations to study and enjoy. Andy Stout, Eastern Region (301) 682-6359 8 E. 2nd. St. #200 • Frederick, Maryland 21701 How We Raise Funds: Sonja Ingram, Field Representative Funds for the Conservancy come from membership dues, individual contributions, corporations, and foundations.
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