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Workshop on Human Language Technology and Knowledge AI Magazine Volume 23 Number 2 (2002) (© AAAI) Workshop Reports Knowledge Media Institute at The Workshop on Human Open University in England, gave the keynote entitled “Supporting Organizational Learning through the Language Technology and Enrichment of Documents.” Accord- ing to Domingue, only a small per- Knowledge Management centage of corporate training is ever applied within the workplace because organizations tend to use school- based methods of learning in con- trast to organizational learning based Mark T. Maybury on theories of learning in the work- place. Domingue described knowl- edge sharing by enriching web docu- ments with informal and formal representations, a process that cap- tures the context in which a docu- The Workshop on Human Language technologies that could enable ment is created and applied. Technology and Knowledge Manage- knowledge management functions Domingue demonstrated how this ment was held on July 6 and 7 in such as the following: enrichment facilitates retrieval and Toulouse, France, in conjunction Expert discovery: Modeling, cata- comprehension. with the meeting of the Joint Associ- loging, and tracking of distributed In addition, the group heard an ation for Computational Linguistics organizations and communities of invited talk from Hans Uszkoreit and European Association for Com- experts (DFKI Saarbruecken), scientific direc- putational Linguistics (ACL / EACL Knowledge discovery: Identifica- tor at the German Research Center ’01). Human language technologies tion and classification of knowledge for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), head promise solutions to challenges in from unstructured multimedia data of DFKI Language Technology Lab, human-computer interaction, infor- Knowledge sharing: Awareness of, and professor of computational lin- mation access, and knowledge man- and access to, enterprise expertise guistics at the Department of Com- agement. Advances in technology and know-how putational Linguistics and Phonetics areas such as indexing, retrieval, Table 1 (from Mark Maybury’s of Saarland University at Saarbrück- transcription, extraction, translation, introduction to the workshop) illus- en. Uszkoreit’s talk was entitled trates how these knowledge manage- and summarization offer new capa- “Crosslingual Language Technologies bilities for learning, playing, and for Knowledge Creation and Knowl- conducting business. These adances This article summarizes the results edge Sharing.” He described how promise to support enhanced aware- of the 6–7 July Workshop on “language technology can provide ness, creation, and dissemination of Human Language Technology and means for associating shared knowl- enterprise expertise and know-how. Knowledge Management held in edge with the relevant decision situa- Organized by the European Net- Toulouse, France. It describes invited tions by automatically linking it to keynotes, presentations, and results work of Excellence in Human Lan- the critical elements within decision of brainstorming sessions to create a gauge Technologies (Steven Krauwer, technology road map for this impor- triggers, that is, electronic documents U. Utrecht) and The MITRE Corpora- tant area. The group also articulated in the work flow that demand and tion (Mark Maybury), the workshop grand challenges in human lan- record a decision.” Uszkoreit de- brought together a group of 50 com- guage technology and solutions to scribed the role of information putational linguists, AI researchers, these challenges that could benefit extraction, automatic hyperlinking, and computer scientists from North facilities for knowledge discovery, and (human) inferencing in this pro- America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and access, and exploitation. cess. He exemplified this “automatic South Africa working in a range of relational hyperlinking” using the areas (for example, speech and lan- ment functions are supported by a example of a hypercode system guage processing, translation, sum- developed for a large German bank broad range of human language marization, multimedia presentation, to facilitate work with legacy code by technologies, including query analy- content extraction, dialog tracking) densely interlinking source code and sis-retrieval, information extraction, both to report advances in human documentation. Uszkoreit concluded language technology and their appli- question answering, machine trans- by addressing cross-lingual knowl- cation to knowledge management lation, agent-user modeling, summa- edge management, describing his and to work toward a road map for rization, presentation generation, efforts to augment general-purpose the human language technologies for and awareness-collaboration. translation systems with specialized the next decade. In part, the work- During the second day, John terminology and transfer rules for shop focused on human language Domingue, deputy director of The multilingual expert groups in a pro- Copyright © 2002, American Association for Artificial Intelligence. All rights reserved. 0738-4602-2002 / $2.00 SUMMER 2002 99 Workshop Reports Human Language Grand Challenges Benefits to Knowledge Discovery, Technology Access, Exploitation Interpretation of imprecise, ambiguous, or Natural (written, spoken, gestural) access to Input or Query partial multimodal input. Facilities include information and knowledge. Decrease in access Analysis spoken query processing, visual query complexity or user training. Broaden availability of analysis (e.g., sketching), and mixed-media knowledge to users. query (e.g., text and graphics). Natural language processing of queries and Enhancements to document-retrieval precision and Retrieval documents. Content-based retrieval of text, recall. Direct access to media, easing navigational imagery, audio, video. burden of user. Reduction of search time. Direct access to information or knowledge elements, Segmentation, object and event Extraction identification, and extraction from including specific types that might be user preferred. Reuse of media elements enabling user-tailored multimedia sources (text, audio, video). selection or presentations. Question analysis, response discovery and Overcome time, memory, or attention limitations generation from heterogeneous sources (e.g., Question Answering required to sift through many returned web pages multilingual; multimedia; unstructured, from a traditional search by providing direct answers structured, semistructured) to questions. Rapid creation of translingual corpora. Effective translingual retrieval, Cross media-mode information and knowledge access Translation summarization, and translation. Access enabling broader access to global information sources verbalization of graphics, visualization of using methods such as translingual information text. retrieval. Mixed-initiative natural interaction that Ability to tailor flow and control of interactions and Dialogue facilitate interactions. Includes error detection and deals robustly with context shift, correction tailored to individual physical, perceptual, Management interruptions, feedback, and shift of locus of control. and cognitive differences. Motivational and engaging lifelike agents. Agent or User Unobtrusive learning; representation; and Enables tracking of user characteristics, skills, and use of characteristics, beliefs, goals, and goals to enhance interaction as well as discovery of Modeling plans of agents (including the user). experts by other users or agents. Scaleability, cross-linguality, multimedia Increasing speed of reviewing materials. Multimedia Summarization summarization, cross-lingual summarization, large summarization. multidocument summarization. Automated generation of coordinated Mixed media (e.g., text, graphics, video, speech, and speech, natural language, gesture, animation, nonspeech audio) and mode (e.g., linguistic, visual, Presentation nonspeech audio, generation, possibly auditory) displays tailored to the user and context. Generation delivered via interactive, animated lifelike Agents engaging and motivating to younge or less agents (includes challenges of media experienced users. selection, allocation, coordination, and realization) Topic detection and tracking, place-based Awareness and Enhance awareness of new knowledge, as well as other asynchronous and synchronous user’s interests and expertise, and the ability of experts Collaboration collaboration environments. to exchange or integrate knowledge. Table 1. Human Language Technology for Knowledge Management. ject for a large multinational automo- sessions were held in ontology con- focusing on construction of a road bile manufacturer. struction, question answering, sum- map. During these sessions, the A poster session included system marization, multilingual processing, group focused on an analysis of the demonstrations and offered partici- multimedia processing, and dialogue. present situation, a vision of where pants an opportunity for rich dia- Group brainstorming sessions fol- we want to be in the future, and a logue and interaction. Major papers lowed each major technology theme, number of intermediate milestones 100 AI MAGAZINE Workshop Reports that would help in setting intermedi- and ontologies; the importance of ate goals and measuring our progress domain knowledge and the adapta- toward our goals. tion-integration of semantic re- The group outlined key challenges sources; the complexity of dealing and promising solutions in the areas with one-to-one translation of even of ontology, summarization, multi- the 200 most spoken-written
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