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Från Sidensjalar Till Flyktingmottagning Judarna I Sverige – En Minoritets Historia

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Från Sidensjalar Till Flyktingmottagning Judarna I Sverige – En Minoritets Historia Från sidensjalar till flyktingmottagning Judarna i Sverige – en minoritets historia Lars M Andersson & Carl Henrik Carlsson (red.) Distribution Swedish Science Press, Box 118, 751 04 Uppsala [email protected], www.ssp.nu Tryckt med bidrag från Kungl. Patriotiska Sällskapets understödsfond Stiftelsen Konung Gustaf VI Adolfs fond för svensk kultur Omslagsbild: Zsuzsanna Zimmermann (sedermera Susanne Berglind) och hennes syster Judith på väg till Sverige i juli 1945 (se Tanja Schults artikel). Bilden är beskuren. Fotograf okänd. Källa: Susanne Berglind, Flickan och förintelsen. Bilder från en omöjlig verklighet (Stockholm 1995), s. 57. © Författarna Grafisk form: Carolina Durieu du Pradel Tryck: Elanders Sverige AB 2013 ISSN 0284–8783 ISBN 978-91-979632-5-1 Innehåll Inledning Lars M Andersson & Carl Henrik Carlsson.............................................5 Sidensjalar och socker. Judiska näringsidkares betydelse för konsumtionsrevolutionen i Sverige Anna Brismark & Pia Lundqvist ......................................................... 17 De judiska minoriteterna i Sverige och Finland – olika men ändå lika Rita Bredefeldt ....................................................................................49 Mängder av ”de Andra” och ”de Andra” i mängden. Argumentation för empiriskt baserad litteraturanalys Anette Reinsch-Campbell .....................................................................75 Antisemitisme i Danmark og Sverige Morten Thing ......................................................................................87 Flyktingpolitik, främlingslagstiftning och tillämpning. Förutsättningar för judiskt flyktingmottagande i Sverige 1933–1945 Pontus Rudberg ..................................................................................101 Judarna och vi – ett samvetes skri Tomas Hammar .................................................................................145 Ernst Emsheimer – uppbrottens och lojalitetens pris Henrik Rosengren ...............................................................................163 Susanne, Eva och Anna Berglind. Två konstnärsgenerationer och Förintelsens trauma Tanja Schult .......................................................................................195 Mottagandet av polska judar i Sverige 1968–1972 Izabela A. Dahl ................................................................................. 239 Författarpresentationer ......................................................................... 257 Inledning Lars M Andersson & Carl Henrik Carlsson Ett nätverk, dess historia och målsättningar Föreliggande antologi är producerad inom det tvärvetenskapliga forskar- nätverket ”Judarna i Sverige – en minoritets historia”, grundat 2007 och med bas vid Hugo Valentin-centrum och Historiska institutionen, bägge vid Uppsala universitet. Volymen består – på två undantag när – av artiklar baserade på föredrag hållna vid det symposium som arrangerades för nätverkets medlemmar den 14–15 november 2008 i Uppsala. Liknande symposier har därefter hållits 20–22 november 2009 och 12–14 november 2010. Artiklar från dessa senare symposier är tänkta att publiceras i tid- skriften Nordisk Judaistik – Scandinavian Jewish Studies. Ny följd, vars utgivning övertagits av nätverket. Nätverkets bärande idé är att den svensk-judiska befolkningsgruppen av flera skäl är ett idealiskt objekt för studier av minoriteter, migration, flykting- och invandringspolitik, integration, fördomar och diskriminering. För det första har den funnits länge i Sverige och framträtt som en urskiljbar minoritet som varit föremål för åtgärder från statsmakten och olika grupper i samhället. För det andra har den har ständigt, utifrån skilda historiska förutsättningar, sökt strategier för integration och anpassning men också för att vidmakthålla ”det judiska”– tolkat på olika sätt vid olika tider och av skilda grupper. För det tredje har invandringen skett under olika perioder och med skiftande geografisk och socioekonomisk bakgrund. För det fjärde har interaktionen mellan olika judiska grupper varit omfattande. Sammantaget innebär detta att dagens forskning om och politik i flykting-, invandrings- och integrationsfrågor har mycket att lära av de svensk-judiska erfarenheterna. Nätverket agerar i en internationell kontext av ”judisk historia”, där forskningsfältet Jewish Studies i många länder är omfattande och 5 väletablerat. Dessutom ingår nätverket i en nationell (och internationell) minoritetsforskningskontext, där judar utgör en minoritet bland många. I Sverige har de dock numera, liksom romer, samer, sverigefinnar och torne- dalingar, status som nationell minoritet.1 Ett snävt nationellt perspektiv på historiska processer är sällan särskilt intressant eller givande och är direkt skadligt vid studiet av judisk historia, som alltid samtidigt är nationell, internationell och transnationell. Det är således av yttersta vikt att också inom forskningen koppla de svensk-judiska erfarenheterna till de internationella. Sverige har i detta sammanhang många fördelar som forskningsobjekt. Det svenska källmaterialet är omfattande, välordnat och tillgängligt och den judiska befolkningsgruppen är till storleken ”hanterbar” vilket möjliggör studier även på mikronivå och i vissa fall in extenso-genomgångar av material.2 Det faktum att Sverige under andra världskriget varken var ockuperat eller krigförande gör också det svenska exemplet speciellt och internationellt intressant ur många aspekter. Kontakter har följaktligen etablerats med forskare och forskargrupper i andra länder för att utveckla ett internationellt samarbete. Detta har bland annat skett genom att ledande forskare bjudits in som keynote speakers till nätverkets symposier och genom att nätverkets medlemmar deltagit i internationella seminarier och konferenser, inte minst sådana som syftat till att etablera och/eller vidareutveckla forskarnätverk. Nätverket består totalt av ett 60-tal disputerade forskare och doktorander som aktivt sysslar med forskning kring svensk-judisk historia. Därtill kommer ungefär lika många korresponderande medlemmar med uttalat intresse för området. Forskarna är verksamma vid ett tiotal universitet och högskolor i Sverige och vid lika många universitet och forsknings- institut i utlandet. En rad olika vetenskapliga discipliner finns representerade: ekonomisk historia, etnologi, historia, idéhistoria, judaistik, konstvetenskap, kulturgeografi, lingvistik, litteraturvetenskap, 1 De historiska minoritetsspråken är jiddisch, romani chib (alla varieteter), samiska (alla varieteter), finska och meänkieli. Lag om nationella minoriteter och minoritetsspråk SFS 2009:724. 2 För ett exempel på det sistnämnda, se Carl Henrik Carlsson, Medborgarskap och diskriminering. Östjudar och andra invandrare i Sverige 1860–1920 (Uppsala 2004). Carlsson går igenom samtliga ansökningar om svenskt medborgarskap under perioden 1860–1920. 6 musikvetenskap, nordiska språk, pedagogik, religionshistoria, religions- sociologi, socialpsykologi, statsvetenskap, teatervetenskap och teologi. Verksamheten leds av en styrgrupp och koordineras av den ene av denna volyms redaktörer, historikern Carl Henrik Carlsson. Aktiviteten inom forskargruppen är betydande. Flera doktorsavhandlingar, andra monografier och antologier har sedan starten 2007 publicerats inom forsknings- området av nätverkets medlemmar.3 Förutom symposierna ordnar nätverket sedan hösten 2009 publika och populärvetenskapliga föreläsningsserier vid Uppsala universitet med olika samarbetspartners. Föredragen i den första av dessa finns utgiven i bokform: Helmut Müssener (red.), Judarna i Sverige – en minoritets historia. Fyra föreläsningar. Uppsala Multiethnic Papers 53 (Uppsala 2011) med artiklar av Carl Henrik Carlsson, Rita Bredefeldt, Lars Dencik och Malin Thor Tureby. Även pedagogisk verksamhet ryms inom ramen för nätverkets aktiviteter; vid Hugo Valentin-centrum ges sedan höstterminen 2011 universitetskursen ”Judarnas historia i Sverige” (7,5 hp). Sedan årsskiftet 2013 pågår också ett nära samarbete med det nyinrättade Forum för judiska studier, sorterande under Teologiska fakulteten och lett av två medlemmar av nätverkets styrgrupp, historikern Lars M Andersson, tillika denna antologis andre redaktör, och religionshistorikern Lena Roos. En viktig del av verksamheten är givetvis att stimulera formulerandet och utvecklingen av forskningsprojekt inom nätverkets område. Sedan starten har nätverkets styrgrupp erbjudit hjälp med läsning och kommentarer till medlemmars utkast till projektansökningar och liknande. Möjligen har det också haft viss effekt. Utfallet för nätverkets medlemmar har hur som helst varit högre än den genomsnittliga beviljandegraden, vilket starkt bidragit till nätverkets framgång och medfört att det för närvarande pågår flera 3 Här kan nämnas Per Hammarström, Nationens styvbarn. Judisk samhällsintegration i några Norrlandsstäder 1870–1940 (Stockholm 2007); Lars M Andersson & Karin Kvist Geverts (red.), En problematisk relation. Flyktingpolitik och judiska flyktingar i Sverige 1920–1950 (Uppsala 2008); Karin Kvist Geverts, Ett främmande element i nationen. Svensk flyktingpolitik och de judiska flyktingarna 1938–1944 (Uppsala 2008 a); Rita Bredefeldt, Judiskt liv i Stockholm och Norden. Ekonomi, identitet och assimilering 1850–1930 (Stockholm 2008); Henrik Bachner, ”Judefrågan”. Debatt om antisemitism i 1930-talets Sverige (Stockholm 2009); Ludvig Qvarnström, Vigselrummet i Stockholms rådhus och det tidiga 1900-talets monumentalmåleri. Historia, reception, historiografi (Uppsala 2010). 7 forskningsprojekt
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