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Thesis Final Research Collections Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Holocene Climate-and Anthropogenically-Driven Mobilization of Terrestrial Organic Matter Author(s): Usman, Muhammed Ojoshogu Publication Date: 2018 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000310419 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library DISS. ETH NO. 25305 Holocene climate- and anthropogenically-driven mobilization of terrestrial organic matter A thesis submitted to attain the degree of DOCTOR OF SCIENCES of ETH ZÜRICH (Dr. Sc. ETH Zürich) Presented by Muhammed Ojoshogu Usman Master of Science in Earth Sciences, ETH Zürich born on November 21, 1987 citizen of the Federal Republic of Nigeria accepted on the recommendation of Prof. Dr. Timothy I. Eglinton Dr. Maarten R. Lupker Dr. Francien Peterse Dr. Dirk Sachse 2018 Thesis abstract: The Indian monsoon, a part of the Asian monsoon system and one of the most important components of the earth’s climate system, affects the livelihood of over a billion people. Thus, it is imperative to understand the forcing and response mechanisms associated With long-term monsoon variability. OWing to the integrative property of rivers, continental margin sediments deposited at the mouth of rivers often serve as excellent recorders of past environmental condition on the continent. This thesis provides high-resolution records of Indian monsoon variability during the Holocene, using three sediment cores collected from fluvial-dominated margins of the Bay of Bengal (off the Mahanadi, Godavari, and Krishna-Godavari Rivers). In addition, riverine sediments and soils Were collected from the modern-day Godavari river basin to document present changes Within the basin and reconcile them those recorded in offshore sedimentary record. The sedimentological parameters (such as mineralogy, grain-size distribution, mineral surface area), geochemical characteristics of bulk (total organic carbon contents, stable and radio-isotopes of carbon) and biomarkers (abundance and isotopic composition of fatty acids) Were investigated to detect changes in terrestrial vegetation composition, sediment provenance, and nature of terrestrial organic matter exported to the adjacent margin. Carbon isotopic composition of terrestrial biomarkers alloWed a source attribution for the margin sedimentary organic matter revealing a change in provenance from a loWer basin source in the early Holocene to predominantly upper basin signatures in the later part of the Holocene. This is consistent With the expansion of aridity-adapted vegetation during mid to late Holocene. The comparisons With other regional records revealed that the terrestrial vegetation changes over millennial timescales Were primarily driven by changes in Indian monsoon intensity. When superimposed on high-resolution radiocarbon measurements of terrestrial biomarkers, the results shoW an increasing apparent age of organic matter in the last ~4.7 ky, suggesting that increasing aridity has impacted the age structure of organic matter by inducing changes in terrestrial residence time and/or carbon mobilization dynamics. Exploring the results Within archaeological context indicates that increasing aridity coincided With the expansion of sedentary agriculture in central and south India that arose from the demise of the Indus Valley civilization. Taken together, these results suggest that anthropogenic i perturbation of the landscape arising from agricultural activities resulted in large-scale mobilization of pre-aged soil organic matter during the mid to late Holocene. Integrating marine sedimentary archives and continental paleo-environmental conditions, as this thesis has done, provides important insights into sedimentation processes and organic matter transport dynamics over millennial time scales. ii Zusammenfassung: Der indische Monsun, ein Teil des asiatischen Monsunsystems und einer der Wichtigsten Komponenten des Erdklimasystems, beeinflusst das Leben von über einer Milliarde Menschen. Es ist deshalb notWendig die Kräfte und Reaktionsmechanismen der assoziierten langzeit Variabilität des Monsuns zu verstehen. Aufgrund der integrierenden Eigenschaft von Flüssen, abgelagerte Sedimente auf dem Kontinentalrand dienen häufig als hervorragende Aufzeichner von kontinentalen UmWeltbedingungen der Vergangenheit. Diese Dissertation beinhaltet hochauflösende Aufzeichnungen der Variabilität des indischen Monsuns im Verlaufe des Holozäns, stützend auf drei Sedimentkernen beprobt von fluvial geprägten Kontinentalrändern des Golfs des Bengalen (abseits von den Mahanadi, Godavari und Krishna-Godavari Flüssen). Dazu Wurden Flusssedimente und Böden vom rezenten Einzuggebiet des Godavaris beprobt, um deren geochemischen Signaturen und ihre Veränderungen mit denen aufgezeichnet in den Meeressedimenten zu vergleichen. Die sedimentologische Parameter (zum Beispiel Mineralogie, Korngrössenverteilung, Mineraloberfläche), geochemische Eigenschaften des Gesamtprobenmaterials (gesamter organischer Kohlenstoffgehalt, stabile und Radioisotope des Kohlenstoffs) und Biomarker (Häufigkeit und Isotopenzusammensetzung von Fettsäuren) Wurden untersucht, um Veränderungen in der Zusammensetzung der terrestrischen Vegetation, Herkunft von Sediment und organischer Materie und die Eigenschaften des terrestrischen organischen Materials, Welches auf dem angrenzenden Kontinentalrand exportiert Wird, zu verfolgen. Kohlenstoffisotopenzusammensetzung von terrestrischen Biomarkern erlaubte eine Quellenzuordnung der organischen Materie der Kontinentalrandsedimenten und offenbarte eine Verlagerung der Quelle vom unteren Einzuggebietes im frühen Holozän zu überWiegenden Zufuhr aus dem oberen Einzugsgebiet im späteren Holozän. Dies stimmt mit der Ausdehnung von ariditätsangepasster Vegetation Während des mittleren bis späten Holozäns über ein. Der Vergleich mit anderen regionalen Aufzeichnungen zeigt, dass die terrestrische Vegetation über Jahrtausende hauptsächlich durch Veränderungen der Intensität des indischen Monsuns getrieben Wurden. Der Vergleich mit hochauflösende Radiokarbonmessungen von terrestrischen Biomarkern, zeigen die Resultate, dass ein zunehmendes scheinbares Alter der organischen Materie Während den letzten ~4.7 ky stattgefunden hat, und suggeriert, dass die zunehmende Trockenheit die iii Altersstruktur der organischen Materie beeinflusst hat, indem die terrestrische VerWeilzeit und oder die Kohlenstoffmobilisierungsdynamik verändert Wurde. In einem archäologischen Kontext betrachtet deuten diese Resultate darauf hin, dass zunehmende Trockenheit mit der Ausdehnung von sesshaften Ackerbau in Zentral- und Südindien zeitlich übereinstimmt, Welches entstanden ist nach dem Zerfall der Indus-Kultur. Zusammenfassend deuten diese Resultate daraufhin, dass die anthropogene Perturbation der Landschaft infolge von ackerbautreibende Tätigkeiten verursachte die grossräumige Umlagerung von gealterter organischen Bodenkohlenstoff Während des mittleren bis späten Holozäns. Die Integration von marinen Sedimentarchiven und kontinentale paläoumWelt Bedingungen, so Wie in dieser Dissertation vorgelegt, bietet Wichtige Erkenntnisse über Sedimentationsprozesse und Transportdynamik von organischer Materie über Zeitskalen von Jahrtausenden. iv Acknowledgements: I am forever grateful to my friends, colleagues, and mentors for the innumerable support I have received throughout my time at ETH. First and foremost, I Would like to express my sincere gratitude to Tim Eglinton for being a Wonderful advisor and mentor over the years. I have benefitted immensely from our discussions and meetings both on a professional and personal level. Thanks for alWays being supportive, Without Which I Would not have been able to complete this dissertation. I am eternally thankful for giving me the opportunity. I Would also like to acknoWledge my “field” supervisors Maarten Lupker and Francien Peterse for your guidance and support. Thank you to Maarten and Francien for alWays answering my questions and for the incredible times in the Godavari. I Will forever cherish those moments in India. Further thanks to Dirk Sachse for the valuable contribution and the unbiased perspectives you brought as an external examiner. Equally important is the tremendous support I have received from all the members of the Eglinton Biogeoscience lab. A big thank you to Daniel Montlucon, a friend and a mentor, Without Whom none of the laboratory Work Would have been possible. A special thank you also to Cameron McIntyre, Negar Haghipour, and the LIP folks up at Hönggerberg for their laboratory support. My gratitude to the aWesome BGS creW such as Chantal, Tessa, Melissa, Blanca, Lena, Hannah, Julia, Gaby, Alysha, Uli Who all made the lab such an exciting place to Work. A big thank you to Kathrin Who helped me navigate through the administrative nightmares over the years. Also Worthy of mention is Michael Plötze and his team at the clay lab. Thanks for your instrumental support and time spent With me trying to figure out the clay mineral assemblages in my samples. Thank you to Thomas Blattmann for being an incredible friend and colleague all rolled into one. Your help over the years is simply too numerous to list here. Thanks for everything. I also thank my office mates and colleagues such as Benny, Rong, Alejo, Sascha, Erica, Katie, Franzi, Yuezhi, and Ricardo Who made the office a delightful place to Work. A special thank you to the folks
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