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FAU Institutional Repository FAU Institutional Repository http://purl.fcla.edu/fau/fauir This paper was submitted by the faculty of FAU’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Notice: © 1983 Florida Academy of Sciences. This manuscript is an author version with the final publication available and may be cited as: Gilmore, R. G. & Hastings, P. A. (1983). Observations on the ecology and distribution of certain tropical peripheral fishes in Florida. Florida Scientist, 46(1), 31-51. Biological Sciences OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF CERTAIN TROPICAL PERIPHERAL FISHES IN FLORIDA (l)R. GRANT GILMORE AND 12 lPHILIP A. HASTINGS '"Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc., R.R. l, Box 196, Fort Pierce, Florida 33450, and '"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85720 ABSTRACT: Maximum densities of east-central Florida population~· of the tropical peripheral JL~hes, Oostethus brachyurus lineatus, Gobiomorus dormitor, Awaous tajasica and Gobionellus pseudofasciatus occurred during the winter and spring month~ in the lower portiom of freshwater tributaries to the Indian River lagoon. All populations declined during the wet season. reaching minimum leveL~ during peak rainfall periods. Specific microhabitat requirements were observed for each species. These species have a limited Florida range which i.~ di.~cn~sed relative to various environmental parameters and dispersal mechanisms, such as water temperature regimes, oceanic current patterns and particular microhabitat preferences. THE freshwater fish fauna of peninsular Florida has no indigenous primary freshwater representatives of tropical American origin. Floridian primary freshwater fishes have been recruited from temperate North American families (i.e., Centrarchidae, Percidae, Catostomidae and Cyprinidae; Carr and Coin, 1955; Briggs, 1958) and comprise 29-46% of the freshwater fish fauna depending on the latitude along the Florida peninsula. Therefore, approximately 54-71 o/o of the fishes occurring in the fresh waters of peninsular Florida may be classified as secondary freshwater or euryhaline marine forms (Kushlan and Lodge, 1975; Gilmore, 1977a). Marine fishes occurring in fresh water have been known collectively as peripheral species ("diadromous", vicarious", "complementary" or "sporadic" forms after Meyers, 1951). In Florida, many of these peripheral species are of tropical origin. Four tropical peripheral species, the opposum pipefish, Oostethus • brachyurus lineatus (Kaup), river goby, Awaous tajasica (Lichtenstein), slashcheek goby, Gobionellus pseudojasciatus Gilbert and Randall, and the bigmouth sleeper, Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepede, have been considered rare in Florida waters and have received little study (Gilmore, 1977b; Gilbert, 1978; Hastings, 1978). Recent collections of these species have pro­ duced enough information for a preliminary analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of east-central Florida populations. These peripheral tropical species are exceptional in being among the few examples of euryhaline tropical freshwater species (either "vicarious", "diadromous" or "complementary") occurring in the fresh waters of continental North America. In contrast, the continental North American marine ichthyofauna contains numerous examples of tropical Caribbean marine forms. 32 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 46 METHODS- Specimens were captured utilizing a variety of techniques (Gilmore, 1977 a). Col­ lections were made from November 1971 to December 1980 in a wide varietv of neritic, estuarine and freshwater habitats from 26°58'N to 29°0.5'N along the Florida east c,;ast (Fig. 1; Gilmore, 1977a; Gilmore, 1977b; Hastings, 1978). All fish length measurements are standard lengths (SL) unless otherwise noted. Inlet +N 0 () "'y.,. Jupiter Inlet FIG. l. Indian River lagoon of east central Florida and associated freshwater tributaries. DISTRIBUTION AND NATURAL HISTORY OBSERVATIONS-Most specimens of the species discussed below were collected in low gradient freshwater rivers, creeks and canals flowing into the Indian River lagoon in east-central Florida. These freshwater tributaries have floodgates, salinity barriers or locks at various locations along their course. In all cases except one (0. brachyurus), the species discussed were collected from the downstream side of an artificial barrier. Additional captures of juvenile Oostethus brachyurus were made in saline estuarine waters and nearshore neritic waters. Oostethus brachyurus lineatus (Kaup) (Opossum Pipefish) Distribution: (Fig. 2A, 3) Oostethus brachyurus (Bleeker) is widely distributed in tropical regions, occurring in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans (Dawson, 1979). The western Atlantic subspecies 0. brachyurus No. l, 1983) GILMORE AND HASTINGS- TROPICAL FLOIUDA FISHES 33 A 8 Fzc. 2. Caribbean-Western Atlantic distribution of (A) Oostcthus brachyurus lincatus (hypothetical oceanic distribution is stippled); (B) Gobiomon'"~ domzitor; (C) Au:aon~ ta;a~ica; (D) Gobionellns pseudofasciatus (hypothetical continental distribution of G. pseudojasciatus is hatched). lineatus occurs from South Carolina to Sao Paulo, Brazil and commonly enters fresh water in Central America, the Greater Antilles (Black and Montego rivers, Jamaica, Caldwell, 1966; Rio San Juan, Cuba, Eigenmann, 1902) and east-central Florida (Gilmore, 1977b). It has not been collected from freshwater tributaries in extreme southern Florida (vicinity of Florida Bay), western Florida or the northern Gulf of Mexico. Extralimital (i.e., beyond the normal geographic range of breeding populations) salt marsh captures have been made in Mississippi, but these populations did not over­ winter (Dawson, 1970). One individual was collected in Sargassum in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico (Hastings and Bortone, 1976). Darnell (1955a, 1962) did not take this species in the Rio Tamesi drainage in northeastern • Mexico. However, Jordan and Dickerson (1908) record 3 specimens of 0. brachyurus (1 female, 2 males, as Doryhamphus lineatus) from lagoons at Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is possible that permanent breeding populations may occur in fresh waters of this region of Mexico (22 o ION), but this has not been documented. Specimens have been collected recently from the lower reaches of the Rio Grande River on the Texas-Mexican border (Frank Pezold, pers. comm.). Ecology: Between 1972 and 1981 235 specimens (64-175 mm SL) of the opossum pipefish were captured from all months of the year. Specimens 34 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 46 FIG. 3. Florida collection locations for Oostethu~ brachyurus lineatu~. ( t) ); Gobiomorn~ dormitor ( •); AwaouY tajasica (.A.); and all 3 species combined with Gobionellus pseudoja.sciatu1· (.). .-------------------------- 30 ~----------- 28 --=-6 8 9 26 10 24 p 22 E 11 ~ 8. 20 ~~~12 ....E / .. /,/ / - - -------- 18 -------- k1 16 14_~---.o.---~----~----~---~.---~----~6-----~----------~--~1~0---- 1 Salinity ppt. FIG. 4. Temperature-salinity hydroclimograph for 0. lineatus using monthly means for col­ lections made from 1972 to 1981. Dark bars arc proportional to the total number of individuals collected during that month. No. 1, 198.3] GILMORE AND HASTINGS- THOPICAL FLOHIDA FISHES 35 301~ ---l 60 1 1 I pseudofasc atus ~ :: _._I ~· J I l. --- ------- - " ,> c Oostethus 0 I • u_.____ll_ __ brach:,:_ __ _ ~ .0 Gobiomorus E, 20 z dormitor 10 • - _ _. ·---· --- ------------- ------------ - 40 30 Awaous 20 tajasica 10 ___L ______ ---- JFMAMJJASOND MONTH Fl(;_ 5. Comparative numerical seasonal distribution of total monthly collections of G. pseudofa~ciatus, 0. brachyurw·, G. dormitor and A. taia~ica with mean monthly rainfall (6.5 yr. mean from Fellsmere Station 7 SSW, Indian River Co., NOAA Climatological Data, Annual Summary, Florida, 1977). were collected from the St. Lucie River (Martin Co.), and Sebastian Creek drainages, and the North, Main and South Relief canals in Indian River County, Florida. Specimens from the Indian River lagoon were collected at 2 sea grass bed locations in northern St. Lucie County. Salinities at the time of capture ranged from 0.0-37.0 ppt, though most specimens, 98 o/o, came from fresh water ( < 1.0 ppt). Water temperatures at capture ranged from 15.0 (at 0.0 ppt) to 30.5°C (at 0.0 ppt). A climagraph (Fig. 4) shows mean salinity and temperature values for monthly collections of opossum pipefish and the estuarine and neritic occurrence of juveniles during March and June. Up to 25 individuals were taken in a single collection (Nov. 1979) with 145 individuals, 64 o/o of all captured, collected during the winter months, November through March (Figs. 4 and 5). Few specimens were collected • during the wet season, June through October, with a seasonal population low during the peak rainfall months of August, September and October (Figs. 4 and 5). The smallest specimens (five, 64-86.3 mm SL) were taken at higher salinities (maximum of 37 ppt) in seagrass beds of the Indian River lagoon and in neritic waters of the Atlantic Ocean. These specimens were con­ sidered juveniles, as pouch development normally takes place at lengths greater than 100 mm. Our observations indicate that 0. brachyurus does not breed in neritic or 36 FLORIDA SCIENTIST [Vol. 46 pelagic waters, but is anadromous. Suitable biotopes for breeding are ap­ parently limited as this species has been found breeding throughout the year only in tropical America, the Antilles, and in east-central Florida. To-date, the only permanent breeding population reported north of Mexico occurs in patches of the emergent aquatic plants Polygonum
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