Against the Wind: a Study on Aviation As a Female Career Choice
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Brandman University Brandman Digital Repository Dissertations Spring 3-19-2020 Against the Wind: A Study on Aviation as a Female Career Choice Bonnie Gagliardo Brandman University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.brandman.edu/edd_dissertations Part of the Child Psychology Commons, Education Policy Commons, Elementary Education Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Personality and Social Contexts Commons, Public Policy Commons, School Psychology Commons, Transportation Commons, Women's Studies Commons, and the Work, Economy and Organizations Commons Recommended Citation Gagliardo, Bonnie, "Against the Wind: A Study on Aviation as a Female Career Choice" (2020). Dissertations. 322. https://digitalcommons.brandman.edu/edd_dissertations/322 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Brandman Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Brandman Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Against the Wind: A Study on Aviation as a Female Career Choice A Dissertation by Bonnie Gagliardo Brandman University Irvine, California School of Education Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in Organizational Leadership March 2020 Committee in charge: Marilou Ryder, Ed.D., Chair Julia Hadden, Ed.D. Mona Montgomery, Ed.D. Against the Wind: A Study on Aviation as a Female Career Choice Copyright © 2020 by Bonnie Gagliardo iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the love and support of my partner in crime, and husband, Tony Gagliardo. From late night writing, to evening webinars, I am forever grateful to have taken this journey with you. To my kids Logan, Raleigh, and Piper, thanks for being patient with me over the last few years and for bringing me lots of coffee! I hope Dad and I have shown you what hard work and dedication can do, and I hope we can attend your dissertation defenses one day too. I love you more than you will ever know. I will miss seeing my Zeta girls, Liz and Marcia, as often as the last few years have allowed. You are both amazing, powerful women, who inspired and guided me from day one. The world should have more women like you. To Dr. Friese, thanks for your flexibility, patience, and humor through this journey. It was a blast. #AV CO- HEART. I would also like to thank the 11 amazing women who agreed to participate in this study. You, and dozens of women from F.A.S.T. who reached out to support me in this research, are changing the future of aviation. Your stories are my story too. To my chair, Dr. Marilou Ryder, thank you for the encouragement and engagement in completing this study. I am extremely lucky to have had such a great mentor through this process, and I wouldn’t be where I am today without your support. To Dr. Julie Hadden, my very first instructor at Brandman, thank you for your patience iv through this study, and your interest in the world of women in aviation. Your guidance, and that of Dr. Mona Montgomery, kept me focused all the way to touchdown. Finally, to my parents, thank you for always being there to support and believe in me. This dissertation showed me how much parents influence their children, and I owe any and all of my successes to your love. v ABSTRACT Against the Wind: A Study on Aviation as a Female Career Choice by Bonnie Gagliardo Purpose: The purpose of this phenomenological study is to identify and describe the educational and social experiences that sparked the interest of female pilots as young women to pursue a career in aviation. Methodology: This qualitative phenomenological study utilized semi- structured interviews to explore the lived experiences of female pilots, to understand if there were common social and educational factors which influenced them to become interested in aviation. Using convenience sampling, eleven pilots who hold a Federal Aviation Administration Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot’s License were selected to participate in this study. Findings: The findings from this research show that exposure, influence and personality were critical factors in sparking the interests of girls to eventually pursue a career in aviation. The pilots in this study were exposed to aviation at a young age through an aviation-based event, a relevant extracurricular activity, or a friend, or family member involved in aviation. They also were positively influenced by parents, teachers, other aviators, or though media. The pilots also displayed many common personality traits including identifying as “tomboys”, the desire to make the world a better place, and being goal driven. However, the pilots also displayed a lack of confidence. Conclusions: The findings and literature expose the intertwined relationships social and educational factors have in influencing who a girl will become. Results indicated that the “spark” for aviation comes from a supportive family and educational environment, the vi opportunity to participate in aviation-based activities at a young age, and a personality not limited by traditional societal norms. Recommendations for Action: The researcher recommends that girls be exposed to aviation during their elementary school years. This should be done through engagement from the aviation industry, or anyone who holds a love of aviation. School districts must also provide opportunities to participate in activities that include hands on engagement and provide career counselors during the critical elementary school age. Finally, parents and teachers should be reminded of how essential their support is in girls believing they “have the right stuff”. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 2 Social and Educational Factors ........................................................................................... 3 Self-Identity Theory ...................................................................................................... 3 Role of Electronic Media .............................................................................................. 4 Social Cognitive Theory ............................................................................................... 5 Femininity ..................................................................................................................... 6 Gender Schema Theory................................................................................................. 7 Social Learning Theory................................................................................................. 9 Statement of the Research Problem .................................................................................. 11 Purpose Statement ............................................................................................................. 13 Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 13 Significance of the Problem .............................................................................................. 13 Definitions......................................................................................................................... 16 Delimitations ..................................................................................................................... 17 Organization of the Study ................................................................................................. 17 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .......................................................... 19 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 19 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 19 The Right Stuff? .......................................................................................................... 20 Gender Schema Theory..................................................................................................... 23 Gender Schema in Today’s Society ............................................................................ 26 Role Models and Mentors ................................................................................................. 34 Gender ......................................................................................................................... 35 Counter-Stereotypical Role Models ............................................................................ 36 Relevance to Self-Identity........................................................................................... 37 Evolution of Influence ................................................................................................ 38 Educational Factors ........................................................................................................... 41 Early Education ........................................................................................................... 41 Role of Teachers ......................................................................................................... 42 Extracurricular