Fluid Geochemistry of Mud Volcanoes in Taiwan 227 G.H

Mud Volcanoes, Geodynamics and Seismicity NATO Science Series A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science Programme. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer (formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers) in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series I. Life and Behavioural Sciences IOS Press II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Springer (formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers) III. Computer and Systems Science IOS Press IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Springer (formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers) The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series. The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are “Advanced Study Institutes” and “Advanced Research Workshops”, and the NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from , NATO countries and scientists from NATO s Partner countries – countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances in a field. Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and identification of directions for future action. As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science Series was re-organized to the four sub-series noted above. Please consult the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series. http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springeronline.com http://www.iospress.nl Series IV: Earth and Environmental Series – Vol. 51 Mud Volcanoes, Geodynamics and Seismicity edited by Giovanni Martinelli ARPA, Environmental Protection Agency of Emilia-Romagna Region, Reggio Emilia, Italy and Behrouz Panahi Geology Institute, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Mud Volcanism, Geodynamics and Seismicity Baku, Azerbaijan 20 – 22 May 2003 A C.I.P.Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 1-4020-3203-X (PB) ISBN 1-4020-3202-1 (HB) ISBN 1-4020-3204-8 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Springer, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2005 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed in the Netherlands. CONTENTS Contributing Authors ix Preface xvii Chapter 1: Mud volcanic geology New seismic neogene clay diapirs and hydrocarbon implications in the North-eastern African margin of Tunisia 1 M. BEDIR Seismic signature of gas hydrate and mud volcanoes of the South African continental margin 17 Z. BEN-AVRAHAM, M. RESHEF, G. SMITH Global distribution of mud volcanoes and their significance in petroleum exploration as a source of Methane in the atmosphere and hydrosphere and as a geohazard 29 A. V. MILKOV Styles and productivity of mud diapirism along the Middle American margin Part I: margin evolution, segmentation, dewatering and mud diapirism 35 T. M OERZ , A. KOPF, W. BRUECKMANN, N. FEKETE, V. H UEHNERBACH, D.G. MASSON, D.A. HEPP, E. SUESS, W. WEINREBE Styles and productivity of mud diapirism along the Middle American margin Part II: Mound Culebra and Mounds 11 and 12 49 T. M OERZ , N. FEKETE, A. KOPF, W. BRUECKMANN, S. KREITER, V. HUEHNERBACH, D.G. MASSON, D.A. HEPP, M. SCHMIDT, S. KUTTEROLF, H. SAHLING, F. A BEGG, V. SPIESS, E. SUESS, C.R. RANERO Chapter 2: Geodynamic implications of mud volcanism Mud volcanoes and seismicity in Romania 77 C. BACIU AND G.ETIOPE vi Mud volcanism, geodynamics and seismicity of Azerbaijan and the Caspian Sea region 89 B. M. PANAHI Chapter 3: Seismic hazard and mud volcanism Mud volcanic manifestations in the maximum shaking areas of strong earthquakes 105 E. A. ROGOZHIN The areas of mud volcanism in the South Caspian and Black Sea: seismicity and new technology for seismic risk estimation 111 L. E. LEVIN , L. N. SOLODILOV, B.M. PANAHI, N. V. KONDORSKAYA Recent seismic activity in Albania and its features 123 S. KOCIU Assessment of seismic hazard in areas of mud volcano location on the basis of geophysical data 135 T. A. ISMAILZADEH AND M.I. ISAYEVA Chapter 4: Greenhouse effects of mud volcanism Methane emission from mud volcanoes: towards a global estimate 141 G. ETIOPE Gas emissions from mud volcanoes: significance to global climate change 147 A. JUDD Chapter 5: Monitoring techniques of mud volcanism Mud volcanoes of Pakistan - an overview: a report on three centuries of historic and recent investigations in Pakistan 159 G. DELISLE Monitoring of deformation processes by means of electric field observation 171 I. A. GARAGASH, M. B. GOKHBERG, N.I. KOLOSNITSYN Mud volcano: methods, apparatus-fundamental and applied aspects of research 181 O. B. KHAVROSHKIN , V. V. T SYPLAKOV, E.M.-K. URDUKHANOV, N.A. VIDMONT vii Mud volcano monitoring and seismic events 187 G. MARTINELLI AND A. DADOMO INSAR analysis of the Absheron Peninsula and nearby areas, Azerbajian 201 R.J. MELLORS , T. BUNYAPANASARN, B.M. PANAHI Chapter 6: Geochemical features of mud volcanoes Geochemical model of mud volcanoes from reviewed worldwide data 211 G. MARTINELLI AND A. DADOMO Biosensor control of acute total toxicity of water and soil polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 221 N. F. STARODUB Fluid Geochemistry of mud volcanoes in Taiwan 227 G.H. YEH, T.F. YANG, J. C. CHEN, Y.G. CHEN, S.R. SONG Chapter 7: Physical models of mud volcanoes Mud volcanoes as natural strainmeters: a working hypothesis 239 D. ALBARELLO Mud volcano model resulting from geophysical and geochemical research 251 A. A. FEYZULLAYEV, F.A. KADIROV, C.S. ALIYEV Physical properties of muds extruded from mud volcanoes: implications for episodicity of eruptions and relationship to seismicity 263 A.J. KOPF, M. B. CLENNEL, K. M. BROWN Acknowledgments 285 Subject index 287 CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Ben Avraham, Zvi Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel, Fax: +2721 6503783 e-mail: [email protected] Abegg Friedrich GEOMAR, Wischlofstr. 1-3, 24148, Kiel, Germany, Phone + 494316002321 e-mail: [email protected] Albarello Dario Department of Earth Sciences, University of Siena, Via Laterina, 8, Siena, 53100 , Italy Phone: +390577 233825/22 Fax: +390577 233820 e-mail: [email protected] Aliyev Chingiz S. Geology Institute, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, H. Javid Ave., 29A, 370143 Baku, Azerbaijan. Baciu Calin Babes-Bolyai University, Department of GeologyM. Kogalniceanu str. 1, RO-3400 Cluj- Napoca, Romania, Phone: 0040.64.405300 ext. 5227 Fax: 0040.64.191906 e-mail: [email protected] Bedir Mourad Georesources Laboratory, National Institute of Scientific Research and Technics, Route touristique de Soliman B.P. 95 Hamman Lif Tunis, 2050 Tunisia, Fax: 00216 430934 e-mail: [email protected] Brown Kevin M. SCRIPPS Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla CA 92093-0244, USA e-mail: [email protected] Brueckmann Warner Sonderforschungsbereich 574, Christian- Albrechts-University of Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany Phone: +494316002819 GEOMAR Research Centre, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany e-mail: [email protected] ix x Bunyapanasarn Ted Department of Geological Sciences, San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, USA, Phone: 619-594- 3455 Fax: 619-594-4372 Chen Ju-Chin Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C. e-mail: [email protected] Chen Yue-Gau Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, R.O.C. e-mail: [email protected] Clennell Ben M. CSIRO Petroleum, Australian Resources Research Centre, 26 Dick Perry Avenue, Kensington, WA 6151, Perth Australia Phone +61864368500 e-mail: [email protected] Dadomo Andrea Dept. of Geological Sciences and Geotechnology, University of Milan, Piazza delle Scienze, 4, 20126 Milan, Italy Delisle George Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover Germany Phone: +49 511 643 2627 Fax: +49 511 643 2304 e-mail: [email protected] Etiope Giuseppe Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia via Vigna Murata 605, 00143 Roma, Italy, Phone: +39 0651860394/341 Fax: +39 0651860338 e-mail: [email protected] Fekete Noemi Sonderforschungsbereich 574, Christian- Albrechts-University of Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany Feyzullayev Akper Geology Institute, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences 29-A, H. Javid Ave., Baku, Azerbaijan, 370143, Phone: +99412 330141 Fax: +99412 975285 e-mail: [email protected] xi Garagash Igor A. Schmidt United Istitute of Physics of the Earth,

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