DOCSLIB.ORG

Modelling Multimodal Integration – the Case of the Mcgurk-Effect

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modelling Multimodal Integration – the Case of the Mcgurk-Effect 1 Modelling multimodal integration 2 { The case of the McGurk-Effect { Fabian Tomaschek1; DanielDuran2 1 3 Department of General Linguistics, University of T¨ubingen,Germany 2 4 Deutsches Seminar, Albert-Ludwigs-Universit¨atFreiburg, Germany. 5 Corresponding author: 6 Fabian Tomaschek 7 Seminar f¨urSprachwissenschaft 8 Eberhard Karls University T¨ubingen 9 Wilhelmstrasse 19 10 T¨ubingen 11 e-mail: [email protected] 12 Version: September 27, 2019 13 Abstract 14 The McGurk effect is a well known perceptual phenomenon in which lis- 15 teners perceive [da], when presented with visual instances of [ga] syllables 16 combined with the audio of [ba] syllables. However, the underlying cognitive 17 mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the 18 McGurk effect from the perspective of two learning theories { the Exemplar 19 theory and Discriminative Learning. We hypothesized that the McGurk ef- 20 fect arises from distributional differences of the [ba, da, ga] syllables in a 21 lexicon of a given language. We tested this hypothesis using computational 22 implementations of these theories, simulating learning on the basis of lexica 23 in which we varied the distributions of these syllables systematically. These 24 simulations support our hypothesis. 25 For both learning theories, we found that the probability of observing 26 the McGurk effect in our simulations was greater, when lexica contained a 27 larger percentage of [da] and [ba] instances. Crucially, the probability of the 0 28 McGurk effect was inversely proportional to the percentage of [ga], what ever 29 the percentage of [ba] and [da]. 30 To validate our results, we inspected the distributional properties of [ba, 31 da, ga] in different languages for which the McGurk effect was or was not 32 previously attested. Our results mirror the findings for these languages. Our 33 study shows that the McGurk effect { an instance of multi-modal perceptual 34 integration { arises from distributional properties in different languages and 35 thus depends on language learning. 1 36 1 Introduction 37 It is commonly known what the the McGurk effect is(McGurk & MacDonald, 38 1976). Hearing [ba] and seeing hgai, test subjects perceived the percepteme 1 39 〚da〛 . While it is meanwhile very clear that the human brain integrates vi- 40 sual and acoustic information, because \[why] would the brain not use such 41 available information", as MacDonald (2018) puts it, it is still not fully un- 42 derstood, how the fused perceptual outcome comes to being. In this present 43 study, we claim that distributional properties of 〚ba, da, ga〛 in the language 44 are the reason for the fused outcome. We therefore investigate how distri- 45 butional properties of speech affect the McGurk effect. Phonetic categories, 46 such as 〚ba, da, ga〛 are not signalled by discrete acoustic cues. Rather, acous- 47 tic cues show a large variability, for example due to speaking rate (Gay, 1978; 48 Hirata, 2004), word length (Altmann, 1980), coarticulation (Ohman,¨ 1966; 49 Magen, 1997), practice effects (Tomaschek et al., 2013, 2014, 2018a,c), as 50 well as idiosyncratic speaker variation (Tomaschek & Leeman, 2018; Weirich 51 & Fuchs, 2006). There is a large number of studies showing that listeners are 52 highly sensitive to the distributional characteristics of phonetic cues indicat- 53 ing membership to a phonemic category (Clayards et al., 2008; Yoshida et al., 54 2010; Nixon et al., 2014, 2015; Nixon & Best, 2018; Nixon, 2018). Ignoring 55 the number of phonemic categories that can be discriminated by an acous- 56 tic continuum, two sources of variance have been shown to affect perceptual 57 outcomes in listeners: the amount of overlap between categories along and 58 the variance within each category. The stronger the overlap of cues between 1The classic example of the McGurk effect is described as follows: Hearing [ba] and seeing hgai, test subjects perceive a fused perceptual outcome 〚da〛. We will call the recognized linguistic items or stimulus responses, be they consistent with the perceptual cues or inconsistent, resulting in fused perceptual outcome, perceptemes. The term per- cepteme is established in order to distinguish the cognitive response in a categorization task from its phonetic auditory and visual input. Such phonetic input items, i.e. spe- cific instances of realized speech items, are denoted in usual phonetic transcription with square brackets as [da]. Phonemes, i.e. abstract linguistic categories, are denoted in usual phonemic/phonological transcription as /da/. Visual representations of speech items are denoted with angle brackets as hdai. Note that we do not use the term viseme for the visual representations of speech items. Fisher (1963) introduced this term as an abbreviation for \visual phonemes", denoting \mutually exclusive classes of sounds visually perceived" { i.e. groups of responses in a confusion matrix (Fisher, 1968, cf.). This term, however, is often used today with a somewhat different meaning, referring to the smallest visual unit of speech in visual or multimodal speech synthesis or recognition. Perceptemes will be in- dicated by white square brackets, e.g. 〚da〛. And, of course this works with 〚bi, di, gi〛 and to a certain degree with voiceless plosives as well as glides. See furthermore Rosenblum (2008) for a short review of multimodal speech perception and Sumby & Pollack (1954) for an earlier finding of the effect. 2 59 phonemic categories, and the larger the variance within a phonemic category, 60 the less concise are the listeners' decisions about to which phonemic category 61 stimuli belong. 62 We approached the problem of distributional properties by means of com- 63 putational simulations. We investigated the McGurk effect with two compu- 64 tationally formalized cognitive models that both account for distributional 65 effects in speech production and speech perception. To our knowledge, only 66 Massaro and colleagues used computer simulations to explain the McGurk 67 effect (Massaro & Cohen, 1995). They explained the fused perception of 68 〚da〛 by calculating the probability of confusing auditory and acoustic cues 69 as 〚da〛 given the acoustics of the stimulus. To assess the probability of con- 70 fusion, perceived cues are \matched against prototype descriptions [. ] and 71 an identification decision is made on the basis of the relative goodness of 72 match of the stimulus information with the relevant prototype description" 73 (Massaro & Cohen, 1995). 74 In the last decade, new models were presented that explain linguistic and 75 congitive processes during speech production and perception on the basis of 76 the speaker's experience of language. We use the computational implementa- 77 tions of two of those models in the present study to investigate the origins of 78 the McGurk effect. The first is Exemplar Theory (Johnson, 1997; Goldinger, 79 1998; Pierrehumbert, 2001) which assumes (on an abstract functional level) 80 that individual instances of perceived events are stored in memory as fully 81 specified exemplars. Categories, e.g. equivalent or similar speech sounds, 82 form \clouds" of exemplars which are clustered close together in a percep- 83 tual feature space. Within these exemplar clouds, variability and frequency of 84 occurrence are preserved implicitly. Categorization of new inputs is based on 85 a comparison computing the similarity between the new perceptual stimulus 86 with all stored exemplars. Frequency of occurrence, reflected by the number 87 of exemplars, is an important factor in these similarity computations: the 88 more exemplars in memory with the same associated labels, the higher this 2 89 category label is weighted in categorization (Duran, 2013, 2015) . 90 The second is Naive Discriminative Learning (Baayen et al., 2011), a 91 computational algorithm based on classical conditioning that simulates error- 92 driven learning (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Ramscar et al., 2010, 2013) ac- 93 cording to which phonemic categories are discriminated by means of physical 94 cues such as formant frequencies and, in our case, visual information of the 95 lips. The strength with which cues discriminate outcomes depends on the 96 frequency of co-occurrence of the outcomes and the cues, as well as the dis- 97 tributional properties of cues within and across categories. Frequency of 2See appendix A for a discussion of \similarity" in exemplar-theoretic models. 3 98 occurrence is implicitly represented by means of stronger association weights 99 between cues and outcomes. However, this strength is further modulated by 100 the distribution of cues between outcomes. 101 We hypothesized that the McGurk effect is a result of the distributional 102 properties of the acoustic and visual cues signalling 〚ba, da, ga〛 (see Section 103 2). The more frequent the 〚da〛 category, the more often we should be able 104 to attest the McGurk effect in our models. More precise details about the 105 results are not possible at this point because of the high dimensionality of 106 the data and the non-linear behavior of the models under investigation. A 107 verbal description of the expected results would be circular, as the mathe- 108 matical calculations of the present study can be regarded as predictions for 109 participants' behavior in actual experiments. Furthermore, the current study 110 serves as a test bed to compare these two theories and their predictions for 111 linguistic behavior. 112 In the remainder of the paper, we first present the results of a survey 113
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Neural Correlates of Audiovisual Speech Perception in Aphasia and Healthy Aging
    The Texas Medical Center Library DigitalCommons@TMC The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Biomedical Sciences Dissertations and Theses Center UTHealth Graduate School of (Open Access) Biomedical Sciences 12-2013 NEURAL CORRELATES OF AUDIOVISUAL SPEECH PERCEPTION IN APHASIA AND HEALTHY AGING Sarah H. Baum Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations Part of the Behavioral Neurobiology Commons, Medicine and Health Sciences Commons, and the Systems Neuroscience Commons Recommended Citation Baum, Sarah H., "NEURAL CORRELATES OF AUDIOVISUAL SPEECH PERCEPTION IN APHASIA AND HEALTHY AGING" (2013). The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Dissertations and Theses (Open Access). 420. https://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/utgsbs_dissertations/420 This Dissertation (PhD) is brought to you for free and open access by the The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at DigitalCommons@TMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Dissertations and Theses (Open Access) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@TMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEURAL CORRELATES OF AUDIOVISUAL SPEECH PERCEPTION IN APHASIA AND HEALTHY AGING by Sarah Haller Baum, B.S. APPROVED: ______________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Laurel/Yanny
    Beyond Laurel/Yanny: An Autoencoder-Enabled Search for Polyperceivable Audio Kartik Chandra Chuma Kabaghe Stanford University Stanford University [email protected] [email protected] Gregory Valiant Stanford University [email protected] Abstract How common is this phenomenon? Specifically, what fraction of spoken language is “polyperceiv- The famous “laurel/yanny” phenomenon refer- able” in the sense of evoking a multimodal re- ences an audio clip that elicits dramatically dif- ferent responses from different listeners. For sponse in a population of listeners? In this work, the original clip, roughly half the popula- we provide initial results suggesting a significant tion hears the word “laurel,” while the other density of spoken words that, like the original “lau- half hears “yanny.” How common are such rel/yanny” clip, lie close to unexpected decision “polyperceivable” audio clips? In this paper boundaries between seemingly unrelated pairs of we apply ML techniques to study the preva- words or sounds, such that individual listeners can lence of polyperceivability in spoken language. switch between perceptual modes via a slight per- We devise a metric that correlates with polyper- ceivability of audio clips, use it to efficiently turbation. find new “laurel/yanny”-type examples, and validate these results with human experiments. The clips we consider consist of audio signals Our results suggest that polyperceivable ex- amples are surprisingly prevalent, existing for synthesized by the Amazon Polly speech synthe- >2% of
    [Show full text]
  • Major Heading
    THE APPLICATION OF ILLUSIONS AND PSYCHOACOUSTICS TO SMALL LOUDSPEAKER CONFIGURATIONS RONALD M. AARTS Philips Research Europe, HTC 36 (WO 02) Eindhoven, The Netherlands An overview of some auditory illusions is given, two of which will be considered in more detail for the application of small loudspeaker configurations. The requirements for a good sound reproduction system generally conflict with those of consumer products regarding both size and price. A possible solution lies in enhancing listener perception and reproduction of sound by exploiting a combination of psychoacoustics, loudspeaker configurations and digital signal processing. The first example is based on the missing fundamental concept, the second on the combination of frequency mapping and a special driver. INTRODUCTION applications of even smaller size this lower limit can A brief overview of some auditory illusions is given easily be as high as several hundred hertz. The bass which serves merely as a ‘catalogue’, rather than a portion of an audio signal contributes significantly to lengthy discussion. A related topic to auditory illusions the sound ‘impact’, and depending on the bass quality, is the interaction between different sensory modalities, the overall sound quality will shift up or down. e.g. sound and vision, a famous example is the Therefore a good low-frequency reproduction is McGurk effect (‘Hearing lips and seeing voices’) [1]. essential. An auditory-visual overview is given in [2], a more general multisensory product perception in [3], and on ILLUSIONS spatial orientation in [4]. The influence of video quality An illusion is a distortion of a sensory perception, on perceived audio quality is discussed in [5].
    [Show full text]
  • The Behavioral and Neural Effects of Audiovisual Affective Processing
    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Theses and Dissertations Summer 2020 The Behavioral and Neural Effects of Audiovisual Affective Processing Chuanji Gao Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd Part of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior Commons Recommended Citation Gao, C.(2020). The Behavioral and Neural Effects of Audiovisual Affective Processing. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/5989 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you by Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL EFFECTS OF AUDIOVISUAL AFFECTIVE PROCESSING by Chuanji Gao Bachelor of Arts Heilongjiang University, 2011 Master of Science Capital Normal University, 2015 Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Experimental Psychology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Carolina 2020 Accepted by: Svetlana V. Shinkareva, Major Professor Douglas H. Wedell, Committee Member Rutvik H. Desai, Committee Member Roozbeh Behroozmand, Committee Member Cheryl L. Addy, Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School © Copyright by Chuanji Gao, 2020 All Rights Reserved. ii DEDICATION To my family iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have been incredibly lucky to have my advisor, Svetlana Shinkareva. She is an exceptional mentor who guides me through the course of my doctoral research and provides continuous support. I thank Doug Wedell for his guidance and collaborations over the years, I have learned a lot. I am also grateful to other members of my dissertation committee, Rutvik Desai and Roozbeh Behroozmand for their invaluable feedback and help.
    [Show full text]
  • HARRY Mcgurk and the Mcgurk EFFECT Denis Burnham
    AuditoryĆVisual Speech Processing ISCA Archive (AVSP'98) http://www.iscaĆspeech.org/archive Terrigal - Sydney, Australia December 4Ć6, 1998 HARRY McGURK AND THE McGURK EFFECT Denis Burnham A significant part of the history of auditory-visual Rosenbloom took their results to show that spatial speech processing is the discovery of the way in perception in infancy occurs within a common which auditory and visual speech components, when auditory-visual space. in conflict, can give rise to an emergent percept. Not many of the present-day young auditory-visual These results fit in nicely with the Gibsonian and speech researchers know about the history of this neo-Gibsonian (Bowerian) view of the initial unity finding. Early this year the organisers of AVSP’98 of the senses, but not so nicely with McGurk’s view contacted the Australian Institute of Family Studies that unity of the senses, especially in speech, is a in Melbourne, Australia, to ask its Director, Harry product of experience. In 1974 Harry McGurk at McGurk, to talk at AVSP’98. Unfortunately Harry Surrey and Michael Lewis at Princeton, published a died in April this year and so was unable to meet rejoinder experiment in Science [4]. They tested 1-, and talk to the band of researchers now working in 4-, and 7-month-old infants in similar (though not the area of auditory-visual speech processing. identical) conditions to those in the original However, we still wanted to inform people about experiment. Their results failed to confirm Aronson the origins of this effect, and so with the kind and Rosenbloom’s earlier findings, and thus did not assistance of his daughter, Rhona McGurk, we provide support for the initial unity of the senses publish here for the first time Harry’s inaugural notion.
    [Show full text]
  • Schizophrenia, Dopamine and the Mcgurk Effect
    King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00565 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): White, T. P., Wigton, R. L., Joyce, D. W., Collier, T., Ferragamo, C., Wasim, N., Lisk, S., & Shergill, S. S. (2014). Eluding the illusion? Schizophrenia, dopamine and the McGurk effect. Frontiers In Human Neuroscience, 8, [565]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00565 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
    [Show full text]
  • Speech Perception
    UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2010) Chapter 5 (of Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics, 3rd Edition - in press) Speech perception When you listen to someone speaking you generally focus on understanding their meaning. One famous (in linguistics) way of saying this is that "we speak in order to be heard, in order to be understood" (Jakobson, Fant & Halle, 1952). Our drive, as listeners, to understand the talker leads us to focus on getting the words being said, and not so much on exactly how they are pronounced. But sometimes a pronunciation will jump out at you - somebody says a familiar word in an unfamiliar way and you just have to ask - "is that how you say that?" When we listen to the phonetics of speech - to how the words sound and not just what they mean - we as listeners are engaged in speech perception. In speech perception, listeners focus attention on the sounds of speech and notice phonetic details about pronunciation that are often not noticed at all in normal speech communication. For example, listeners will often not hear, or not seem to hear, a speech error or deliberate mispronunciation in ordinary conversation, but will notice those same errors when instructed to listen for mispronunciations (see Cole, 1973). --------begin sidebar---------------------- Testing mispronunciation detection As you go about your daily routine, try mispronouncing a word every now and then to see if the people you are talking to will notice. For instance, if the conversation is about a biology class you could pronounce it "biolochi". After saying it this way a time or two you could tell your friend about your little experiment and ask if they noticed any mispronounced words.
    [Show full text]
  • Beat Gestures Influence Which Speech Sounds You Hear
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.200543. this version posted July 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Bosker & Peeters 1 Beat gestures influence which speech sounds you hear Hans Rutger Bosker ab 1 and David Peeters ac a Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, PO Box 310, 6500 AH, Nijmegen, The Netherlands b Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands c Tilburg University, Department of Communication and Cognition, TiCC, Tilburg, the Netherlands Running title: Beat gestures influence speech perception Word count: 11080 (including all words) Figure count: 2 1 Corresponding author. Tel.: +31 (0)24 3521 373. E-mail address: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.200543. this version posted July 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Bosker & Peeters 2 ABSTRACT Beat gestures – spontaneously produced biphasic movements of the hand – are among the most frequently encountered co-speech gestures in human communication. They are closely temporally aligned to the prosodic characteristics of the speech signal, typically occurring on lexically stressed syllables. Despite their prevalence across speakers of the world’s languages, how beat gestures impact spoken word recognition is unclear. Can these simple ‘flicks of the hand’ influence speech perception? Across six experiments, we demonstrate that beat gestures influence the explicit and implicit perception of lexical stress (e.g., distinguishing OBject from obJECT), and in turn, can influence what vowels listeners hear.
    [Show full text]
  • What You See Is What You Hear Visual Influences on Auditory Speech Perception
    What you see is what you hear Visual influences on auditory speech perception Claudia Sabine Lüttke The work described in this thesis was carried out at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University. ISBN 978-94-6284-169-7 Cover design Claudia Lüttke Print Gildeprint Copyright (c) Claudia Lüttke, 2018 What you see is what you hear Visual influences on auditory speech perception Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 15 november 2018 om 12.30 uur precies door Claudia Sabine Lüttke geboren op 24 augustus 1986 te Bad Soden am Taunus, Duitsland Promotor prof. dr. Marcel A.J. van Gerven Copromotor prof. dr. Floris P. de Lange Manuscriptcommissie prof. dr. James M. McQueen (voorzitter) prof. dr. Uta Noppeney (University of Birmingham, Verenigd Koninkrijk) dr. Marius V. Peelen “A quotation is a handy thing to have about, saving one the trouble of thinking for oneself, always a laborious business” ALAN ALEXANDER MILNE (author of Winnie-the-Pooh) “Words can express no more than a tiny fragment of human knowledge, for what we can say and think is always immeasurably less than what we experience.” ALAN WATTS (British philosopher ) Table of contents Chapter 1 General Introduction 11 Chapter 2 Preference for audiovisual speech congruency in 23 superior temporal cortex Chapter 3 McGurk illusion recalibrates subsequent
    [Show full text]
  • Auditory–Visual Speech Integration in Bipolar Disorder: a Preliminary Study
    languages Article Auditory–Visual Speech Integration in Bipolar Disorder: A Preliminary Study Arzu Yordamlı and Do˘guErdener * Psychology Program, Northern Cyprus Campus, Middle East Technical University (METU), KKTC, via Mersin 10, 99738 Kalkanlı, Güzelyurt, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-392-661-3424 Received: 4 July 2018; Accepted: 15 October 2018; Published: 17 October 2018 Abstract: This study aimed to investigate how individuals with bipolar disorder integrate auditory and visual speech information compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, we wanted to see whether there were any differences between manic and depressive episode bipolar disorder patients with respect to auditory and visual speech integration. It was hypothesized that the bipolar group’s auditory–visual speech integration would be weaker than that of the control group. Further, it was predicted that those in the manic phase of bipolar disorder would integrate visual speech information more robustly than their depressive phase counterparts. To examine these predictions, a McGurk effect paradigm with an identification task was used with typical auditory–visual (AV) speech stimuli. Additionally, auditory-only (AO) and visual-only (VO, lip-reading) speech perceptions were also tested. The dependent variable for the AV stimuli was the amount of visual speech influence. The dependent variables for AO and VO stimuli were accurate modality-based responses. Results showed that the disordered and control groups did not differ in AV speech integration and AO speech perception. However, there was a striking difference in favour of the healthy group with respect to the VO stimuli. The results suggest the need for further research whereby both behavioural and physiological data are collected simultaneously.
    [Show full text]
  • Speechreading: Illusion Or Window Into Pattern Recognition Dominic W
    Opinion Tresilian – Visually timed action 51 Massaro, D.W. (1988) Ambiguity in perception and experimentation 60 Alderson, G.K., Sully, H. and Sully, D. (1974) An operational analysis of J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 117, 417–421 a one-handed catching task using high speed photography J. Motor 52 Clark, J.J. and Yuille, A.L. (1990) Data Fusion for Sensory Information Behav. 6, 217–226 Processing Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers 61 Bridgeman, B. et al. (1979) The relationship between cognitive and 53 Landy, M.S. et al. (1995) Measurement and modeling of depth cue motor oriented systems of visual position perception J. Exp. Psychol. combination: in defense of weak fusion Vis. Res. 35, 389–412 Hum. Percept. Perform. 5, 692–700 54 Bruno, N. and Cutting, J.E. (1988) Minimodularity and the perception 62 Milner, A.D. and Goodale, M.A. (1992) The Visual Brain in Action, of layout J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 117, 161–170 Oxford University Press 55 Law, D.J. et al. (1993) Perceptual and cognitive factors governing 63 Ungerleider, L.G. and Mishkin, M. (1982) Two cortical visual systems, in performance in comparative arrival time judgments J. Exp. Psychol. Analysis of Visual Behavior (Ingle, D.J., Goodale, M.A. and Mansfield, Hum. Percept. Perform. 19, 1183–1199 R.J., eds), pp. 549–586, MIT Press 56 Fischer, S.C. et al. (1994) Strategic processing in dynamic spatial acuity 64 Goodale, M.A., Pellison, D. and Prablanc, C. (1986) Large adjustments tasks Learn. Indiv. Diff. 6, 65–105 in visually guided reaching do not depend upon vision of the hand or 57 McLeod, P., McGlaughlin, C.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Making Sense of Multiple Senses by Kevin Connolly Abstract
    Making Sense of Multiple Senses By Kevin Connolly Abstract: In the case of ventriloquism, seeing the movement of the ventriloquist dummy’s mouth changes your experience of the auditory location of the vocals. Some have argued that cases like ventriloquism provide evidence for the view that at least some of the content of perception is fundamentally multimodal. In the ventriloquism case, this would mean your experience has constitutively audio-visual content (not just a conjunction of an audio content and visual content). In this paper, I argue that cases like ventriloquism do not in fact warrant that conclusion. I then try to make sense of crossmodal cases without appealing to fundamentally multimodal content. 1. Introduction In the McGurk effect, a subject views a video of a person saying one set of syllables (e.g. ga-ga), while the audio has been redubbed to a second set of syllables (e.g., ba-ba). The subject experiences yet a third set of syllables, distinct from the first two sets (e.g., da-da) (McGurk and MacDonald, 1976, p. 747). The McGurk effect is a crossmodal experience. Crossmodal experiences are a kind of multimodal experience, that is, a kind of experience that involves more than one sense modality. More precisely put, a crossmodal experience is a kind of multimodal experience where an input in one sense modality changes what you experience in another sense modality. In the McGurk effect, for instance, the visual input of seeing the person mouth ga-ga changes the auditory input (ba-ba) to what you in fact hear (da-da).
    [Show full text]