Governor Knowles State Forest Visitor

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Governor Knowles State Forest ● Grantsburg, WI 54840 ● 715-463-2898 ● www.dnr.wi.gov The State Forest Established in 1970 as the St. Croix River State Forest, the forest was re-designated the Governor Knowles State Forest in 1981 to recognize former Governor Warren P. Knowles for his administration’s progress in conservation. The forest acts as an extended resource protection zone for the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway. The forest is 55 miles long and up to two miles wide, and encompasses 32,500 acres. Four thousand acres were donated by the Northern States Power Company in 1971 to form the nucleus of the forest. A primary objective of the state forest is the preservation and protection of the St. Croix River and its valley; however, management of the forest provides multiple benefi ts. Management practices empha- size scenic beauty, water quality protection, wildlife habitat, forest production and recreation. A designated wilderness zone buffers the Riverway throughout the length of the forest. Six designated State Natural Areas within the forest preserve unique biotic communities. Hiking the River Valley—Two hiking trails stretch along the St. Croix River, one on the north end and one on the south end of the property with parking lots at major road intersections. They meander along the top of the bluffs overlooking the St. Croix Trade River Horse Trail River and occasionally swing down onto the banks of the river. There are two trails and income. The management practices that pass through unique biotic plant com- are selected to produce forest products Emergency Information munities: the Cedar Interpretive Trail and in a manner compatible with recreation, aesthetics, wildlife, fi sheries, and water- the Brandt Pine Interpretive Trail. They For Emergencies Sheriff’s Department: represent two of our six natural areas on shed protection. Fall Colors—Mid-September through In Burnett and Polk Counties Burnett County (715) 349-2121 the Governor Knowles State Forest. Steep call 911. Polk County (715) 485-3131 climbs or descents, short foot bridges, and the end of October is the period when stairways may be encountered. cool dry weather signals the approach Disturbances Camping—The St. Croix Family of winter. Oaks, ashes, maple and aspen Campground is a rustic campground with cease the production of green tinted chlo- In case of a civil disturbance, notify the campground host, DNR offi ce, or if 30 sites. It is located on Highway 70 just rophyll, during this time. The naturally necessary phone the Burnett Sheriffs Offi ce. Be sure to write down auto license east of the St. Croix River bridge. Sites are present reds, yellows, and browns show numbers, make and model of cars, campsite numbers, etc. available on a fi rst come–fi rst serve basis through to produce a myriad of beautiful with self registration and fee required. colors. Viewing is enhanced by fi nding Information The Sioux Portage Group Campground an elevated overlook or traveling down serves larger camping parties and is back-country roads. Winter Recreation—During the Please contact the state forest offi ce if you have any located on the northern end of the state questions, concerns, or suggestions. forest. It is available by reservation only winter months the Brandt Pines trails through state forest headquarters. The become cross-country ski trails winding Governor Knowles State Forest National Park Service Trade River Equestrian Campground through rolling hills and river valleys. The 325 Hwy 70, P.O. Box 367 P.O. Box 708 is on the south end of the forest and has southern half of the state forest has 32.5 Grantsburg, WI 54840 St. Croix Falls, WI 54024 traditionally been used by horseback miles of snowmobile trail which serve as Phone: (715) 463-2898 Phone: (715) 483-3284, ext. 638 riders. The site is primitive with minimal the main connection between Burnett and facilities. There is a fee, and self-registra- Polk counties’ trail systems. For snowsho- tion is required. Backpack Camping is ers, the primitive areas offer solitude and allowed at developed sites by getting a tranquility surrounded only by the forest’s Special Camp Registration Permit at the winter inhabitants. forest headquarters. The sites are primi- Canoeing the St. Croix—The St. tive and located along both the north and Croix River winds its way through a wild south segments of the Gov. Knowles State and scenic countryside from its origin in Forest Hiking Trail. a Spruce-Tamarack swamp near Upper Sustainable Forest Management— St. Croix Lake. The river system varies Forests continue to grow, age and evolve from swift and rocky whitewater to placid over time. We strive to maintain a healthy fl owages. vigorous forest by managing the resource A typical day of canoeing will take through thinning, harvesting and refor- you about 20 miles, that is, unless you estation. The maturing forest produces decide to explore an island or two, or wet an annual harvest of pulpwood and a fi shing line in some of the quiet bays lumber. These wood products provide and backwaters. Primitive campsites can raw resources for the paper and lumber be found along the shore and on many industry, which ranks among the top three islands. Water must be purifi ed before in northern Wisconsin in providing jobs drinking and fi rewood is scarce.

PRINTED ON RECYCLED PAPER Sioux Portage Group Campground 2 Governor Knowles State Forest Visitor

Governor Knowles Staff

The staff on the Governor Knowles forest. The state forest also has 3–5 State Forest consists of 3 full time seasonal employees. The staff primarily employees: the Forest Superintendent focuses its efforts towards customer is responsible for the over-all manage- service and safety. The state forest staff ment and supervision of the forest, a hopes that your visit to the Governor Forester handles the forest management Knowles State Forest is an enjoyable program, and a Ranger works with the one. If you have any questions, please recreation and law enforcement on the contact us at the forest headquarters.

“Remember…Only You Can Prevent Wildfi res!” Bald Eagles The Governor Knowles State Forest is home to a large population of bald eagles. You’ll likely catch a glimpse of one of these magnifi cent birds while hiking along the shores or canoeing on the river. Bald eagles are large, dark brown birds of prey that do not acquire the distinctive white head and tail until they are adults at fi ve years of age. Bald eagles in Wisconsin weigh eight to fourteen pounds, with a wingspread of up to seven feet. Eagles have keen vision (four to eight times greater than ours), are swift and agile fl yers, and possess powerful beaks and talons. All of these features combine to make the eagle a highly successful predator. When And Where Do They Nest?—Adult bald eagles return to build and repair nests from February to March. One to three eggs are laid in March and April. The eggs hatch usually in early May after thirty-fi ve days of incubation. The young eagles remain in the nest eleven to twelve weeks before they take their fi rst fl ight; the last of the young leave the nest by late July or mid-August. For about two months after their fi rst fl ight, the young still frequently return to the nest site and receive food from Safe Campfi re: Solely used for cooking Unlawful Campfi re: Used for eliminat- their parents. and warming. Only clean dry wood is ing garbage or trash. Oily substances, Bald eagles build their nests in tall trees that tower above the forest, located close allowed! plastic, rubber, aluminum, treated paper to a river or lake. Their nests are usually in white pines, but other tree species are used or cardboard is not allowed! as well, such as red pine, yellow birch, maple and aspen. The nest is a large mass of sticks about three feet deep and fi ve feet across, placed near the top of the tree. Some bald eagles will use the same nest every year, while others will alternate from year to year among two or three different nests in their breeding Campfi re Safety territory. Some breeding territories have been used for over fi fty years. What Do Bald Eagles Eat?—Wisconsin’s lakes and streams provide an abundant If a fi re is desired and conditions are favorable, use an existing fi re ring supply of fi sh—the favorite food of bald eagles. Suckers, bullheads and northern pike or charcoal grill. make up most of their diet, but bald eagles are resourceful hunters and will feed on 1. Keep tents and gear at least 10 feet away from the fi re. waterfowl, shorebirds, and even turtles. They may also take mammals such as baby muskrats and beavers. In winter, eagles scavenge winter-killed deer and small fi sh 2. Never leave your campfi re unattended and always have a shovel and bucket provided by ice fi shermen. While hunting their prey, bald eagles will perch in trees of water on site. along the shorelines of rivers, bays, marshes, lakes and ponds. 3. When fi nished, drown your campfi re thoroughly with water and stir the Management—Bald eagles are sensitive nesters that require undisturbed conditions ashes. during late March, April and May. The state forest works to protect eagle nests by 4. Scrape all embers off of the partially burned sticks and logs. routing recreation trails and facilities away from eagle nests. Timber sales are planned to protect nest sites and provide abundant perch trees. 5. Check the entire area outside the campfi re circle for any hot embers. Remember Surveys—Each April a DNR aircraft surveys all known eagle nests to determine that it only takes one spark or ember to start a forest fi re! which nests are being used. In mid-June the aircraft returns to count the number of 6. Add more water to your fi re and stir again until it’s cold. young in each nest. Research—Laboratory analysis of eagle carcasses, unhatched eggs and molted feathers shows if nesting eagles are healthy and relatively free of environmental con- taminants. Eagles serve as bio-indicators; a healthy eagle population refl ects a healthy lake and stream environment. Future—With careful land management and pollution control, eagles will continue This publication is available upon request in alternate formats for visually impaired persons. Please contact the Division of to be a common sight on the state forest. We can all be proud of the fact that eagles Forestry at (608) 267-7494 to request an alternate format. have now been removed from the endangered species list and are now a threatened The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provides equal opportunity in its employment, programs, services and functions under an Affi rmative Action Plan. If you have any questions, please write to: Equal Opportunity Offi ce, U.S. species. For more information on eagles, reporting eagle nest locations, and informa- Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240 tion on ways people can help eagles, contact the state forest offi ce at P.O Box 367, Grantsburg, WI 54840, (715) 463-2898.

The Northern State Forests There are remote places in the Governor northern forests. Aside from solitude, they sights not soon forgotten. The marked Knowles State Forest where one can fi sh, provide some of the most spectacular nature trails become particularly inviting Northern Highland-American hike and canoe in absolute solitude. All canoe trails in the nation. In many cases during this time. Legion State Forest, 8770 Hwy. fi ve of Wisconsin’s northern state forests- developed campsites are available. On In fall, wildlife becomes more active. J, Woodruff, WI 54568. Phone: Northern Highland, Black River, Brule the other hand, the person who chooses Deer fawns lose their spots and adults 715-356-5211. River, Flambeau River, Pestigo River wilderness camping can often be the only change color from the red of summer to Black River State Forest, 910 Hwy. and Governor Knowles—have this same human being on a whole lake. Backpackers the gray of winter. The goldfi nch turns 54 East, Black River Falls, WI attribute. Together they comprise more fi nd the forests ideal and there are many line-striped and olive and the snowshoe 54615. Phone: 715-284-5301. than 428,000 acres—enough to provide trails and campsites for them. In addition hare grows patches of white. Brule River State Forest, Box 125, something for everyone year-round. to wilderness camping, there are high In winter, the forests pay extra divi- Brule, WI 54820. Phone: Collectively, there are more than 1,000 quality family and group campgrounds dends to those hardy enough to seek them 715-372-4866. family camping units, hundreds of miles available on many of the northern state out. There is cross-country skiing on thou- of hiking and canoe trails, primitive and forests. There are picnic areas and swim- sands of old logging roads and abandoned Flambeau River State Forest, West backpack camping areas, beautiful picnic ming beaches that range all the way from railroad grades as well as nearly 100 miles 1613 County W South, Winter, WI grounds, thousands of acres of water to small, relatively isolated areas to large of developed and marked ski trails, many 54896. Phone: 715-332-5271. fi sh, plus hunting opportunities galore. popular beaches. of which are tracked and groomed. Tobog- Governor Knowles State Forest, In winter, there is cross-country skiing, After Labor Day, recreational activities ganing is available on nearly any hill, Box 367, Grantsburg, WI 54840. snowmobiling, ice fi shing, winter camp- slow down. However, in autumn sightsee- and ice fi shing almost every place there’s Phone: 715-463-2898 ing, snowshoeing and much more. ing picks up. The yellows, reds and browns summer fi shing. For snowmobilers, there More than two million visitors “get of the hardwoods accent the greens of are more than 500 miles of marked and Peshtigo River State Forest, away from it all” every year in Wisconsin’s pine, spruce and fi r. Refl ections of these groomed trails, and winter campers fi nd a N10008 Paust Lane, Crivitz, WI colors in the clear lakes and streams are lot less competition in December. 54114. Phone: 715-757-3965 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 3 A Feeling of Wilderness By Jean Van Tatenhove, National Park Call Riverway staff who can answer Service Ranger questions. Phone numbers are listed below. The Riverway visitor centers offer Several of the young teenagers perched exhibits, a fi fteen-minute movie about on the boulders under the bridge stared the Riverway, bookstores and brochures. expectantly at the bright green insect. As Groups can make reservations at the visi- the dragonfl y slowly pulled its wet body tor centers and the Marshland Education out of the crispy brown larval skin, the boys Center. Attend an educational program witnessed a cycle in nature. Other boys presented by park rangers. Call a center from the group were carefully wading in to fi nd out about schedules and locations. the shallow water, small dip nets in hand. Look for park staff on the river. We are With a swift movement, another crayfi sh there to assist you in your own discovery was in the bucket to become an appetizer of the nature, the beauty and the qualities at the evening campfi re. of the St. Croix River. These urban teens from the Twin Cities were having the experience of their lives. I St. Croix National Scenic Riverway asked about their three-day canoe trip and St. Croix Visitor Center what they thought about it. Many replied 401 Hamilton Street that they were surprised to fi nd wilderness St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin so near to their city. The group had discov- 715-483-3284 ext. 638 ered one of the signifi cant qualities of St. Canoeing the St. Croix River Namekagon Visitor Center Croix National Scenic Riverway. Highway 63, Time and again, visitors to the River- half mile east of Highway 53 way tell me of the beauty they see here. northern pike and catfi sh to challenge their people associate with wilderness. Trego, Wisconsin They describe how it revives them from prowess in the St. Croix. The novelty of The National Park Service invites you 715-635-8346 the hassles of daily life and how the river catching and eating crayfi sh transported to discover the signifi cant qualities of provides opportunities to see nature in the boys far away from their city life. the St. Croix. A good place to start your Marshland Education Center action. How does this ordinary river make Something in the way eagles fl y and experience is to visit the Riverway website Highway 70 at the St. Croix River people think they are in wilderness? How wolves howl leads perhaps to another at www.nps.gov/sacn. You’ll fi nd detailed Pine City, Minnesota does it revive their spirits and spark their answer to the questions posed. The chance river maps to download. Read about camp- 320-629-2148 interest? to watch an eagle catch its supper or to hear ing, hiking, and how you can help prevent The boys I met up with under the a wolf pack communicate their location the spread of zebra mussels. bridge might answer these questions is real on the St. Croix. Even watching with responses about the recreational dragonfl ies emerge can tease a sense of opportunities found at the Riverway. Pad- wonder out of people. dling and fl oating the river are popular Being the teenagers they were, the Carry In-Carry Out activities. A series of Class I rapids—the boys would not describe the scenery of easiest type—north of Highway 70 provide the river as beautiful. However, they did Welcome to your state forest! You’ll notice adventure. The stretch south of Highway hike to the Sandrock Cliffs and described a change in the picnic areas, shelters, 70 is quieter and slower. Even though the it as “an awesome place.” All of their beaches, and other day-use areas...no St. Croix is crossed by roads and dotted experiences lead them to conclude that garbage or recycling bins. with areas of development, the group had they were in wilderness. Even though From now on, when you visit many Wis- opportunities to canoe wild places. the Riverway is not a wilderness by the consin state parks, forests, and recreations Fishing is another common pastime legal defi nition, it does possess some of areas, you’ll need to take your garbage and here. Anglers find smallmouth bass, the important qualities that these young recyclables home with you. Why the change? Home away from home: The parks and forests belong to all of us and just like home we need to care for them and keep them clean. Less mess: Removal of the garbage and recycling containers eliminates the smells and mess they create. It also cuts down on yellow jackets and other pests. Reduce, reuse, recycle: Wisconsin state law requires us to recycle many materials we used to throw away. Better yet, we can make new choices of what to bring with us. The more reusable things we pack, the less garbage we’ll create. It’s good for us and for our earth home. Thanks for helping out by carrying out what you’ve carried in.

Poison Ivy

Poison Ivy (Rhus rad- Some individuals are Reforestation on the forest icans) is a member of very susceptible to the Cashew family its effects and others of plants. It grows seem to be immune. as a small creeping Symptoms usually Forests for the Future plant, a climbing appear within 24 vine, or as a shrub. hours, and sometimes The Governor Knowles State Forest of select cutting is to remove stunted, The stems are woody. several days after practices sustainable forestry. This means deformed and weak trees. This allows the The leaves alternate exposure. that the forest is managed according to healthier trees to grow better. and always consist First aid treat- its natural capability to provide a wide Usually following a cutting, the refor- of three glossy to dull ment starts with the array of benefi ts for today and the future. estation process begins. On the Governor dark-green leafl ets, removal of contami- Ecological benefi ts of sustainable forestry Knowles, over the past 25 years, more often wavy-edged or nated clothing. All include protection of soils, water quality, than 2.5 million trees have been planted. lobed (but sometimes exposed skin areas native biological diversity and aquatic and Most of the trees planted have been pine smooth-edged). From mid-summer should be washed thoroughly with soap terrestrial wildlife habitat. Sustainable for- species such as red pine, jack pine, white through winter many poison ivy plants (Alkaline laundry soaps are best) and estry also benefi ts visitors to the forest who pine, and spruce. These plantings provide support dense clusters of pea-size white water, followed by rubbing alcohol. enjoy the diverse recreational opportuni- critical protection for wildlife in the winter berries. Calamine lotion or another soothing ties. Wisconsin’s economy is dependent on and nesting opportunities for many birds. Poison ivy is found throughout skin lotion may be applied if a mild our sustainable forest practices for quality Northern pin oak, which makes up most the forest and in fi elds and waste rash develops. wood products, continuous wood supply of our hardwood stands, regenerates itself places, fence rows, and the edge of A severe rash is characterized by and employment to support the second after being cut through stump sprouting. the woods. redness, blisters, swelling, and intense largest industry in the state. Aspen grows in full sunlight and is great for The oil urushiol is contained in the burning and itching. The victim may The forest has an active timber manage- wildlife by providing food and cover. leaves, fl owers, fruits, stem bark, and also develop a high fever and may ment program to ensure the health of the Forests are a renewable resource roots of poison ivy. become very ill. Medical help should state forest for years to come. The way and that is why we strive to manage a On contact with the skin, the oil be obtained if a severe reaction occurs trees are cut and managed on the forest sustainable forest. Through our present causes irritation, infl ammation, itch- or if there is a known history of previ- range from clear-cutting, for some species management practices, future generations ing, and swelling, often followed by ous sensitivity. needing full sunlight to regenerate, to will enjoy the same ecological, social, and yellowish, watery blisters. People Learn to recognize poison ivy and select cuts for encouraging growth in the economic benefi ts we have today. vary in sensitivity to the plant’s oil. avoid an unpleasant experience. remaining trees. Many times, the purpose 4 Governor Knowles State Forest Visitor to Inte (24

Sioux-Portage Group Campground

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Lisk Rd. T-40-N N. River Rd. Interstate, U.S. & 21 22 State Highways Cedar Interpretive Trail 23 24 Clam River Flowage County Roads Norway Point Landing K 30 e Ir 29 28 Town Roads t Foxes on 27 26 t le 25 Landing Parking Hiking Trail Nelson South River Rd. Landing F Dod 36 y Wayside River C r . oo Br Camping R-19-W Rd. 1

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30 250 th Av. C Governor Knowles State Forest. If 300 th St. th 300 Ferry Dr 330 th St. you will be visiting the St. Croix

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Our Concern—Your Safety

The safety of forest visitors is a priority Hiking—Hike safely. Be aware that loose material. Always be alert to traffi c. so please be careful at all times and please trails vary in diffi culty. Not all trails are Park and forest roads follow the terrain impress safety precautions on your chil- surfaced. There may be steep climbs, and often have steep grades, corners and dren. Following are some precautions to descents, or stairways. Watch small chil- intersections. Trails are not designed for keep in mind. dren closely. Trail surfaces can become high-speed travel. They can become soft Swimming—Swim safely. Don’t swim slippery when wet or covered by leaves and and wet and can erode quickly during alone, at night, or in unfamiliar places. pine needles, or where there is loose gravel. heavy rain. Burrowing animals may Use caution when wading in unknown Branches or trees may temporarily obstruct leave bumps and holes in the trail. Bikes waters, as water depth may change a trail. You may encounter wet areas, and are not allowed on developed nature or abruptly. Closely watch small children unless you are wearing water-proof shoes hiking trails. near the water. or boots, your feet may get wet. Campfi res—The goal of a campfi re Boating/Canoeing—Every boat and Biking—Be a smart cyclist. For your is to provide you with plenty of heat for canoe must carry a Coast Guard approved protection, wear shoes, pantleg clips and cooking and warming cold campers, while lifesaving device for each person aboard, a helmet when bicycling. Wear refl ective using the least amount of fi rewood. You and passengers should wear lifejackets at clothing for bicycling at night. Keep your don’t want to get smoke in your eyes or all times. Don’t overload your craft. When bike under full control at all times. Pull off endanger people, trees, plants or equip- boating, be aware of your wake and stay the road or trail to view wildlife, fl owers ment. Be sure sparks can’t get on fl am- well away from swimmers. or scenic views. Be cautious in areas with mable materials. Put the fi re out if wind loose gravel or sand, wet leaves, or other changes cause concern. Don’t put cans, aluminum foil or glass in the fi re; they won’t burn and only will leave a mess for later campers. Once you’ve put a match Dogs and other pets are allowed in to a fi re, don’t use charcoal starter or any Is Your camping areas, on roads, and in unde- other fl ammable liquid. Watch children Pet veloped areas. They must be on a leash very closely near fi re. Make sure the fi re no longer that eight feet and be under is completely out and the grill or fi re ring Along? control at all times. cool before leaving the area. Your pet is your responsibility. Plants—Never eat berries or plant parts By state law, pets are not allowed in Please be courteous to your fellow unless you are certain of their identity. picnic areas, buildings, or on nature visitor and clean up after them. If you injure yourself or become trails. If visiting for the day, it is best ill, contact the Forest Headquarters at to leave your pet home rather than tied 715-463-2898. up or left inside your vehicle. 6 Governor Knowles State Forest Visitor Calling All Birders! Birders who enjoy tying on a The hermit thrush is a year-round Swainson’s thrush, once called the Winter wrens hop amid dense brush, backpack will fi nd Governor resident throughout the forest. This bird “olive-backed” thrush, inhabits pines and brambles and thickets on the forest fl oor Knowles State Forest to their can be located by listening for its beautiful hardwoods close to the river. It feeds on in search of food. The birds build a nest liking. Thirty-eight miles of song, which consists of a series of musical insects on the ground. of twigs and moss. hiking trails wind through a variety of phrases, each with a distinct pitch. The Tennessee warblers can be found in Fall is the time when waterfowl respond forest habitats, which are home to hun- thrush feeds on insects on the ground. the high treetops of aspen and spruce. to the timeless urge to migrate south at the dreds of bird species and other wildlife. The pileated woodpecker, a large, However, their grassy nest is near the approach of winter. We see large numbers Visitors have documented as many as 300 noisy character, can be found in the dense ground. of Canadian geese, mallards, wood ducks, species of songbirds. woodlands along the river and bordering There are three-toed woodpeckers, teal, and ringneck ducks stopping on their Bluebirds are found in the burned over wetlands. This wary creature usually stays too. These northern birds inhabit burned, way south. Adjacent to the state forest areas in the old snag trees. They nest in out of sight. Most often, you can see it logged, and swampy areas of the forest. are two large wildlife areas: the Fish woodpecker holes and other tree cavities during its low, dropping hops among pines Like pileated woodpecker, ol’ three-toed Lake Wildlife Area south of Grantsburg and feed on ground insects in open areas. and hardwoods. nests in cavities, but its holes are usually and Crex Meadows Wildlife Area to the Northern fl ickers may be seen feeding on Saw-whet owls are found in the pine lower on the tree. And like others of its north. Both are excellent places to view small insects at the forest fl oor near burned areas. These small, nocturnal feeders eat kind, it is a noisy feeder, hammering on the waterfowl. Hunting for waterfowl is and logged over areas. small rodents and nest in abandoned wood- trees and snags in search of insects. also permitted in most areas. pecker holes or other tree cavities. Wild Turkey Hunting Returns to Northwestern Wisconsin After an absence of more than 150 Forest are not likely to encounter turkey years, wild turkeys are back in huntable hunters, as the number of permits is kept numbers in the forests of the St. Croix quite low in proportion to the amount of River watershed. available land. In the 1800s, there were few concerns Governor Knowles State Forest lies about licenses, seasons, or zones. Wild well to the north of Wisconsin’s optimum turkeys virtually vanished from Wisconsin wild turkey range. The heavy snows that during this time. Regulations have been often occur at this latitude can result enacted as part of the wild turkey restora- in serious winter losses, but the forest tion program to insure that turkeys do not does have some habitat features that give disappear again. turkey fl ocks a survival edge over fl ocks The wild turkey range in Wisconsin that pioneer into other parts of northern is divided into 39 zones, in addition to Wisconsin. The St. Croix River escarpment 11 state park zones. The zones distribute has a multitude of spring seeps, or areas Wild turkeys feeding on acorns turkey hunters throughout the turkey where ground water is channeled to the range in proportion to the distribution of surface. The warm water melts the snow, turkeys. Harvesting is limited to a safe, exposing seeds, roots, earthworms, and This Paper Aims To Help You sustainable level. Zone 38, which includes insects that the birds feed on throughout the Governor Knowles State Forest, will the winter. Acorns are a vital food source Enjoy Your Visit be open for wild turkey hunting. for wild turkeys and the forest has mature The spring turkey season is also divided stands of all four of the oak species that The State Park/Forest Visitor is published by the Department of Natural Resources to distribute hunter effort. There are six occur in northern Wisconsin, enabling the to help you enjoy your visit. This paper answers visitor’s most commonly asked Wednesday through Sunday hunting birds to fi nd at least one species bearing questions about the Forest. If you have other questions, ask the manager or staff periods beginning in April. Hunting hours acorns each autumn. at the Forest offi ce. are from one-half hour before sunrise to If you would like more information The Visitor is distributed without charge to Forest visitors. Any material in it noon each day. No hunting is allowed about wild turkeys, contact your local may be reproduced as long as the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources on Mondays or Tuesdays. Even during wildlife manager. is acknowledged. Please don’t throw the Visitor away. Take it home for future the open season, other users of the State reference or pass it on to a friend. If you must discard it, use a container—don’t litter. Better yet, recycle the Visitor! Trade River Horse Trails The Trade River Horse Trails the Barrens loop in half. The Wolf Creek are located on the southern Trail (red signs) loops East from the main Forts Folle half of the Governor Knowles trails towards Wolf Creek. The Multiple State Forest in northwest Polk Use trail (north of the Northwest Parking and southwest Burnett Counties. There Lot) takes the rider toward Grantsburg a Avoine are two trail heads. One is located at the distance of 18 miles. If you are looking for an opportunity Trade River Campground on Evergreen The Trade River Campground is an to step into the past and relive the fur Avenue, fi ve miles west of Highway 87. undeveloped camp which has been used by trade of 1802, visit Forts Folle Avoine, The other trail head is located on 340th horseback riders for over 45 years. Water located between Webster and Danbury Street at the Northwest Parking Lot, four and sanitary facilities are provided. Group on the Yellow River. “Folle Avoine,” a miles south of County Highway O. camping in a landscaped area is permitted. French term meaning “wild oats” or “wild There are 40 miles of maintained and Self-registration is required. rice”, is an appropriate name for the site. marked trails which wind through a vari- Please carry out all refuse and leave the Because of the abundance of wild rice ety of terrains and different forest types. site clean for the next camper. Detailed in the region, the North West Company The main trail is the Barrens loop (brown maps and trail logs are provided at both called the St. Croix River drainage the signs). For a shorter ride there is the Sun- trail heads for your convenience. “Folle Avoine.” rise Shortcut (green signs), which divides Forgotten for 185 years, Forts Folle Avoine, which includes previous headquarters for the XY Company and the North West Company, has been painstak- ingly unearthed by archaeologists from the Burnett County Historical Society. The thousands of artifacts, animal bone fragments, food and architectural remains, together with writings of the traders who were actually at the site, offer information from which the lifestyles of the traders and Indians have been recreated. Besides the reconstructed companies and an Ojibwa Indian village, the area includes a visitor center, which houses a museum, gift shop, and dining area which serves food periodically. There are also two outdoor amphitheaters which host a variety of special events and programs. The facility is open daily mid-May through mid-October. Admission fees are required. For more information, call (715) 866-8890. Trade River Horse Trails Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources 7 Watch Quietly for Wildlife As you camp or hike in the Governor Four kinds of squirrels inhabit the Knowles State Forest, you may see very wooded tracts. Fox squirrels like the open few mammals and assume that they are woodlands, whereas gray squirrels and very scarce. Actually, there are many fl ying squirrels like the more dense woods. species of mammals present in the forest, A newcomer to the forest is the tiny red some found in very large numbers. squirrel. They are found more notably in Mammals by nature are very shy. Many the pine plantations. mammals become more timid during The rare badger lives in open fi elds and hunting season. Many species are diffi cult prairies. Badgers catch small mammals to observe because they are only active for food by digging their prey out faster during the night. than they can dig away. Another common Opossums and skunks are two mam- tunnel engineer is the chunky dark-brown mals often seen in the forest. Opossums woodchuck. Crex Meadows are the only North American mammal that In the marshes and along streams you carries its young in a pouch, much like the may see an occasional mink. The dome- Enjoy our Wildlife Areas kangaroo. At birth, young ‘possums are no shaped houses made of cattails and mud larger than the size of honeybees! in the wettest marshes and in the shallow Are you looking for a location to observe available at the Crex Headquarters to help Yellowstone National Park is noted ponds are made by muskrats. waterfowl and other wildlife? The Grants- the visitor better enjoy the area. for its mischievous bears. The Governor There are chipmunks, cottontail rab- burg area may be the place for you, as it is Fish Lake Wildlife Area, located three Knowles State Forest, on the other hand, bits, many kinds of mice, shrews, and the home of the Glacial Lake Grantsburg miles south of Grantsburg, contains over has pesky raccoons and bears! If you are bats here also, often in large numbers. Wildlife Complex. The wildlife complex 13,000 acres of forest, large sedge marshes, camping, be sure your food is properly Small mammals are kept in balance by is composed of four state wildlife areas, and old fi elds. Once intensively farmed, stored or these thieves will think you left red foxes, gray foxes, occasional coyotes, including Crex Meadows, Fish Lake, the area is now being managed to create it out for them! and two kinds of weasels. The red fox is Amsterdam Sloughs, and Danbury, and habitat for waterfowl, sharp-tailed grouse, Black bears are one of the largest most frequently seen. totals nearly 50,000 acres of public deer, ruffed grouse, and squirrels. forest animals. They can weigh up to 500 If you want to observe mammals, it’s land. Attractions include a colony of double- pounds! White-tailed deer are also very best to go afi eld early in the morning or Crex Meadows contains 27,500 acres of crested cormorants, nesting bald eagles, large animals and are frequently seen. at dusk and walk quietly, using brush and wetlands, prairies, and forests intensively and yellow-headed blackbirds. It is an Large bucks may weigh 250 pounds. trees to hide behind as you stalk along. It managed for wildlife. Management has ideal spot to see wildlife during spring Does usually have twin fawns in late May, helps to pick a spot near water, as many focused on restoring wetlands and prairies and fall migrations. June, and early July. Watch for these tiny mammals will visit such sites for a drink, which historically occupied the area. Since Amsterdam Sloughs Wildlife Area spotted cuties. or to look for food along the shoreline. its purchase in 1946, twenty-nine fl owages is located east of Crex Meadows and have been constructed and 7000 acres of northwest of Siren. A huge marsh, from prairie have been restored. which Amsterdam Sloughs gets its name, The combination of wetlands, prairies, is surrounded by aspen and oak woods. Lyme Disease and Ticks and forests provides habitat for a large Within this area, Black Brook Flowage variety of wildlife. Over 265 species of is an excellent spot to view wildlife, birds have been observed in the area. including a great blue heron rookery and There are two types of ticks you might see in the forest. The larger one is Canadian geese were reintroduced in 1957 nesting osprey. Bald eagles also nest on called a wood tick and the smaller one is a deer tick. Lyme disease is an ill- and the resident fl ock of giant Canadians the fl owage. ness caused by a bacterium that is transmitted to people and animals through now contains over 3000 birds. Twelve spe- Danbury Wildlife Area is the small- a deer tick bite. Not all deer ticks carry the disease. The fi rst symptom of the cies of ducks nest here as well as eagles, est of the four Glacial Lake Grantsburg disease is a red circular rash. This does not develop in many cases. Other early ospreys, sandhill cranes, loons and a host Wildlife properties. It is located west of symptoms include fever, chills, headache and fatigue. Lyme disease is treatable of other birds. In early spring, the sounds the village of Danbury and consists of a with antibiotics. of displaying sharp-tailed grouse can be large marsh surrounded by aspen woods. Don’t let fear of Lyme disease spoil your vacation. By following these simple heard rolling across the vast prairies. Deer, Danbury provides prime habitat for deer, precautions, you will reduce the chance of a tick bite. bear, coyote, beaver and other mammals ruffed grouse, woodcock and snowshoe ✔ Conduct thorough tick checks on ✔ Wear light colored clothing so it’s are also abundant. hares. yourself, your children and your easier to fi nd ticks. Most visitors come in the spring and All four wildlife areas are open year- pets. fall when wildlife is especially abundant. round for viewing wildlife. With the excep- ✔ Tuck pants into boots or socks; During the fall migration, thousands of tion of the wildlife refuges, they are open ✔ Remove any ticks as soon as pos- wear long-sleeved shirts, buttoned ducks and geese stop at Crex to feed and to public hunting and trapping. Hunting sible by grasping it near the skin at the cuff. rest. In addition, up to 3000 sandhill cranes opportunities include ducks, geese, grouse, with fi ne tweezers and gently use Crex as a fall staging area. woodcock, squirrel, deer, and bear. ✔ Apply tick/insect repellent to pulling it straight out. Check to Over 40 miles of roads provide excellent For more information, contact: GLG pants, socks and shoes. see whether mouth parts broke off access and most wildlife can be observed Wildlife Complex, PO Box 367, Grants- in the wound. ✔ Walk in the center of mowed trails from the car. Self-guided auto tour book- burg, Wisconsin 54840; telephone (715) to avoid brushing up against veg- lets, bird lists, and other pamphlets are 463-2899 or 463-2896. etation.

Warren P. Knowles

Warren P. Knowles (1908–1993) Warren P. Knowles, for whom the state forest is named, was above all an outdoors- man. Even as Governor of Wisconsin, he never missed an opportunity to get out and enjoy Wisconsin’s magnifi cent natural resources. He coupled this love for the outdoors with an unwavering commitment to conservation. Knowles was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1940, serving continu- ously until 1955 when he was elected Lieutenant Governor. Knowles promoted a conservation agenda in both of these positions. He was a major force behind the original Outdoor Recreation Act Program (ORAP) in 1961, which generated funds for land acquisition. In 1964, Knowles was elected to his fi rst of three terms as Wisconsin Governor. While Governor, Knowles initiated efforts to reduce water pollution and expanded ORAP funding to increase the acquisition of land for conservation purposes. He also founded the Governor’s Fishing Opener in 1968, to focus attention on all that Wisconsin offers for anglers. He participated in this event both as Governor and for many years after he left public service. In fact, Governor Knowles died during a break from fi shing on opening day in 1993. It is in tribute to Governor Knowles and his conservation accomplishments that this forest is named in his honor. 8 Governor Knowles State Forest Visitor

State Natural Areas

What are “natural areas”? Norway Point Bottomlands: Learn Ecologists generally defi ne more about this area by hiking the natural areas as tracts of Cedar Interpretive Trail. (see article land or water that repre- this page) sent the last vestiges of Wisconsin’s Brandt Brook Pines: Visit this native landscape as it existed prior area in summer by hiking the Brandt to the 1830s, before intensive Euro- Pine Interpretive Trail or ski the gently pean settlement began. They harbor rolling trails in winter. (see article this natural features essentially unaltered page) by human-caused disturbances or that St. Croix Ash Swamp: Explore this have substantially recovered from extensive low swamp-land and fi nd the disturbance over time. There are 409 small spring-fed streams and seepages State Natural Areas (SNAs); fi ve of that have eroded small pockets and these are on the Governor Knowles tributary valleys in the wooded river State Forest and one on the St. Croix valley wall. Park at the North Benson National Scenic Riverway. Public use parking lot to hike through this area. of the SNAs are for scientifi c research St. Croix Seeps: View this 4-mile and compatible, low-impact recreation stretch by canoeing the St Croix River Cross-Country Skiing in the Brandt Pines Natural Area such as hiking, bird watching, and to see a fl owing seepage with a shady nature study. To learn about the SNA overstory of old-growth sugar maple program, directions to the areas, and and eastern hop-hornbeam. Look Brandt Pines guidelines for visiting the sites, visit: quickly, you might see the Green-faced www.dnr.wi.gov/org/land/er/sna. clubtail dragonfl y or lake sturgeon. The natural areas on the Governor Park at County O parking lot to hike Interpretive Trail Knowles State Forest and Riverway the area. are: Sterling Barrens: The southwest Brandt Pines is an old-growth Throughout much of the trail, you will Kohler-Peet Barrens & Cedar facing slope is called a Goats Prairie stand of large red and white either be on the top overlooking the ravine, Swamp: Travel this fl at expanse of and contains unusual prairie species. pine along the St. Croix River or right down in it. Be watchful! This area sandy, open barrens on the hiking trail These rolling barren openings are estimated to have originated is very active with many different types of that starts from the Clam River Flow- interspersed with common prairie in the mid 1890s. It was established as a wildlife. Animals use the ravine as a path age parking lot on Hwy F. Watch for a species, too. Occasional prescribed State Natural Area in 1979. There are a to travel to fi nd food and mates; its shelter fl ash of blue; the federally endangered burning will be used to maintain the total of 10 miles of cross-country skiing provides a safer trip than open areas. Karner blue butterfl y enjoys this open native prairie species. and hiking trails and a 2.5 mile interpretive As you walk or ski the trail, stop and habitat. trail. A shelter is available along the trail listen to the beautiful songs sung by the to rest at and to enjoy a picnic. birds. Two uncommon birds you might see The area is dominated by red pine with are the black and white warbler and yellow- white and jack pines, Hill’s oak, basswood, throated vireo. More common species large-toothed aspen, and white birch. On include the Brown Creeper, Red Breasted the elevated terrace above the pines is a Nuthatch, and Evening Grosbeak. dense forest of small oaks while a more The ravine is also very important for mature swamp hardwood forest of oak, certain plants. Since the ravine is sheltered black ash, and red maple occurs on the from wind and severe temperatures, it can ravine below the pines. There are two be considered a “microclimate”. During groups of oaks --red oak (sharply pointed a good breeze, a dancing mass of fernery lobes on the leaves) and the white oak may be seen. Look for these ferns: bracken (leaves with rounded lobes). (large three-part leaf on tall stalk), spinu- Brandt Brook, a steep sloped, sandy- lose wood (“fern of the oak wood”), ostrich bottomed stream deeply cut into the ravine (symmetric clumps that are 3-5 feet in fl ows through the site. Fed by numerous height), and marsh ferns (each frond rises seeps, the narrow cold water stream sup- individually 9”-36” tall). ports native book trout.

Cedar Interpretive Trail Cedar Interpretive Trail The Cedar Interpretive Trail plants and points of interest common to this winds through a State Natural cedar stand. In studying this area, one will Area called Norway Point Bot- fi nd species not common to drier upland tomlands. The area was desig- sites. There are also a variety of springs nated in 1979 and encompasses fi ve major and water seeps along the trail. lowland plant communities including a The interpretive trail wanders through southern and northern wet-mesic forest, the cedar stand for approximately 2000 shrub carr, northern sedge meadow and a feet. You will need to return on the same .3 mile reach of Iron Creek. route or arrange for a pickup, as the Kohler We have developed this trail system Peet Route continues for 6 miles to the through the area so you can study and Clam Flowage Parking Lot. observe it without harming the fragile As a result of beaver and weather activi- environment. Please stay on the trail and ties, you may encounter wet or uneven refrain from taking samples of the plants, terrain. We recommend wearing proper as numerous visitors picking samples may footwear, taking caution, and watching Wood River from the interpretive trail eventually eliminate them. for exposed roots, holes, and wood debris As you walk along the boardwalk and on the trail. the marked path, you will encounter unique Wood River Interpretive Trail This trail is part of a trail system steps, to the bank of Wood River. As the at the St. Croix campground trail follows the river for a distance, you on the Governor Knowles can enjoy the geological features remain- State Forest. It leaves the ing from the time when massive amounts campground between sites 20 and 21, of water fl owed through the Wood River travels about ¾ mile and returns to the Valley into the St Croix River. You can campground near site 15 (see campground see evidence of the constant change to the map). The Wood River is below a handicap landscape along the river as it erodes the accessible viewing platform at the begin- high banks and causes the bank to slide ning of the interpretive trail. The trail down into the river and causes trees along descends down the escarpment, by way of its banks to fall. MacJG Making wolf print casts with the NPS Ranger PUBL-FR-104 2004