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UK Country Team D3.2.3 Preliminary Data Analysis Summary Report – Morpeth

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UK Country Team D3.2.3 Preliminary Data Analysis Summary Report – Morpeth UK Country Team D3.2.3 Preliminary Data Analysis Summary Report – Morpeth Prepared by: MICRODIS UK Team: Northumbria University Table of Contents 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………. 3 2. Background………………………………………………………………. 5 2.1 Flood Risk in the UK – the Scale of the Problem……………… 5 2.2 Background to the Field Site: Morpeth, Northumberland, UK... 6 2.2.1 Geography…………………………………………………... 6 2.2.2 Population…………………………………………………… 7 2.2.3 Economy…………………………………………………….. 8 2.3 Morpeth – Disaster History and the September 2008 Flood…. 10 2.3.1 Disaster history……………………………………………... 10 2.3.2 The September 2008 flood………………………………… 12 3. Survey Objectives……………………………………………………….. 13 4. Methodology……………………………………………………………… 14 5. Data Description…………………………………………………………. 16 Socio-demographic characteristics……………………………………. 16 Flood Impacts – Physical and Economic……………………………… 20 Flood Impacts – Health…………………………………………………. 24 Flood Impacts – Social………………………………………………….. 25 Disaster Experience…………………………………………………….. 26 Warnings…………………………………………………………………. 27 Displacement…………………………………………………………….. 28 Coping and Coping Strategies…………………………………………. 28 Insurance Issues………………………………………………………… 33 Willingness to Pay for a Flood Defence Scheme…………………….. 35 6. Data Analysis and Discussion………………………………………….. 36 References……………………………………………………………….. 38 2 1. Introduction Extreme events have been increasing in number and severity globally (Fig. 1.1) and are likely to continue to do so as the effects of global climate change become more pronounced (Guha-Sapir et al., 2004). Although the global death toll of disasters has declined, the number of people affected by disasters has risen and the social and economic impacts of disasters are difficult to estimate (UN/ISDR, 2004). Figure 1.1: Trends in Disaster Occurrences and Numbers of Victims Source: Rodriguez et al., 2009 The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR, 1990-1999), the creation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), the World Conference on Disaster Reduction (Hyogo, 2005) and the resulting Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) emphasise a shift from disaster relief and short-term emergency contingencies to disaster risk reduction (DRR) and long-term societal resilience (UN/ISDR, 2004). DRR and developing resilient communities are now generally recognised as priorities in disaster mitigation and management (Twigg, 2004; 2007). At the same time, community involvement and participation are highlighted as important elements of policy decision making as well as of disaster mitigation and management (Pusch, 2004; Twigg, 2004; PPS 25, 2006; Department for Communities and Local Government, 2006; Pelling & Smith, 2008). MICRODIS is an Integrated Project funded under the EU Sixth Framework Programme – Thematic Priority 6.3 Global Change and Ecosystems (Contract number GOCE-CT-2007-036877). The MICRODIS consortium consists of 19 partners from 13 different countries who are specialised in key areas of disaster- related health and social science disciplines. The MICRODIS project acknowledges, “efforts to reduce disaster risks must be systematically integrated into policies, plans and programmes for sustainable development and poverty reduction” and the project has the overall goal: 3 “to strengthen preparedness, mitigation and prevention strategies in order to reduce the health, social and economic impacts of extreme events on communities.” To achieve this goal the following broad objectives are pursued: ¾ To strengthen the scientific and empirical foundation on the relationship between extreme events and their health, social and economic impacts; ¾ To develop and integrate knowledge, concepts, methods, tools and databases towards a common global approach; ¾ To improve human resources and coping capacity in Asia and Europe through training and knowledge sharing. The MICRODIS project will, among others, specifically aim at: ¾ developing an integrated impact methodology; ¾ establishing an evidence-base of primary field research through surveys; ¾ increasing the coverage accuracy and resolution of global disaster data. The regions in which MICRODIS operates have been selected for their high frequency of extreme events and the impact on affected communities. The two regions of focus for the extensive survey implementation of the MICRODIS project are: 1. The European Union, associated countries and accession states: Belgium, France, Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom; 2. South and Southeast Asia regions: India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. The extreme events of focus are floods, earthquakes and windstorms because they account for almost 75% of all extreme events. In the UK the focus will be on flooding events, as these are the main type of natural disaster with the largest impacts on the affected population in the UK context. Like other extreme events floods are complex and multifaceted, but research into the impacts of disasters tends to concentrate on the economic impacts and neglect the social aspects, which are more difficult to define and quantify (Tapsell et al., 2002; Werrity et al., 2007). The timely and relevant implementation of the MICRODIS surveys at two UK sites that have been affected by severe flooding – Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire and Morpeth in Northumberland – will help to identify the nature and severity of health and social impacts on households and communities in addition to the economic impacts. The dissemination of the findings to the affected communities and relevant local and national public and civic agencies, as well as to the wider European community, thus can contribute to a better understanding of the impacts of flooding at the micro-level, and to better informed decision making with regard to preparedness, mitigation and prevention strategies. This report focuses on the first preliminary data description and analysis of the second UK survey in Morpeth after giving some background on flood risk in the UK; 4 a description of the Morpeth survey site, its disaster history and the 2008 flood; and a summary of the survey methodology and implementation. 2. Background 2.1 Flood Risk in the UK – the Scale of the Problem The increased occurrence and amplified impacts of flooding in the UK in recent years have shown how surprisingly ill prepared and vulnerable British communities are to such events (see, for example, Environment Agency, 2007; Stuart-Menteth, 2007; Werrity et al., 2007; Pitt, 2008). Flooding has become a major concern in the UK, particularly since the widespread summer floods of 2007, which flooded 55,000 properties and caused billions of pounds of damage; 13 people lost their lives and around 7,000 people had to be rescued (Pitt, 2008). The Environment Agency’s 2008 National Flood Risk Assessment shows there are currently 2.4 million properties at risk from fluvial and coastal flooding in England alone (Fig. 2.1). Figure 2.1: Properties at Risk of River and Coastal Flooding in England by Chance of Flooding Source: Environment Agency 2009 A preliminary assessment of surface water flood risk suggests that one million of these properties are also susceptible to surface water flooding, with a further 2.8 million properties susceptible to surface water flooding alone. Overall, around 5.2 million properties in England (one in six properties) are at risk of flooding. The expected annual damages to residential and non-residential properties in England at risk of flooding from rivers and the sea is estimated at more than £1 billion. It is likely that with climate change (which could lead to increased rainfall, river flows, and higher coastal storm surges) and development pressures, flood risk in England is going to increase in the future. Without action to reduce flood risk, 350,000 more properties would be at significant risk of flooding by 2035. (Environment Agency, 2009) 5 2.2 Background to the Field Site: Morpeth, Northumberland, UK 2.2.1 Geography Morpeth is an ancient market town situated in a loop of the river Wansbeck in the northeast of England (Fig 2.2) about 15 miles north of Newcastle upon Tyne and 12 miles west from the North Sea. Morpeth is located in the county of Northumberland and is the administrative centre for the County Council. The physical form of the town with its existing street patterns was established in mediaeval times. © Crown Copyright 2008. An Ordnance Survey EDINA supplied service. Figure 2.2: Morpeth, Northumberland and its location in the UK Source: Edina Digimap Morpeth lies in the eastern part of the Wansbeck catchment area, a relatively small river catchment that covers 331km2. The main reach of the Wansbeck has an active flood plain that is between 100m to 300m wide and the town itself is located within this floodplain. (EA, 2005) The topography of the catchment is decreasing from the hills in the west to the low- lying areas in the east but is overall relatively low with a maximum altitude of 345m AOD1. The underlying geology of the catchment is typical of catchments in the area with carboniferous limestone to the west, millstone grit in the centre and Westphalian coal measures to the east (including underneath Morpeth town). Drift geology around Morpeth is characterised by glacial sand and gravel to the north of the town and solid rock to the south. Most of the catchment drift geology (88%) is composed of glacial till. The dominant soil types are slowly permeable and clayey (surface water gley) and, as such, poorly drained and seasonally waterlogged causing rapid runoff
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