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A Poor People's Movement for a Better Los Angeles, 1960–2018

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A Poor People's Movement for a Better Los Angeles, 1960–2018 City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 5-2019 Contested Development: A Poor People's Movement for a Better Los Angeles, 1960–2018 Deshonay R. Dozier The Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3255 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] CONTESTED DEVELOPMENT: A POOR PEOPLE’S MOVEMENT FOR A BETTER LOS ANGELES, 1960-2018 by DESHONAY DOZIER A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Environmental Psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The City University of New York 2019 © 2019 DESHONAY DOZIER All Rights Reserved ii CONTESTED DEVELOPMENT: A POOR PEOPLE’S MOVEMENT FOR A BETTER LOS ANGELES, 1960-2018 by Deshonay Dozier This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Environmental Psychology in satisfaction of the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. April 30th, 2019 Cindi Katz Chair of Examining Committee April 30th, 2019 Richard Bodnar Executive Officer Supervisory Committee: Ruth Wilson Gilmore Thomas Angotti Shana Redmond Pete White THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii ABSTRACT CONTESTED DEVELOPMENT: A POOR PEOPLE’S MOVEMENT FOR A BETTER LOS ANGELES, 1960-2018 by Deshonay Dozier Advisor: Cindi Katz Zooming in on the historical development of Downtown Los Angeles’s (LA) Skid Row, this dissertation traces a continuity of abolitionist alternatives made by homeless and poor Angelinos from the 1960s to our present day. Skid Row is an important entry way into Los Angeles urban politics, particularly with respect to how forms of difference, at the axis of race, gender, class, and ability shape regional relations of property and the built environment. I show how these relations shape Downtown Los Angeles’s geography through carceral practices. These carceral practices, made by social services and policing, shape space by routinely containing and dispossessing poor residents for the interests of urban renewal and redevelopment. These residents are not idle. They push back, unsettling the development and the carceral manifestation of space. In their resistance, residents produce alternative networks of care, community control, and place through poetry, music, political campaigns, and legal strategies. Throughout the dissertation, I advance the concept of contested development: how forms of spatial difference through regional relations of property are challenged or reproduced. In so doing, Contested Development shows how urban politics for the last seven decades reveals the push-and-pull contradictions of development by way of the carceral manifestations of difference and the abolitionist alternatives to overwrite them. iv Acknowledgements This dissertation is dedicated to my family, Black working-class Angelinos, who have taught me the importance of living life amid turmoil. My mother, Marquerite Wiseman, in more ways than one, has helped me navigate the academy in times when she was not sure how. She has provided me encouragement in knowing that I have a voice in speaking to the conditions and solutions of urban social problems. I am very proud for my mother who, during my graduate studies, completed a bachelor’s degree at the University of La Verne. My sisters, Valencia Johnson, Megan Dozier, and Zari Hayden have supported me with words of encouragement, fun, money for winter boots, laughs, dinners, and warmth. Many thanks to my grandmother, Inez Abrams, a Mississippi freedom fighter, for her prayers. I want to thank my extended family for their support, Mychal Eugene Johnson and Deborah Kauffman. A special thanks to my bubbly niece, Mya. My grandmother, Betty Bellamy, has been a stable friend and confidant in the completion of my degree. Our long talks about the beauty of the east coast made missing Los Angeles a little less painful. My Aunt Lynne McArthur, my grandfather Napoleon Bellamy, and cousin Allen McArthur passed away during my journey. I honor them. This dissertation was completed with the spirit of my father, Thomas Edward Dozier Junior, who passed away before I started college. I am very grateful for my dad’s continued presence in my life and source of support in completing this degree. This project is in honor of my late grandfather, Thomas Edward Dozier Senior. He was a rolling stone: a gambler, an addict, a cheater, an abuser, and a Skid Row resident. I never quite liked him as a kid and most of my family never understood him. But we loved him. Thank you for my Aunt Barbara Dozier for our porch conversations about his experiences on Skid Row. I have tried to do a piece of work to understand the people of Skid Row showing the complexity of being human. v In that, I have done my best to complete a research project that amplifies poor people’s visions for a better Los Angeles. Many of the people I have encountered on the way have shaped my thinking and me. The Los Angeles Community Action Network was my first teacher in graduate school. I met Becky Dennison and Deborah Burton of LA CAN in a class focusing on social justice taught by Karen Morgaine at my alma mater, CSU Northridge in my senior year. I learned in that class that displacement via gentrification wasn’t to be taken lightly, and that the real effects of it play out through the serial incarceration of poor people. As a 22-year-old entering graduate school interested in gentrification, LA CAN seemed like the perfect group to connect with and Skid Row appeared as an important neighborhood to study. I emailed Deborah Burton and Becky Dennison, and Deborah responded saying that I could come in the summer of 2013 and learn about their work. Excited at the opportunity to go back home regularly, and learn about property and policing, I was bright-eyed my first day in their office. What I didn’t know at the time was that LA CAN would introduce me to a legacy of organizing in Los Angeles and a legacy of global Black Radical thought. The readers produced by Christina Heatherton and Jordan Camp with LA CAN along with Ruth Wilson Gilmore just arriving at CUNY Graduate Center the year I started sent me on a scholar-activist course I couldn’t have planned. For that, I am deeply honored and grateful for LA CAN: Pete White, Becky Dennison, Deborah Burton, Sean Gregory, General Dogon, JoJo Smith, Bilal Ali, Thelma Perez, Steve Diaz, Eric Aries, James Porter, Karl Scott, Jaz Wade, Joe Thomas, Ariana Alcaraz, Adam Rice, Wesley Walker, and Hamad Khan. Special thanks to Christina Heatherton and Jordan Camp for your scholar activism. May Wesley Walker rest in peace knowing he contributed to transforming Los Angeles vi for the better. Thank you, Pete White, for your kinship and support by serving as an external reviewer for this dissertation. I am thankful for my dissertation committee whose work and feedback will influence my thinking for a lifetime. Thank you, Cindi Katz, for reading nearly every word of this dissertation and offering me advice on the way. Thank you for letting me speak about what I am seeing, for your comments on making my thoughts clearer, and for your interests and fascination with the stories I was able to unveil. Thank you, Ruthie Wilson Gilmore for your encouragement and work. You pushed me to see that there was more to the story about Downtown LA and Skid Row. Thank you, Tom Angotti, for your thorough feedback and questions about the elements of planning and its nuts and bolts of this project. To my external reader, Shana Redmond, thank you for your feedback on how cultural practices should be read on their own terms. Completing graduate school is not easy yet I had some of the best people at the Graduate Center and elsewhere that supported me along the way. Whitney Richards-Calathes and I met for nearly every week for a year to talk about our writing process. Our phone calls together, however, built a deeper bond between us as we discussed all aspects of our lives and how our projects, purpose, and the way we move about the world is central to how our projects blossomed. I mostly enjoy that our projects in Los Angeles are situated in the integrity of our love for Black and Brown people. You are a brilliant thinker and healer and I am grateful for our sisterhood and continued journey together. I have built a great friendship with Sonia Sanchez, the most intentional activist and thinker I have ever met. We have maintained many walks and trips to the park, dinners, and outings that served as a constant and strong presence of friendship. We’ve talked about vii everything from gut health to research ethics to our shared healing journeys. I’m so grateful for you. I have had many dinners, drinks, and laughs with Rakhee Kewada and Rafael Mutis. You two have sustained me in some of the most trying moments of graduate school. For that, I love and thank you. I couldn’t have met Chinyere Okafor at a better time in graduate school. Our friendship has blossomed into a shared journey of healing to grow fortified communities. Thank you for dancing, laughing, and crying with me as we journey through our scholarly endeavors. You have taught me how to be incessantly bold! A special thanks to Amber Spry, Monica Cohen, Donnise Hurley, Eleanor Luken, Scott Lizama, Tellisia Williams, Todd Brown, my buddy Do Lee, Kristen Stewart, Denisse Andrade, Amanda Matles, Sara Martucci, Celeste Winston, Marlene Ramos, Christian Siener, Jack Norton, Mae Miller, Richard Clark, Marlene Ramos, Lauren Hudson, Treva Ellison, Kimberly Welch, Robin McGinty, Allison Guess, Keala Grasas, Robert Robinson, Loren Cahill, and Rob Robinson of Take Back the Land.
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