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AC 91-79A CHG 2, Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Overrun Upon Landing

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AC 91-79A CHG 2, Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Overrun Upon Landing U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Date: 2/20/18 AC No: 91-79A Overrun Upon Landing Initiated by: AFS-800 Change: 2 1. PURPOSE OF THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR (AC). This AC provides ways for pilots and airplane operators to identify, understand, and mitigate risks associated with runway overruns during the landing phase of flight. It also provides operators with detailed information that operators may use to develop company standard operating procedures (SOP) to mitigate those risks. 2. PRINCIPAL CHANGES. This change to the AC corrects information on the effect of a 1 percent downhill runway slope. In Appendix 1, this change adds information on non-turbojet airplane braking after touchdown and updates terminology in Table 1-3. In Appendix 3, the change incorporates additional information about dynamic hydroplaning. This change also adds standard paragraphs and clarifying notes and incorporates editorial corrections throughout the AC. PAGE CONTROL CHART Remove Pages Dated Insert Pages Dated Pages 1 thru 4 9/17/14 Pages 1 thru 4 2/20/18 Page 5 9/17/14 Page 6 2/20/18 Pages 7 thru 10 9/17/14 Pages 8 thru 11 (and 12) 2/20/18 Appendix 1, Pages 1 thru 3 4/28/16 Appendix 1, Pages 1 thru 3 2/20/18 Appendix 1, Pages 5 and 6 9/17/14 Appendix 1, Pages 5 and 6 2/20/18 Appendix 1, Page 8 9/17/14 Appendix 1, Pages 8 and 9 2/20/18 Appendix 1, Pages 12 thru 15 9/17/14 Appendix 1, Pages 12 thru 15 2/20/18 (and 16) Appendix 2, Page 3 (and 4) 9/17/14 Appendix 2, Page 3 (and 4) 2/20/18 Appendix 3, Page 4 9/17/14 Appendix 3, Pages 4 and 5 2/20/18 John S. Duncan Executive Director, Flight Standards Service U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Date: 4/28/16 AC No: 91-79A Overrun Upon Landing Initiated by: AFS-800 Change: 1 1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides ways for pilots and airplane operators to identify, understand, and mitigate risks associated with runway overruns during the landing phase of flight. It also provides operators with detailed information that operators may use to develop company standard operating procedures (SOP) to mitigate those risks. 2. PRINCIPAL CHANGES. This change to the AC aligns the runway condition reported by airports with the runway condition reported to the pilots per the Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM) in Appendix 1. It also includes updates to Appendix 3, Tables 3-2 and 3-3 that provide an accurate mathematical process that yields the depicted values, clarifies in the table titles what the tables present, and deletes the Table 3-3 Note to remove redundancy. Additional minor corrections were made to the AC. PAGE CONTROL CHART Remove Pages Dated Insert Pages Dated Appendix 1, Pages 1 thru 4 9/17/14 Appendix 1, Pages 1 thru 3 4/28/16 Appendix 2, Page 2 9/17/14 Appendix 2, Page 2 4/28/16 Appendix 3, Page 2 9/17/14 Appendix 3, Page 2 4/28/16 Appendix 3, Page 5 9/17/14 Appendix 3, Page 5 4/28/16 Appendix 3, Pages 7 and 8 9/17/14 Appendix 3, Pages 7 and 8 4/28/16 Appendix 4, Page 1 9/17/14 Appendix 4, Page 1 4/28/16 John Barbagallo Deputy Director, Flight Standards Service 2/20/18 AC 91-79A CHG 2 U.S. Department Advisory of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Date: 9/17/14 AC No: 91-79A Overrun Upon Landing Initiated by: AFS-800 Change: 1. PURPOSE OF THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR (AC). This AC provides ways for pilots and airplane operators to identify, understand, and mitigate risks associated with runway overruns during the landing phase of flight. It also provides operators with detailed information that operators may use to develop company standard operating procedures (SOP) to mitigate those risks. 2. AUDIENCE. This document provides guidance to pilots and flightcrews, airplane operators, certificate holders, program managers, training providers, pilot examiners, and other support personnel. Pilots, airplane operators, certificate holders, program managers, training centers, and other support personnel should adopt the recommended procedures found in this AC to enhance awareness of the risks inherent during the landing phase of flight and the mitigations to employ to reduce the risk of a runway landing overrun. 3. WHERE YOU CAN FIND THIS AC. You can find this AC on the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) website at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars. 4. WHAT THIS AC CANCELS. AC 91-79, Runway Overrun Prevention, dated November 6, 2007, is canceled. 5. RELATED READING MATERIAL (current editions): a. ACs. • AC 23-8, Flight Test Guide for Certification of Part 23 Airplanes. • AC 25-7, Flight Test Guide for Certification of Transport Category Airplanes. • AC 25-32, Landing Performance Data for Time-of-Arrival Landing Performance Assessments. • AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision Making. • AC 120-71, Standard Operating Procedures and Pilot Monitoring Duties for Flight Deck Crewmembers. • AC 121.195(d)-1, Operational Landing Distances for Wet Runways; Transport Category Airplanes. b. FAA Handbooks. • FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook. • FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. 2/20/18 AC 91-79A CHG 2 c. Flight Safety Foundation (FSF) Approach and Landing Accident Reduction (ALAR) Briefing Notes. • Briefing Note 2.1, Human Factors. • Briefing Note 6.4, Bounce Recovery – Rejected Landing. • Briefing Note 8.3, Landing Distances. • Briefing Note 8.4, Braking Devices. • Briefing Note 8.5, Wet or Contaminated Runways. d. Safety Alerts for Operators (SAFO). • SAFO 06012, Landing Performance Assessments at Time of Arrival (Turbojets). • SAFO 10005, Go-Around Callout and Immediate Response. e. Additional Reading Material. • ALAR/Runway Excursion Risk Reduction (RERR) Toolkits. • FSF ALAR Tool Kit. • FSF’s Reducing the Risk of Runway Excursions report. • Safety Targeted Awareness Report (STAR) 007, Overruns on Landing, from the European Regions Airline Association (ERA) Air Safety Group. 6. APPLICABILITY. The focus of the content of this AC is primarily on operations not covered by SAFO 06012. Any values or examples provided in this AC are estimated values. Consult manufacturer information for specific guidance applicable to a given airplane model. However, in the absence of specific landing performance data provided by the airplane’s manufacturer, the pilot/operator is encouraged to use the most conservative landing performance information presented in this AC. Further, the operator may consider these concepts as additional information in conjunction with an operator’s specific operations specifications (OpSpecs) or management specifications (MSpecs) and the airplane’s pilot’s operating handbook (POH), or Airplane Flight Manual (AFM), as appropriate. 7. BACKGROUND. According to FAA and National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) information, runway overruns during the landing phase of flight account for approximately 10 incidents or accidents every year with varying degrees of severity, with many accidents resulting in fatalities. The NTSB also concludes that because of the dynamics of a tailwind approach and landing, particularly on wet or contaminated runways, the FAA should provide current and comprehensive guidance regarding the risks associated with tailwind landings and raise awareness of the reduced margins of safety during tailwind landing operations. Therefore, the NTSB recommended that the FAA revise AC 91-79 to include a discussion of the risks associated with tailwind landings and landings on wet or contaminated runways. a. Strategy. Focused training and testing of pilots and flightcrews, combined with training-based scenarios, are the tools to preventing runway overrun events. Targeted emphasis on training and checking during initial pilot certification, recurrent training, and checking events must not merely be an academic event, but must be practical in order to increase a pilot’s recognition of a higher-risk landing operation. Par 5 Page 2 2/20/18 AC 91-79A CHG 2 b. Necessity of Training. Focused training and testing of pilots and flightcrews, combined with training-based scenarios, are important tools for preventing runway overrun events. c. Operator and Pilot Responsibility. Operators are responsible for developing training programs, SOPs, and complying with all of the regulatory requirements for the flight. All pilots are responsible for knowing the operational conditions they will be encountering and being able to assess the impact of environmental situations on the airplane’s landing distance. This responsibility includes following company SOPs and/or industry best practices and exercising the highest level of aeronautical decision-making (ADM) to ensure the safety of the flight. NOTE: This guidance pertains to the preflight planning requirements of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, §§ 91.103, 91.605, and 91.1037; part 121, § 121.195; and part 135, § 135.385. 8. DISCUSSION—HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH RUNWAY OVERRUNS. In order to develop risk mitigation strategies and tools, it is important to identify hazards associated with runway overruns. A study of FAA and NTSB data indicates that the following hazards increase the risk of a runway overrun: • Unstabilized approach; • High airport elevation or high Density Altitude (DA), resulting in increased groundspeed; • Effect of excess airspeed over the runway threshold; • Airplane landing weight; • Landing beyond the touchdown point; • Downhill runway slope; • Excessive height over the runway threshold; • Delayed use of deceleration devices; • Landing with a tailwind; and • A wet or contaminated runway. a. What is an Unstabilized Approach? Safe landings begin long before touchdown. Adhering to the SOPs and best practices for stabilized approaches will always be the first line of defense in preventing a runway overrun.
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