OCR HISTORY AROUND US Site Proposal Form Example from English Heritage The Criteria The study of the selected site must focus on the relationship between the site, other historical sources and the aspects listed in a) to n) below. It is therefore essential that centres choose a site that allows learners to use its physical features, together with other historical sources. as appropriate, to understand all of the following: a) The reasons for the location of the site within its surroundings b) When and why people first created the site c) The ways in which the site has changed over time d) How the site has been used throughout its history e) The diversity of activities and people associated with the site f) The reasons for changes to the site and to the way it was used g) Significant times in the site’s past: peak activity, major developments, turning points h) The significance of specific features in the physical remains at the site i) The importance of the whole site either locally or nationally, as appropriate j) The typicality of the site based on a comparison with other similar sites k) What the site reveals about everyday life, attitudes and values in particular periods of history l) How the physical remains may prompt questions about the past and how historians frame these as valid historical enquiries m) How the physical remains can inform artistic reconstructions and other interpretations of the site n) The challenges and benefits of studying the historic environment 1 Copyright © OCR & English Heritage Trust 2020 Site name: RICHMOND CASTLE Created by: ENGLISH HERITAGE LEARNING TEAM Please provide an explanation of how your site meets each of the following points and include the most appropriate visual images of your site. Refer to your images to justify your explanation of how the site meets the criteria. Criterion Specifics about the site in relation to criterion Sources that can be used with this criterion a) The reasons for the location - Richmond Castle holds a strategic position on a cliff overlooking the river Swale. - Google Maps: Richmond Castle of the site within its This hilltop position, with steep rocky faces below the castle’s southern walls, gave surroundings an excellent viewpoint of the surrounding area. It also made the castle more - Historic England Photo Library, difficult to attack. DP028122: https://historicengland.org.uk/images - Positioned close to the river Swale, the castle controlled the river crossing, and -books/photos/item/DP028122 therefore access to the castle and settlement. Swaledale was an important route across Cumbria. Up the dale, to the west, were lead mines. To the east, in the - For a map of the landholdings in lowlands, were rich agricultural lands. Richmond was located at their meeting point, Yorkshire in 1086, see John Goodall, a natural place to control movement and commerce. Richmond Castle, English Heritage Guidebooks (2016), p.3: - The castle forms part of a group of defensive and administrative structures https://www.english- established soon after the Norman Conquest in 1066. Tickhill, Pontefract, Skipsea heritageshop.org.uk/books- and Richmond castles all marked the areas of Norman-dominated Yorkshire. media/guidebook-richmond-castle- Richmond Castle, with its huge estate stretching over eight counties, was also easby-abbey probably intended to reinforce England’s border with Scotland and exercise control over an area far from royal power in southern England. - In 1071, William I gave lands he had taken from the Anglo-Saxon Earl Edwin of Mercia to his ally, and cousin, Alan Rufus (d.1093). The estate was known as an ‘honour’, a group of different properties that were all part of one estate. Richmond was at the centre of Alan’s estate. 2 Copyright © OCR & English Heritage Trust 2020 b) When and why people first First castle - Open Domesday by Anna-Powell created the site - The record in Domesday Book for Richmond (at the time known as ‘Hindrelag’) Smith: suggests that Alan Rufus probably built the first castle here, as a place from which https://opendomesday.org/place/N to manage his new estate. Although the Normans had conquered England in 1066, Z1701/richmond/ many people objected to William I’s rule and rebellions happened all over the country, including in the North in 1068 and 1069–70. - Many Norman nobles built castles for the same reason – castles were fortified homes for Norman lords, mainly for administration. In sensitive areas they were built for defence as well. They were also symbols of the power and wealth of the new Norman aristocracy. - The castle was probably built between 1071 and 1089. Like many Norman castles, it was built with a settlement attached. The castle and settlement were designed together as a walled enclosure, with a protective wall around both so the castle could protect the settlement from attackers, but also from thieves and wild animals. c) The ways in which the site has Early medieval castle - Phased site plan (Goodall, Richmond changed over time - The keep was probably built c.1150–60 by order of Conan IV, Duke of Brittany Castle, inside back cover) (d.1171.) The original 11th-century entranceway to the castle was sealed off and formed part of the base of the keep. A new entranceway was built a little to the - Engraving of the keep and east east. A barbican to the north of the keep is also likely to have been built at this curtain wall, showing the blocked-up time, with a gatehouse and drawbridge over deep ditches protecting the castle 11th-century castle entrance and the entranceway. postern gate, by J Newton, 1786, (Goodall, p.4): - During the 1170s and 1180s, Henry II (r.1154−89) spent money on improving the https://historicengland.org.uk/images- castle, and probably updated Scolland’s Hall. At some point during the 12th books/photos/item/EHC01/047/0032 century, more buildings were added to the range in the south-eastern corner of the castle, including a kitchen, buttery and pantry, accessed through new doorways in the western wall of Scolland’s Hall. - More works were carried out in 1250. The Close Rolls for Henry III (r.1216−72) - Records of royal spending and report: ‘Concerning oaks given: Marmaduke Dayrel, keeper of the king’s forest of administration are detailed in the 3 Copyright © OCR & English Heritage Trust 2020 Galtrees, was commanded to allow Peter of Savoy to have 50 oaks in the same Close Rolls (held at the National forest for timber, with all his escheats, for the work on his castle of Richmond, of Archives). For expenditure by Henry the king’s gift.’ III, see p.257, penultimate paragraph: https://archive.org/details/closerolls - A royal survey made in about 1280 records a garden ‘pertaining to the castle’, ofreig06grea/page/257 which may refer to the Cockpit garden. - For expenditure in the reign of - In 1294, Edward I (r.1272−1307) made repairs to the castle. He also added Edward I on Richmond, see p.71, Nov vaults to the ground floor of the keep, with an opening in the massive central 6 [1st instance], paragraph 2: column for access to the tower’s well. A small spiral staircase was added for access https://archive.org/details/calendarofclo to the upper floor. In around 1300, a second floor was added to Robin Hood ser04grea/page/71 Tower to create a lodging chamber (its fireplace and narrow window can be seen today) and a walkway was added to allow people to bypass the tower while - Photograph in Historic England moving along the curtain wall walk. New buildings were added along the east Archive showing the remains of Robin curtain wall, including another, larger, chapel and a great chamber room. The Hood Tower: window in the south-eastern corner of Scolland’s Hall was significantly enlarged. https://historicengland.org.uk/images -books/photos/item/DP184312 - John of Brittany probably built the walls that enclose the centre of Richmond town (and therefore the castle) in the early 14th century. Later medieval - By 1341, when John le Dreux, Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond died - This quote appears (in Latin) in GT childless, a report for the Crown describes: ‘… and there is at the same Richmond Clark, ‘Richmond Castle’, Yorkshire a castle with nothing of value within the walls, nor in the ditch of the same castle, Archaeological Journal, 9 (1884), p.38: but many repairs are required for the walls and buildings of the said castle.’ https://archive.org/details/YAJ009/page /38, from line 7. - An illustration dating to about 1400 shows the Cockpit garden filled with fruit trees. The original source appears in the Dodsworth MSS, Bodleian Library, p.54, penultimate paragraph: https://archive.org/details/historyofr ichmon12whit/page/n77 4 Copyright © OCR & English Heritage Trust 2020 Tudor - An extract of Lord Scrope’s1538 - From the late 15th century, the castle was rarely used. By 1538, a report for the survey for Henry VIII can be found on king describes a long list of repairs needed. In 1540, the castle is described as ‘in p.26−7 in Goodall, Richmond Castle, mere ruine’ by the antiquarian John Leyland. and on this website: https://www.british- history.ac.uk/letters-papers- hen8/vol13/no1/pp207-223, in the entry for 25 March. - John Leland’s Itinerary, vol. 4, p.25, two-thirds down page: https://archive.org/details/itineraryo fjohnl04lelauoft/page/24 19th century - Photograph of the cell block - Beginning in 1854, the keep was completely restored, including the unblocking of adjacent to the keep, in the Historic the original entranceway, the floor and roof reinstated and the vaulting repaired.