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Site D’Antananarivo Faculte Des Sciences UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT THESE DE DOCTORAT (Spécialité : Biotechnologie-Microbiologie) Structure et fonctionnement des communautés microbiennes du sol dans les zones influencées par une espèce invasive, Grevillea banksii R. Br : Impacts sur la régénération des essences forestières autochtones à Madagascar Présentée par ANDRIANANDRASANA Martial Doret Soutenue publiquement le 22 décembre 2015 devant les membres de jury : Président Professeur ANDRIANARISOA Blandine Rapporteur interne Professeur RAMANANKIERANA Heriniaina Rapporteur externe Professeur RAZANAKA Samuel Directeurs de thèse Professeur RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson Professeur KHASA Damase (Université Laval Canada) Examinateurs Professeur RAZANAMPARANY Julia Louisette Professeur RAKOTOZANDRINY Jean de Neupomuscène REMERCIEMENTS Cette thèse est l’aboutissement d’un travail réalisé en alternance entre le Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l’Environnement (LME) du Centre National de Recherches sur l’Environnement (CNRE) Madagascar, le Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire de l’Institut Biologique et Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS) de la Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique de l’Université Laval - Canada et le Laboratoire de Microbiologie - Biotechnologie de la Faculté des Sciences – Université d’Antananarivo. J’adresse mes plus grands remerciements aux responsables respectifs de ces laboratoires, Dr RASOLOMAMPIANINA Rado, Pr Damase P. KHASA et Pr ANDRIANARISOA Blandine, de m’avoir accueilli au sein de leurs établissements. Je tiens à remercier également Pr RAKOTO RANOROMALALA Aurore Doll et Dr RANDRIANIERENANA Ando, les chefs successifs du Département de Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée d’avoir accepté ma candidature comme doctorant au sein dudit département. J’exprime mes vifs remerciements au Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences, le Pr RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson et au Directeur de l’Etude Doctorale « Sciences de la vie et de l’environnement » à l’Université d’Antananarivo, le Pr JEANNODA Victor qui m’ont autorisé à soutenir cette thèse. Mes remerciements vont ensuite au Professeur ANDRIANARISOA Blandine pour le grand honneur que nous vous faites d’accepter d’être le Président du jury de cette soutenance, nous vous adressons nos profonds respects. Aux Professeur RAZANAKA Samuel et Professeur RAMANANKIERANA Heriniaina qui malgré ses lourdes occupations, ont pris du temps pour lire et analyser ce document et ont accepté d’être les rapporteurs de cette thèse. Nous vous en somme très reconnaissantes. Je remercie également Professeur RAKOTOZANDRINY Jean de Neupomuscène et Professeur RAZANAMPARANY Julia Louisette, d’avoir accepté de juger ce travail malgré leurs occupations. Qu’ils trouvent ici mes sincères sentiments de gratitude et de respect. Un grand remerciement à mes deux directeurs de thèses Pr RAHERIMANDIMBY Marson et Pr Damase P. KHASA, pour votre dévouement, votre encadrement et pour les précieuses directives que vous nous avez gratifiés tout au long de ce travail. Mes remerciements les plus chaleureux et fraternels au Pr RAMANANKIERANA Heriniaina, Directeur de Recherches Associé et Chef du Département <<Ecosystèmes terrestres>> au sein du CNRE, pour le choix du sujet et pour l’accueil chaleureux qu’il m’a toujours réservé au LME depuis mon stage de DEA. Nous avons beaucoup appris de son expérience et de sa rigueur scientifique. Merci pour la disponibilité sans limite et pour tes corrections au cours de la rédaction des articles et du présent manuscrit. J’exprime ma profonde gratitude envers Monsieur le Professeur RAVELONANDRO Pierre et Madame le Professeur REJO-FIENENA Félicitée, Directeurs successifs du CNRE, d’avoir donné leur accord pour la réalisation de cette thèse au sein dudit institution. Ma reconnaissance va à Madame Marie Bipfubusa et à Madame Marie-Eve Beaulieu, Professionnelles de recherches successives du Professeur Damase Khasa, pour leurs accueils sympathiques et de m’avoir intégré rapidement au sein du laboratoire IBIS ainsi que de m’avoir accordé toutes leurs confiances ; pour le temps qu’elles m’ont consacré durant notre stage en biologie moléculaire. Je suis en particulier reconnaissant aux Docteurs RANDRIAMBANONA Herizo, RAKOTOARIMANGA Nirina, RASOLOMAMPIANINA Rado et BAOHANTA Rondro, Chercheurs au sein du LME, de m’avoir amicalement partagé leurs savoirs faire et leurs expériences tout au long de ce travail. Je pense également aux thésards (Tsoush, Jeff, Dina, Narindra, Rija et Tahina) et aux autres stagiaires au sein du LME qui ont toujours été là pour apporter leur aide et pour l’ambiance de travail si chaleureuse dans le labo. Merci pour ce travail d’équipe exceptionnel. Je tiens à remercier sincèrement le personnel enseignant et non enseignant de la Faculté des Sciences et particulièrement celui du Département de Biochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée pour la formation qu’ils nous ont donnée durant nos années d’étude. Aux personnels du Laboratoire de Microbiologie de l’Environnement (LME/CNRE), du Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire de l’Institut Biologique et Intégrative des Systèmes (IBIS) pour leur support moral, technique et matériel qu’ils m’ont apporté tout au long de ce travail. Ce travail a énormément bénéficié l’aide financière et matérielle du projet Madasym et de l’Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF), que je trouve ici mes sincères remerciements. Que mes parents et ma famille reçoivent ici tous mes vifs remerciements pour leur encouragement et leur soutien durant la réalisation de cette thèse, Un remerciement particulier à ma femme et à mon fils, pour le soutien quotidien jusqu’au bout. Que la grâce de Dieu soit avec vous. Merci à tous ǃ PUBLICATIONS SCIENTIFIQUES (Annexe 7) Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont fait l’objet de diverses publications scientifiques dont un article dans une revue à comité de lecture (Journal of life science), un chapitre dans un livre (édition IRD), deux communications orales et deux communications affichées (poster) dans des congrès internationaux : Andrianandrasana M.D., Baohanta R.H., Randriambanona H., Marie-Eve B., Raherimandimby M., Damase P.K. et Ramanankierana H. (2014) Dual or single inoculation Rhizobium-Glomus mitigate the negative effects of Grevillea banksii on the development of an endemic tree species, Dalbergia trichocarpa. Accepted for poster presentation. International Congress on Mycorrhizae, in Marrakesh-Morocco. Andrianandrasana M.D., Baohanta R.H., Randriambanaona A.H., Raherimandimby M., Damase P.K., Duponnois R. et Ramanankierana H. (2014). Propagation of Grevillea banksii affects the dynamic of mycorrhizal fungi communities associated with native tree species of Madagascar. Journal of Life Science, Vol. 8, No 6, pp. 511-516. Ramanankierana H., Randriambanona H., Baohanta R.H., Sanon A., Andrianandrasana M.D., Rajaonarimamy E. et Duponnois R., (2014). Structure et fonctionnement de la symbiose mycorhizienne au sein des écosystèmes forestiers du haut plateau et de la région Est de Madagascar. In : Des champignons symbiotiques contre la desertification. Eds Duponnois, Ibrahima N., Hafidi M., Ramanankierana H., Bâ A. IRD. P 411 – 442. ISBN 978-2-7099- 1827-5. Andrianandrasana M.D., Baohanta R.H., Randriambanona H., Damase P.K., Raherimandimby M., Rakotoarimanga N. et Ramanankierana H. (2013) Impacts de la propagation de Grevillea banksii, un arbre exotique, sur la structure et le fonctionnement des communautés microbiennes du sol associés aux essences natives de Madagascar. Communication orale. Colloque régional sur les espèces exotiques envahissantes des îles du Sud-Ouest de l’Océan Indien. Andrianandrasana M.D., Ramanankierana H., Baohanta R.H., Raherimandimby M., Rakotoniaina H.V.; Duponnois R. (2011) Propagation of Grevillea banksii, an invasive exotic plant species: impacts on structure and functioning of mycorrhizal community associated with natives tree species in eastern part of Madagascar. Procceding of 3rd International Symposium on Weeds and Invasive Plants. Ascona Switzerland. Andrianandrasana M.D., Ramanankierana H., Rakotoniaina H. V., Raherimandimby M., Baohanta R. H. et Duponnois, R. (2010) Dynamisme des microorganismes du sol sous influence de Grevillea banksii, une espèce exotique invasive: impacts sur la communauté mycorhizienne associée aux essences autochtones à Madagascar. Communication affichée, atelier à mi-parcours du projet Madasym à la résidence Ankerana, Antananarivo- Madagascar. Table des matières TABLE DES MATIERES GLOSSAIRE .............................................................................................................................. i LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. iii LISTE DES TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................ v LISTE DES FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi LISTE DES PHOTOS ......................................................................................................... viii LISTE DES ANNEXES .......................................................................................................... ix CADRE DE L'ETUDE……………………………………………………………………………………x INTRODUCTION GENERALE ..................................................................................... 1 SYNTHESE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ............................................................................... 4 << >> I. Les invasions
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