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A Discussion of the House and Planning As the Links Between Societies and Civilizations : 7000 B.C

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A DISCUSSION OF THE HOUSE AND PLANNING AS THE LINKS BETWEEN SOCIETIES AND CIVILIZATIONS : 7000 B.C. - A.D.I. BY ALFRED JOSEPH SMITH, M.A. MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY BY RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS DATE: 30TH SEPTEMBER 2000 ProQuest Number: 13819013 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13819013 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 GLASGOW w - v er sit y t jr ra ry C O fl \ CONTENTS Page Nos. Abstract 1 Declaration 3 Acknowledgements 4 List of Illustrations 5 Introduction 6 Chapter 1 LBK Culture 13 Catal Huyuk 16 Chapter 2 The Early Civilizations : c2600 -1200 B.C, 21 The Minoan Civilization 22 The Mycenaean Civilization 28 Chapter 3 Decline and Renaissance : 12th century - 6th century B.C. 33 The Archaic Period : 8th - 6th century B.C. 42 Chapter 4 The Classical Period : 5th century B.C. 48 Chapter 5 Italy : The Dark Age : Archaic Age : The Classical Period A comparison cl400 - 500 B.C. 55 Chapter 6 Italy : The Republic to Empire 500 B.C. - A.D. 1 65 Chapter 7 Vitruvius : De Architectura and other Architects 79 Chapter 8 Conclusions 90 Notes 111 Bibliography 130 ABSTRACT The objective of this thesis is to examine and if possible demonstrate the connections and links, the interaction, between societies and civilizations in ancient times. I carefully considered how this could be achieved bearing in mind the questionable depth and veracity of our knowledge of prehistoric and historic societies and civilizations but particularly the prehistoric period. While there is, in one sense, a wealth of information in the structural remains and artefacts known to us yet we are deficient in our understanding of many ancient societies and civilizations. In the historical period we have the major problem of sieving the truth from the extant ancient writings which have been shown to contain inaccuracies, distortion of fact, bias, pure error, propaganda, embellishment, the list is almost endless. With these problems in mind I came to the conclusion that the best mode was to concentrate on what I consider are two of the essential building blocks in the evolution of humankind, the house and planning. In the house we have the architectural remains unearthed by archaeologists or, as in the earliest society I consider, the negative archaeological remains. I consider planning to be an inherent function in every human being and it is a function which continually shows change but one whose physical implementation can be seen in the archaeological remains. The final problem was the time-span of my survey and my view was that the wider the time-span the greater the field of comparison thus enhancing the level of proof. The paradox was that this approach limited the societies and civilizations I could investigate to any great extent and possibly incurring the charge of bias in my selection but the constraints imposed left me no alternative. I decided the period to be covered by my study should be from 7000 B.C. to A.D. 1 with the emphasis of my study on the Graeco-Roman world. The two earliest societies I consider do not lie within either the Grecian or Roman worlds but each incorporate not only reasonably clear signs of planning but also architectural features such as the long-house and the courtyard which are to be seen, as I indicate, in future societies and civilizations. I treat the Grecian and Roman worlds separately but draw comparisons between each, where appropriate, both in architecture not only of the house but also public buildings and in planning. While I concentrate on the house and planning I refer where it is necessary to those 1 events and factors which bring their influence to bear either directly or indirectly on the house and planning I believe there is a correlation between the house and planning but the factor necessary to express this is the architect, a person we cannot identify in the prehistoric period and in the historic period is really not much better known to us. I have considered Vitruvius and his treatise and while it gives us some insight to the architect of his day I have not really advanced my attempt to know and understand how knowledge and skills were passed on. The skills and knowledge of the prehistoric architects were really exceptional as is evidenced when we look at the architectural remains of their achievements; there is the possibility that the accumulated knowledge of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations was not lost in the Dark Age and simply re-emerged in the Archaic and Classical periods in Greece but this is an assumption on my part. I believe I have proven my hypothesis that there is an interaction and there are recognisable connections between societies and civilizations, that ancient civilizations contribute their knowledge and skills to the further evolution of future societies and civilizations. I am not aware of any earlier arguments adopting this approach but I think these connections do exist and may warrant further research. 2 DECLARATION This thesis is submitted in accordance with the regulations for the degree of Master of Philosophy by Research in the University of Glasgow. No part of it has previously been submitted for a degree in this or any other University. It is based entirely on the author’s own research. Where the author has used information provided by other scholars both the scholars and their sources have been acknowledged. The copyright in this thesis rests with the author; no quotation from it should be published without the author’s consent, and information based upon it should be acknowledged. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my daughters, Linda and Claire, for their support and encouragement and their cajoling, even nagging, to complete this thesis. To Professor Elizabeth A. Moignard whose unfailing patience and pertinent criticism were much valued and Jennifer for her cheery disposition and support. To those who gave practical support of great value, Lorraine, Rosaleen and Edna. To my many friends whose support and stimulus lay in their comments. To everyone my sincere and grateful thanks. 4 List of Illustrations with their Sources Number Subject and Source Page 1 Linear Pottery Sites between the Rhine and Maas rivers in 13 northwest Germany. Vertical hatching shows loess soils and the inset the Aldenhoven plateau (after Kuper et al, 1975) 2 Elsloo. Gebaude 32 und 33. P. J.Modderman : 14 Linearbandkeramik : Aus Elsloo and Stein. 1970. 3 Elsloo. Gebaude 50, 51, 53 und 54. P.J.R.Modderman ; 15 Linearbandkeramik: Aus Elsloo and Stein. 1970. 4 The Volume of shards along the ditches flanking late LBK houses 15 at Cairy-les-Chauderdes, Aisne valley. After Ilett et al. 1982. 5 Die linearbandkeramischen Gebaude in denNierderlanden 15 chronologisch and typologisch geordnet. P.J.Modderman : Linearbandkeramik : Aus Elsloo and Stein. 1970. 6 Plan of building level VIA. James Mellaart: A Neolithic Town in 17 Anatolia. 1967. 7 Diagrammatic view of a typical main room at £atal Hiiyiik 18 showing timber frame-work, panelling, and platforms, bench, hearth, oven and ladder. James Mellaart:A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. 1967. 8 Restoration of the east and south walls of shrine VI. 14,with 18 bucrania, horn cores on a bench and bulls’ and rams’ heads modelled in relief. A ladder, the normal means of entry, is on the right. James Mellaart: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia. 1967. 9 Myrtos : A schematic plan of the site. Peter Warren The: 23 Aegean Civilizations. 1969 10 The Goddess of Myrtos. 21.1 centimetres in height. She is 23 painted with hatched panels which must represent dress. She has a non-human stalk neck and holds in the crook of her arm a miniature jug painted in the commonest Myrtos style. Peter Warren : The Aegean Civilizations. 1969. 5 Subject and Source Page 11 A plan of the palace of Mallia. Peter Warren : The Aegean 26 Civilizations. 1969. 12 A terracotta house model found at Arkhanes. Peter Warren : The 26 Aegean Civilizations . 1969. 13 Plan of Palace of Nestor.Leonard R. Palmer :Mycenaeans and 29 Minoans. 1961. 14 House Plans at Korakou. Lord William Taylour :The 29 Mycenaeans. 1994. 15 House of Columns, Mycenae. Ground Floor. Restored Plan. 31 After Wace, Mycenae, by courtesy of the Princeton University Press. 16 Map of the valley of Messaria. Zagora 1. Excavation Season 1967 34 Study Season 1968/69. 17 Survey grid of site and plan of the buildings excavated at Zagora 35 in 1960 and 1967. Zagora 1. Excavation Season 1967 Study Season1968/69. 18 Stone by stone plan of temple at Zagora. Zagora 1. Excavation 35 Season 1967 Study Season1968/69. 19 Plan of the units excavated in 1960 and 1967. Zagora 1. 35 Excavation Season 1967 Study Season 1968/69. 20 Regional Map of Lefkandi with its ancient sites. Lelkandi 11. 36 The Protogeometric Building at Toumba. 1993. 21 Schematic plans of the Protogeometric building. Lefkandi 11. 37 The Protogeometric Building at Toumba.1993. 22 Central Room, plan of burials in the south shaft. Lefkandi 11. 38 The Protogeometric Building at Toumba.1993.
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  • 26. Athenian Agora

    26. Athenian Agora

    26. Athenian Agora Archaic through Hellenistic Greek 600-150 BCE Plan Video at Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art- civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/athenian-agora Archaic, Classical,and Hellenistic Eras From the 6th and until the 1st century BCE the heart of the government and the judiciary, as a public place of debate, as a place of worship, and as marketplace, played a central role in the development of the Athenian ideals, and provided a healthy environment where the unique Democratic political system took its first wobbly steps on earth. During this time, the Agora's political, cultural, and economic influence shaped some of the most important decisions undertaken in the shaping of what we commonly call today Western Civilization. Well structured arguments by the likes of Socrates and Plato echoed in its streets, the courts and prisons enforced Athenian laws, its Mint spread the dominant Athenian drachma coins throughout the Aegean, the Prytanes determined political affairs in the Tholos, and randomly selected Athenian citizens prepared the laws for the assembly in the Bouleuterion. With a little imagination and knowledge, one can imagine the hustle and bustle of its streets with merchants of all kinds tending their benches in the shade of the Stoas and under cloth tents, with ox cart wheels creaking through the Panathenaic way, and with citizens convening in small groups under the shade of small trees. Horses, stray dogs, citizens, metics, slaves, visitors and foreigners--albeit very rarely women--mingled and loitered in the grounds, attentive ears listened to sailor tales from foreign lands, hoplites relayed news from the fronts, and philosophers debated the fine points of arete oblivious to the cacophony rising all around from the energetic artisan workshops.