DOCSLIB.ORG

Diversification and the Patterns of Introgression in a Clade Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diversification and the Patterns of Introgression in a Clade Of Diversification and the patterns of introgression in a clade of Neotropical trees Rowan John Schley A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Imperial College London, Department of Life Sciences 1 Thesis abstract The evolutionary processes that led to the assembly of the diverse Neotropical tree flora are complex and poorly understood. It remains unclear at what pace this superlative diversity was accumulated, as do the causes of poor phylogenetic resolution and gene tree incongruence, which are commonly found when reconstructing the phylogeny of rainforest tree species. In addition, the role that introgression has played in the diversification of Neotropical trees and its effect on phylogeny remains enigmatic. The Brownea clade (Leguminosae) are a group of tree species characteristic of Neotropical rainforests, and so serve as an excellent study group with which to approach questions about the diversification of Neotropical trees. This investigation aimed to infer the rates of diversification and biogeographical history of the Brownea clade following the estimation of a phylogenetic tree for the group. The relationships between species within Brownea were then examined using phylogenomic methods to quantify gene tree incongruence, and phylogenetic model testing was used to ascertain whether this incongruence was better explained by incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) or introgression. Finally, two Brownea species found in sympatry were used to examine the impact of introgression on divergence, and whether species boundaries are maintained despite gene flow. More specifically, this study assessed whether genomic loci differed in the degree to which they introgress when compared to the genome-wide average, which would be expected if species boundaries were being maintained by selection. Furthermore, loci which were candidate regions for selection, and those associated with different aspects of the environment and morphology, were inferred in order to determine possible factors maintaining the divergence between the two species. 2 Declaration I confirm that the research presented in this document is my own work, and includes no work done in collaboration with or by others, unless explicitly stated. The co-authors of manuscripts that have been prepared for submission or submitted during the thesis writing process have been acknowledged on pages 3 and 4. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Unless otherwise indicated, its contents are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND). Under this licence, you may copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format on the condition that; you credit the author, do not use it for commercial purposes and do not distribute modified versions of the work. When reusing or sharing this work, ensure you make the licence terms clear to others by naming the licence and linking to the licence text. Please seek permission from the copyright holder for uses of this work that are not included in this licence or permitted under UK Copyright Law. Chapter 2 This chapter has been adapted from the following manuscript, published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution in 2018: Schley R.J., de la Estrella M., Pérez-Escobar O.A., Bruneau A., Barraclough T., Forest F., Klitgård B. (2018) ‘Is Amazonia a 'museum' for Neotropical trees? The evolution of the Brownea clade (Detarioideae, Leguminosae)’ Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Vol: 126, Pages: 279-292, ISSN: 1055-7903. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.029. I performed all labwork including DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing for all samples excluding the sequences provided by Dr Karen Redden and those downloaded from NCBI GenBank 3 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank). I performed all data analysis and wrote the manuscript and chapter with feedback from co-authors. Chapter 3 This chapter has been adapted from a manuscript being prepared for submission, authored by Rowan Schley, Manuel de la Estrella, Oscar Alejandro Pérez-Escobar, Timothy Barraclough, Félix Forest and Bente Klitgård. I performed all labwork including DNA extraction, library preparation and sequencing for all samples. I performed all data analysis and wrote the manuscript and chapter with feedback from co-authors. Chapter 4 This chapter has been adapted from a manuscript being prepared for submission, authored by Rowan Schley, Andrew Helmstetter, Renato Valencia, Ben Turner, Timothy Barraclough, Félix Forest and Bente Klitgård. I collected all samples in Yasuní national park unless otherwise stated, performed all labwork including DNA extraction and ddRAD library preparation, and sequencing was performed at an external centre (the Norwegian Sequencing Centre, https://www.sequencing.uio.no). Yasuní soil chemistry data were collected by Dr Benjamin Turner from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (https://www.stri.si.edu) and Dr Renato Valencia (director of the 50 ha plot in Yasuní National Park) from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (https://www.puce.edu.ec/). I performed all data analysis and wrote the manuscript and chapter with feedback from co-authors. 4 Table of Contents Thesis Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Declaration............................................................................................................................................. 3 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................. 5 List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: Thesis Introduction ............................................................................................ 11 1.1: The biological diversity of the Neotropics ................................................................................. 11 1.2: Drivers of diversification in the Neotropics ............................................................................... 12 1.2.1: Time and area ............................................................................................................... 12 1.2.2: Geography .................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.3: Ecology ......................................................................................................................... 16 1.3: Speciation and phylogeny .......................................................................................................... 19 1.3.1: Modes of speciation ...................................................................................................... 19 1.3.2: Coalescence and incomplete lineage sorting ............................................................... 21 1.3.3: Hybridization and introgression ................................................................................... 22 1.4: Study system: The Brownea clade ............................................................................................. 24 1.5: Aims ........................................................................................................................................... 27 1.6: Thesis outline ............................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 2: Is Amazonia a ‘Museum’ or ‘Cradle’ for Neotropical Trees? ....................... 29 2.1: Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 29 5 2.2: Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 29 2.3: Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................... 33 2.3.1: Taxon sampling, DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analyses ..................................... 33 2.3.2: DNA extraction and sequencing ................................................................................... 35 2.3.3: Phylogenetic analyses and divergence dating ............................................................... 36 2.3.4: Diversification rate analyses ........................................................................................ 37 2.3.5: Ancestral range estimation ............................................................................................ 39 2.4: Results ....................................................................................................................................... 40 2.4.1: Phylogenetic relationships and divergence time estimates ........................................... 40 2.4.2: Diversification rate analyses ........................................................................................ 43 2.4.3: Historical biogeography ................................................................................................ 45 2.5: Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 48
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Census of the Tree Species in The
    IndianJ.Sci.Res.7(1):67-75,2016 ISSN:0976-2876(Print) ISSN:2250-0138(Online) A CENSUSOF THE TREESPECIESIN THEGOLAPBAGCAMPUSOF BURDWAN UNIVERSITY, WEST BENGAL (INDIA) WITH THEIRIUCNREDLIST STATUS AND CARBONSEQUESTRATIONPOTENTIAL OF SOMESELECTEDSPECIES SHARMISTHA GANGULYa1 AND AMBARISHMUKHERJEEb aUGCCASDepartmentofBotany,UniversityofBurdwan,Burdwan, WestBengal,India ABSTRACT The present census brings out an inventory of tree species in the Golapbag campus of The University of Burdwan, Burdwan in the West Bengal State of India.As many as 91 species belonging to 82 genera of 39 families, of which of which 85 species of 76 genera representing 38 families are dicotyledonous and 6 species of one family( Arecaceae) are monocotyledonous, could be included in the checklist thus prepared. Many of these species are botanically interesting, attractive and potentially sources of various phytoresources and aesthetic pleasure. The IUCN Red List status of each of these species was determined. Six of the dominating species were worked to reveal their carbon sequestration potential with an objective to find their utilitarian value in landscape designing for aesthetic rejuvenation and environmental optimization. It was found that Ficus benghalensis is the best of the lot in Carbon sequestration being successively followed byMimusops elengi , Roystonia regia , Senna siamea , Dalbergia lanceolariaand Cassia fistula . Thus, it can be concluded that the trees composing the campus flora needs to be protected and some of them can well be chosen for further evaluation
    [Show full text]
  • Introgression Across Evolutionary Scales Suggests Reticulation Contributes to Amazonian Tree Diversity
    Received: 11 March 2020 | Revised: 14 August 2020 | Accepted: 17 August 2020 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15616 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Introgression across evolutionary scales suggests reticulation contributes to Amazonian tree diversity Rowan J. Schley1,2 | R. Toby Pennington3,4 | Oscar Alejandro Pérez-Escobar1 | Andrew J. Helmstetter5 | Manuel de la Estrella6 | Isabel Larridon1,7 | Izai Alberto Bruno Sabino Kikuchi1,8 | Timothy G. Barraclough2,9 | Félix Forest1 | Bente Klitgård1 1Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK Abstract 2Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire, London, Hybridization has the potential to generate or homogenize biodiversity and is a par- UK ticularly common phenomenon in plants, with an estimated 25% of plant species un- 3Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK dergoing interspecific gene flow. However, hybridization in Amazonia's megadiverse 4Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK tree flora was assumed to be extremely rare despite extensive sympatry between 5Institut de Recherche pour le closely related species, and its role in diversification remains enigmatic because it Développement (IRD), UMR-DIADE, has not yet been examined empirically. Using members of a dominant Amazonian Montpellier, France 6Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y tree family (Brownea, Fabaceae) as a model to address this knowledge gap, our study Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, recovered extensive evidence of hybridization among multiple lineages across phylo- Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain genetic scales. More specifically, using targeted sequence capture our results uncov- 7Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Lab, Department of Biology, Ghent University, ered several historical introgression events between Brownea lineages and indicated K.L, Gent, Belgium that gene tree incongruence in Brownea is best explained by reticulation, rather than 8Universiteit Leiden, Hortus botanicus Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands solely by incomplete lineage sorting.
    [Show full text]
  • WRA Species Report
    Family: Fabaceae Taxon: Brownea coccinea Synonym: Brownea capitella Common Name: Mountain Rose Brownea latifolia Scarlet Flame Bean Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L(Hawai'i) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -5 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0
    [Show full text]
  • Brownea Jacq. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae): a Plant of High Horticultural and Medicinal Value
    An International Journal ofBrownea Floriculture Jacq. Science (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae): and Landscaping a plant of high horticultural and medicinal value The Journal of the Greens and Gardens, Volume 01, No. 02 : 20-23. 2019 Research Paper Brownea Jacq. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae): a plant of high horticultural and medicinal value Anu Verma, Shivaraman Pandey, V.N. Pandey and L.B. Choudhary* Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow - 226 001 *[Corresponding Author: [email protected]] Received: March 15, 2019 Accepted: March 30, 2019 Abstract Brownea Jacq. belonging to subfamily Detaroideae (earlier in Caesalpinioideae) of family Leguminosae, is commonly known as Scarlet Flame Bean, Mountain Rose, Rose of Venezuela and Cooper Hoop. This genus is very popular due to its beautiful red flowers assembled in nodded head inflorescence like Rhododendron and canopy in umbrella-shape. Several species of Brownea are frequently used as ornamental trees in gardens, parks and along avenues. Brownea species have also been used traditionally for the treatment of diseases of women, birth control, wound healing, dysentery, diarrhoea etc. It is also used as anti-oxidant, analgesic, anti-fibrinolytic and anti-venom. Sometimes the wood is used as a source of timber and for making different kinds of handicrafts. Four to five species are widely cultivated as ornamental throughout India. The present paper highlights how ornamental plants increase the aesthetic value and eco-development of the surroundings besides beautification of the avenues. Moreover, they can be used for other purposes for the benefit of the society. Key words: Brownea, ornamental, medicinal, aesthetic, eco-development. Introduction: hanging foliage and umbrella-shaped canopy which is The economically and ecologically important family another prominent feature for attraction.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological Epicotyl Dormancy and Recalcitrant Storage Behaviour in Seeds of Two Tropical Fabaceae (Subfamily Caesalpinioideae) Species
    AoB PLANTS http://aobplants.oxfordjournals.org/ Open access – Research article Physiological epicotyl dormancy and recalcitrant storage behaviour in seeds of two tropical Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae) species K. M. G. Gehan Jayasuriya1*, Asanga S. T. B. Wijetunga2, Jerry M. Baskin3 and Carol C. Baskin3,4 1 Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Mihinthale, Sri Lanka 3 Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 4 Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Received: 4 September 2012; Accepted: 28 October 2012; Published: 11 November 2012 Citation details: Jayasuriya KMGG, Wijetunga ASTB, Baskin JM, Baskin CC. 2012. Physiological epicotyl dormancy and recalcitrant storage behaviour in seeds of two tropical Fabaceae (subfamily Caesalpinioideae) species. AoB PLANTS 2012: pls044; doi:10.1093/ aobpla/pls044 Abstract Background Physiological epicotyl dormancy in which the epicotyl elongates inside the seed before the and aims shoot emerges has been reported for only a few tropical rainforest species, all of which are trees that produce recalcitrant seeds. In studies on seeds of Fabaceae in Sri Lanka, we observed a considerable time delay in shoot emergence following root emergence in seeds of the introduced caesalpinioid legumes Brownea coccinea and Cynometra cauliflora. Thus, our aim was to determine if seeds of these two tropical rainforest trees have physiological epi- cotyl dormancy, and also if they are recalcitrant, i.e. desiccation sensitive. Methodology Fresh seeds were (i) dried to various moisture levels, and (ii) stored at 21 and 5 8C to deter- mine loss (or not) of viability and thus type of seed storage behaviour (orthodox, recalcitrant or intermediate).
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Diversity of Dhaka University Campus, Bangladesh
    J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 42(1): 49-68, June 2016 PLANT DIVERSITY OF DHAKA UNIVERSITY CAMPUS, BANGLADESH MOHAMMAD ZASHIM UDDIN1 AND MD. ABUL HASSAN Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Abstract The present article focuses the status of plant diversity of Dhaka University campus. A total of 541 plant species have been recorded from the campus area. These species are assigned to 117 families. For each species local name, scientific name, family and habit have been provided. Species presentation in the families varied from 1 to 26. 47% species belongs to 16 families and 53% species belongs to others 101 families. Euporbiaceae is the largest family in the Dicotyledon having 26 species whereas Liliaceae is the largest family in Monocotyledon having 18 species. Among the recorded species, 37% are represented by herbs, 29% by trees, 21% by shrubs, 11% by climbers, 2% by epiphytes and 0.2% by parasites. Plant species recorded in the campus categorized into different purpose groups. The result showed that 59% plant species represented by native species whereas 41% plant species represented by exotics. The survey spotted the presence a number of threatened species of Bangladesh in the gardent of the campus. Such species are Corypha taliera, Podocarpus nerifolia, Mangifera sylvatica, Willoughbia edulis, Hydnocarpus kurzii, Gloriosa superva, Entada redii, Hedychium coccinium and Vandopsis gigantea. Key words: Plant diversity, Dhaka University, Campus Introduction Plant diversity is essential base of most of our terrestrial ecosystem. We all including animals are totally dependent on plant diversity directly or indirectly for not only food energy but also for all necessity of daily life.
    [Show full text]
  • 323. 1826; Bdsha
    405 Leguminosae-Detarioideae Amherstia Wall. Amherstia nobilis Wall. in Taylor & Phillips, Philos. Mag. J. 68: 323. 1826; B.D.Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 86. 1984. Distribution: Karnataka (Cultivated, Bengaluru), Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,West Bengal; native to Myanmar. Baikiaea Benth. Baikiaea insignis Benth., Trans. Linn. Soc. 25: 314, t 41.1865; Gowda & Krishnasw., Pl. Wealth Lalbagh 22. 1968. Distribution: Karnataka (Cultivated in Bengaluru), Kolkata gardens; native to W tropical Africa. Brownea Jacq. Brownea ariza Benth., Pl. Hartw. 171. 1845; Sen & Naskar Bull. Bot. Surv. India 7: 37.1965. Distribution: Karnataka (cultivated in Bengaluru), Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, W Bengal), native to S America Brownea coccinea Jacq., Enum. Pl. Carib. 26. 1760; Benthal, Tr. Calc. 180.1946. Distribution: Karnataka (cultivated in Bengaluru), Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, W Bengal; native to Venezuela. Brownea grandiceps Jacq., Collect. 3. 287. t. 22. 1790; B.D.Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Anal. 87. 1984. Distribution: Karnataka (cultivated in Bengaluru), cultivated in Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; native to Venezuela. Local/Common/Vernacular names: The rose of Venezuela, The scarlet flame bean (English) Brownea rosa-de-monte Bery., Phil. Trans. 171, t. 8, 9. 1771. Brownea rosa Otto in Otto & Dietr., Allg. Gartenz. 23: 147. 1855; Gowda & Krishnasw., Pl. Wealth Lalbagh 30. 1968. Distribution: Karnataka (cultivated in Lalbagh, Bengaluru); native to S America. Colvillea racemosa Bojer, Bot. Mag. tt. 3325, 3326. 1834; B.D.Sharma et al., Fl. Karnataka Anal.90. 1984 Distribution: Karnataka (Bengaluru, Kolar, Mysuru), Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal; widely cultivated in tropics; native to Madagascar.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Paloue (Leguminosae: Detarioideae) Revision of a Predominantly Guiana Shield Endemic
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to botany • number 109 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press Understanding Paloue (Leguminosae: Detarioideae) Revision of a Predominantly Guiana Shield Endemic Karen M. Redden, Patrick S. Herendeen, and Gwilym P. Lewis SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years in thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press (SISP) publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on research and collections of the Institution’s museums and research centers. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via exchange mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evaluation by SISP’s Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (available at https://scholarlypress.si.edu).
    [Show full text]
  • Revista Pittieria 44-2020.Indd
    ISSN [e] 2244-8888 Pittieria 44 ENERO-DICIEMBRE 2020 págs. 104-127 CLAVE DE IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ÁRBOLES DEL JARDÍN BOTÁNICO DE MÉRIDA (VENEZUELA) POR MEDIO DE CARACTERES VEGETATIVOS IDENTIFICATION KEY FOR TREES IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF MÉRIDA (VENEZUELA) THROUGH VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS por JOSÉ L. MEDINA L.1, CIRO A. SOTO O.2 y LUIS E. GÁMEZ3 Universidad de Los Andes. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Ambientales. Laboratorio de Dendrología. Mérida Venezuela. 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] RECIBIDO: AGOSTO 15 DE 2020 / ACEPTADO: DICIEMBRE 08 DE 2020 CLAVE DE IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ÁRBOLES DEL JARDÍN BOTÁNICO DE MÉRIDA, VENEZUELA, págs. 104-127 105 RESUMEN Para este trabajo se colectaron, describieron y determinaron las especies arbóreas presen- tes en el Jardín Botánico de Mérida. Se registraron 137 especies, pertenecientes a 108 géne- ros de 47 familias. Las familias mejor representadas fueron Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae y Moraceae, mientras que los géneros más diversos fueron Ficus, Albizia, Annona, Citrus, Cordia, Erythrina y Miconia. Los jardines temáticos de bosque seco y selva nublada muentran mayor cantidad de especies arbóreas. Se creó una clave de determinación pareada a través de los caracteres vegetativos para las especies encontradas en el área. Los caracteres vegetativos más relevantes para la diferenciación de las especies fueron: tipo, forma y margen de la hoja, presencia de secreciones, filotaxis, pubescencia, presencia de estípulas, patrón de venación, puntos translúcidos, estructuras punzantes, glándulas y pul- vínulos; de manera complementaria se evaluaron características de la corteza. Además, se consideraron características cuantitativas como el número de pinnas, folíolos y pínnulas así como tamaño de peciolos y láminas foliares.
    [Show full text]
  • IDENTIFICATION of MAJOR ORNAMENTAL TREES for AVENUES Objective
    Practical 5 IDENTIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS FOR AVENUES AND LAWN- GRASSES, HEDGES, EDGES PLANTS OF OUR COUNTRY Introduction: Different flowers and plants are identified based upon the knowledge of morphology and anatomy. For describing flower crops, every part of it is to be studied in detail and compared with similar structures of other plant. Every plant part has a name and its study is called as Phytography. It is a branch of taxonomy or plant systematic. It deals with the descriptions of plants and their organs (parts). The main plant parts used for description of flowering plants are given below: • Roots (position and morphology) • Stem (Branching pattern, texture, shape, bark-surface, form, modifications, etc.) • Buds (position, protectiveness, time of sprouting, etc.) • Foliage (Leaf-simple/ compound, insertion, arrangement, parts, stalk, base, apex, shape, serration/ margins, incision, venation, surface/ texture, sap, duration, etc.) • Inflorescence (type, size and number of flowers, duration, etc.) • Flowers (shape, symmetry, completeness, parts, arrangement, insertion, union of floral parts, calyx- sepals, corolla- petals/ tepals, colour, shape, size, androecium- stamens, anthers, gynoecium- stigma, style, ovary, fragrance, duration, etc.) • Fruits (type, shape, size, colour, fragrance, duration, etc.) • Ovule/ Seed (shape, size, colour, number, duration, etc.) 74 EXERCISE 5.1: IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR ORNAMENTAL TREES FOR AVENUES Objective : • To identify various ornamental trees for avenues based on primary morphological characters. Delivery schedule : 1 period Student's expectations/ Learning objectives: • To get acquaint with different ornamental trees for avenues grown in India Pre-learning required : Knowledge about ornamental trees for avenues. Handouts/material required/equipment's & tools: Ornamental trees for avenues, hand lens and standard encyclopedia and books on Floriculture Introduction: Tree is a perennial plant having distinct trunk and crown at the top.
    [Show full text]
  • Physiological Epicotyl Dormancy and Recalcitrant Storage Behaviour in Seeds of Two Tropical Fabaceae (Subfamily Caesalpinioideae) Species K
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Biology Faculty Publications Biology 11-11-2012 Physiological Epicotyl Dormancy and Recalcitrant Storage Behaviour in Seeds of Two Tropical Fabaceae (Subfamily Caesalpinioideae) Species K. M. G. Gehan Jayasuriya University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Asanga S. T. B. Wijetunga Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Jerry M. Baskin University of Kentucky, [email protected] Carol C. Baskin University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits oy u. Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_facpub Part of the Biology Commons Repository Citation Jayasuriya, K. M. G. Gehan; Wijetunga, Asanga S. T. B.; Baskin, Jerry M.; and Baskin, Carol C., "Physiological Epicotyl Dormancy and Recalcitrant Storage Behaviour in Seeds of Two Tropical Fabaceae (Subfamily Caesalpinioideae) Species" (2012). Biology Faculty Publications. 55. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_facpub/55 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Physiological Epicotyl Dormancy and Recalcitrant Storage Behaviour in Seeds of Two Tropical Fabaceae (Subfamily Caesalpinioideae) Species Notes/Citation Information Published in AoB Plants, v. 2012, pls044. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Thèse Et Mémoire
    Université de Montréal Systématique, biogéographie et diversification du genre Crudia (Leguminosae, Detarioideae) par Boris Domenech Département de Sciences Biologiques Centre sur la Biodiversité Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor en Sciences Biologiques Août 2018 © Boris Domenech, 2018 Résumé Le genre Crudia Schreb. présente une distribution pantropicale et une richesse spécifique élevée, inhabituelles pour un genre appartenant à la sous famille des Detarioideae (Leguminosae). Les espèces de Crudia, réparties en Amérique du Sud, en Afrique de l’Ouest et en Asie du Sud Est, ont fait l’objet de plusieurs études de taxonomie indépendantes, réalisées par plusieurs auteurs successifs. En revanche, l’évolution et l’histoire biogéographique du genre sont inconnues à ce jour. Afin de mieux comprendre l’histoire évolutive de Crudia, nous proposons une approche pluridisciplinaire visant à mettre à jour les connaissances à propos de ce genre méconnu. La première partie de cette étude a pour objectif de réaliser une révision taxonomique des espèces asiatiques du genre Crudia, les espèces africaines et américaines ayant déjà été traitées par d’autres auteurs. Nous avons pour cela utilisé des méthodes de taxonomie traditionnelle en compilant des données morphologiques sur un grand nombre de spécimens d’herbier. Sur les trente-cinq espèces initiales décrites en Asie, nous en avons retenu quatorze et avons ajouté une nouvelle espèce. Les autres espèces ont été mises en synonymie pour la plupart, exceptée l’une d’entre elle qui est à présent considérée comme douteuse. Suite à ces réassignations taxonomiques, les distributions géographiques respectives des espèces ont été réévaluées et des nouveaux statuts de conservation ont été proposés.
    [Show full text]