Improving Scalability of Symbolic Execution for Software with Complex Environment Interfaces
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Chopped Symbolic Execution
Chopped Symbolic Execution David Trabish Andrea Mattavelli Noam Rinetzky Cristian Cadar Tel Aviv University Imperial College London Tel Aviv University Imperial College London Israel United Kingdom Israel United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT the code with symbolic values instead of concrete ones. Symbolic Symbolic execution is a powerful program analysis technique that execution engines thus replace concrete program operations with systematically explores multiple program paths. However, despite ones that manipulate symbols, and add appropriate constraints on important technical advances, symbolic execution often struggles to the symbolic values. In particular, whenever the symbolic executor reach deep parts of the code due to the well-known path explosion reaches a branch condition that depends on the symbolic inputs, it problem and constraint solving limitations. determines the feasibility of both sides of the branch, and creates In this paper, we propose chopped symbolic execution, a novel two new independent symbolic states which are added to a worklist form of symbolic execution that allows users to specify uninter- to follow each feasible side separately. This process, referred to as esting parts of the code to exclude during the analysis, thus only forking, refines the conditions on the symbolic values by adding targeting the exploration to paths of importance. However, the appropriate constraints on each path according to the conditions excluded parts are not summarily ignored, as this may lead to on the branch. Test cases are generated by finding concrete values both false positives and false negatives. Instead, they are executed for the symbolic inputs that satisfy the path conditions. -
Advanced Systems Security: Symbolic Execution
Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security Network and Security Research Center Department of Computer Science and Engineering Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA Advanced Systems Security:! Symbolic Execution Trent Jaeger Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Lab Computer Science and Engineering Department Pennsylvania State University Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Laboratory Page 1 Problem • Programs have flaws ‣ Can we find (and fix) them before adversaries can reach and exploit them? • Then, they become “vulnerabilities” Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Laboratory Page 2 Vulnerabilities • A program vulnerability consists of three elements: ‣ A flaw ‣ Accessible to an adversary ‣ Adversary has the capability to exploit the flaw • Which one should we focus on to find and fix vulnerabilities? ‣ Different methods are used for each Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Laboratory Page 3 Is It a Flaw? • Problem: Are these flaws? ‣ Failing to check the bounds on a buffer write? ‣ printf(char *n); ‣ strcpy(char *ptr, char *user_data); ‣ gets(char *ptr) • From man page: “Never use gets().” ‣ sprintf(char *s, const char *template, ...) • From gnu.org: “Warning: The sprintf function can be dangerous because it can potentially output more characters than can fit in the allocation size of the string s.” • Should you fix all of these? Systems and Internet Infrastructure Security (SIIS) Laboratory Page 4 Is It a Flaw? • Problem: Are these flaws? ‣ open( filename, O_CREAT ); -
Test Generation Using Symbolic Execution
Test Generation Using Symbolic Execution Patrice Godefroid Microsoft Research [email protected] Abstract This paper presents a short introduction to automatic code-driven test generation using symbolic execution. It discusses some key technical challenges, solutions and milestones, but is not an exhaustive survey of this research area. 1998 ACM Subject Classification D.2.5 Testing and Debugging, D.2.4 Software/Program Veri- fication Keywords and phrases Testing, Symbolic Execution, Verification, Test Generation Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2012.24 1 Automatic Code-Driven Test Generation In this paper, we discuss the problem of automatic code-driven test generation: Given a program with a known set of input parameters, automatically generate a set of input values that will exercise as many program statements as possible. Variants of this problem definition can be obtained using other code coverage criteria [48]. An optimal solution to this problem is theoretically impossible since this problem is undecidable in general (for infinite-state programs written in Turing-expressive programming languages). In practice, approximate solutions are sufficient. Although automating test generation using program analysis is an old idea (e.g., [41]), practical tools have only started to emerge during the last few years. Indeed, the expensive sophisticated program-analysis techniques required to tackle the problem, such as symbolic execution engines and constraint solvers, have only become computationally affordable in recent years thanks to the increasing computational power available on modern computers. Moreover, this steady increase in computational power has in turn enabled recent progress in the engineering of more practical software analysis techniques. Specifically, this recent progress was enabled by new advances in dynamic test generation [29], which generalizes and is more powerful than static test generation, as explained later in this paper. -
Debreach: Selective Dictionary Compression to Prevent BREACH and CRIME
debreach: Selective Dictionary Compression to Prevent BREACH and CRIME A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Brandon Paulsen IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Professor Peter A.H. Peterson July 2017 © Brandon Paulsen 2017 Acknowledgements First, I’d like to thank my advisor Peter Peterson and my lab mate Jonathan Beaulieu for their insights and discussion throughout this research project. Their contributions have undoubtedly improved this work. I’d like to thank Peter specifically for renew- ing my motivation when my project appeared to be at a dead–end. I’d like to thank Jonathan specifically for being my programming therapist. Next, I’d like to thank my family and friends for constantly supporting my aca- demic goals. In particular, I’d like to thank my mom and dad for their emotional support and encouragement. I’d like to thank my brother Derek and my friend Paul “The Wall” Vaynshenk for being great rock climbing partners, which provided me the escape from work that I needed at times. I’d like to again thank Jonathan Beaulieu and Xinru Yan for being great friends and for many games of Settlers of Catan. I’d like to thank Laura Krebs for helping me to discover my passion for academics and learning. Finally, I’d like to thank my fellow graduate students and the computer science faculty of UMD for an enjoyable graduate program. I’d also like to thank Professor Bethany Kubik and Professor Haiyang Wang for serving on my thesis committee. -
Symstra: a Framework for Generating Object-Oriented Unit Tests Using Symbolic Execution
Symstra: A Framework for Generating Object-Oriented Unit Tests using Symbolic Execution Tao Xie1, Darko Marinov2, Wolfram Schulte3, David Notkin1 1 Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 2 Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA 3 Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, WA 98052, USA {taoxie,notkin}@cs.washington.edu, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract. Object-oriented unit tests consist of sequences of method invocations. Behavior of an invocation depends on the method’s arguments and the state of the receiver at the beginning of the invocation. Correspondingly, generating unit tests involves two tasks: generating method sequences that build relevant receiver- object states and generating relevant method arguments. This paper proposes Symstra, a framework that achieves both test generation tasks using symbolic execution of method sequences with symbolic arguments. The paper defines sym- bolic states of object-oriented programs and novel comparisons of states. Given a set of methods from the class under test and a bound on the length of sequences, Symstra systematically explores the object-state space of the class and prunes this exploration based on the state comparisons. Experimental results show that Symstra generates unit tests that achieve higher branch coverage faster than the existing test-generation techniques based on concrete method arguments. 1 Introduction Object-oriented unit tests are programs that test classes. Each test case consists of a fixed sequence of method invocations with fixed arguments that explores a particular aspect of the behavior of the class under test. Unit tests are becoming an important component of software development. -
Learning to Accelerate Symbolic Execution Via Code Transformation
Learning to Accelerate Symbolic Execution via Code Transformation Junjie Chen Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE Institute of Software, EECS, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China [email protected] Wenxiang Hu Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE Institute of Software, EECS, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China [email protected] Lingming Zhang Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, 75080, USA [email protected] Dan Hao1 Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE Institute of Software, EECS, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China [email protected] Sarfraz Khurshid Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 78712, USA [email protected] Lu Zhang Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies (Peking University), MoE Institute of Software, EECS, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China [email protected] Abstract Symbolic execution is an effective but expensive technique for automated test generation. Over the years, a large number of refined symbolic execution techniques have been proposed to improve its efficiency. However, the symbolic execution efficiency problem remains, and largely limits the application of symbolic execution in practice. Orthogonal to refined symbolic execution, in this paper we propose to accelerate symbolic execution through semantic-preserving code transform- ation on the target programs. During the initial stage of this direction, we adopt a particular code transformation, compiler optimization, which is initially proposed to accelerate program concrete execution by transforming the source program into another semantic-preserving tar- get program with increased efficiency (e.g., faster or smaller). -
Formally Verifying Webassembly with Kwasm
Formally Verifying WebAssembly with KWasm Towards an Automated Prover for Wasm Smart Contracts Master’s thesis in Computer Science and Engineering RIKARD HJORT Department of Computer Science and Engineering CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 Master’s thesis 2020 Formally Verifying WebAssembly with KWasm Towards an Automated Prover for Wasm Smart Contracts RIKARD HJORT Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 Formally Verifying WebAssembly with KWasm Towards an Automated Prover for Wasm Smart Contracts RIKARD HJORT © RIKARD HJORT, 2020. Supervisor: Thomas Sewell, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Examiner: Wolfgang Ahrendt, Department of Computer Science and Engineering Master’s Thesis 2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg SE-412 96 Gothenburg Telephone +46 31 772 1000 Cover: Conceptual rendering of the KWasm system, as the logos for K ans Web- Assembly merged together, with a symbolic execution proof tree protruding. The cover image is made by Bogdan Stanciu, with permission. The WebAssembly logo made by Carlos Baraza and is licensed under Creative Commons License CC0. The K logo is property of Runtime Verification, Inc., with permission. Typeset in LATEX Gothenburg, Sweden 2020 iv Formally Verifying WebAssembly with KWasm Towards an Automated Prover for Wasm Smart Contracts Rikard Hjort Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg Abstract A smart contract is immutable, public bytecode which handles valuable assets. This makes it a prime target for formal methods. WebAssembly (Wasm) is emerging as bytecode format for smart contracts. -
Turbo.Lua Documentation Release 2.1.2
Turbo.lua Documentation Release 2.1.2 John Abrahamsen Nov 02, 2018 Contents 1 Hello World 3 2 Supported Architectures 5 3 Supported Operating Systems7 4 Installation 9 5 Object oriented Lua 11 6 Packaging 13 7 Dependencies 15 8 License 17 9 Tutorials 19 9.1 Get Started With Turbo.......................................... 19 9.1.1 Installing Turbo......................................... 19 9.1.2 Hello World........................................... 20 9.1.3 Request parameters....................................... 20 9.1.4 Routes.............................................. 20 9.1.5 Serving Static Files....................................... 21 9.1.6 JSON Output.......................................... 22 9.2 Asynchronous modules......................................... 22 9.2.1 Overview............................................ 22 9.2.2 Example module........................................ 24 10 API documentation 27 10.1 Turbo.lua API Versioning........................................ 27 10.1.1 Preliminaries.......................................... 27 10.1.2 Module Version......................................... 27 10.2 turbo.web – Core web framework.................................... 28 10.2.1 RequestHandler class...................................... 28 10.2.2 HTTPError class........................................ 32 10.2.3 StaticFileHandler class..................................... 32 10.2.4 RedirectHandler class...................................... 33 10.2.5 Application class........................................ 33 -
Fundamental Data Structures Contents
Fundamental Data Structures Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Abstract data type ........................................... 1 1.1.1 Examples ........................................... 1 1.1.2 Introduction .......................................... 2 1.1.3 Defining an abstract data type ................................. 2 1.1.4 Advantages of abstract data typing .............................. 4 1.1.5 Typical operations ...................................... 4 1.1.6 Examples ........................................... 5 1.1.7 Implementation ........................................ 5 1.1.8 See also ............................................ 6 1.1.9 Notes ............................................. 6 1.1.10 References .......................................... 6 1.1.11 Further ............................................ 7 1.1.12 External links ......................................... 7 1.2 Data structure ............................................. 7 1.2.1 Overview ........................................... 7 1.2.2 Examples ........................................... 7 1.2.3 Language support ....................................... 8 1.2.4 See also ............................................ 8 1.2.5 References .......................................... 8 1.2.6 Further reading ........................................ 8 1.2.7 External links ......................................... 9 1.3 Analysis of algorithms ......................................... 9 1.3.1 Cost models ......................................... 9 1.3.2 Run-time analysis -
Symbolic Execution for Software Testing: Three Decades Later
Symbolic Execution for Software Testing: Three Decades Later Cristian Cadar Koushik Sen Imperial College London University of California, Berkeley [email protected] [email protected] Abstract A key goal of symbolic execution in the context of soft- Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in symbolic ware testing is to explore as many different program paths execution for software testing, due to its ability to generate as possible in a given amount of time, and for each path to high-coverage test suites and find deep errors in complex (1) generate a set of concrete input values exercising that software applications. In this article, we give an overview path, and (2) check for the presence of various kinds of errors of modern symbolic execution techniques, discuss their key including assertion violations, uncaught exceptions, security challenges in terms of path exploration, constraint solving, vulnerabilities, and memory corruption. The ability to gener- and memory modeling, and discuss several solutions drawn ate concrete test inputs is one of the major strengths of sym- primarily from the authors’ own work. bolic execution: from a test generation perspective, it allows the creation of high-coverage test suites, while from a bug- Categories and Subject Descriptors D.2.5 [Testing and finding perspective, it provides developers with a concrete Debugging]: Symbolic execution input that triggers the bug, which can be used to confirm and debug the error independently of the symbolic execution tool General Terms Reliability that generated it. Furthermore, note that in terms of finding errors on a 1. Introduction given program path, symbolic execution is more powerful Symbolic execution has gathered a lot of attention in re- than traditional dynamic execution techniques such as those cent years as an effective technique for generating high- implemented by popular tools like Valgrind or Purify, which coverage test suites and for finding deep errors in com- depend on the availability of concrete inputs triggering the plex software applications. -
Dynamic Symbolic Execution for Polymorphism
Dynamic Symbolic Execution for Polymorphism Lian Li1,2 Yi Lu Jingling Xue 1Oracle Labs, Australia Oracle Labs, Australia UNSW Australia 2 State Key Laboratory of Computer [email protected] [email protected] Architecture, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [email protected] Abstract represents a set of constraints that must be satisfied by any con- Symbolic execution is an important program analysis technique that crete input that results in the same execution path. provides auxiliary execution semantics to execute programs with The ability to automatically generate concrete test inputs from a symbolic rather than concrete values. There has been much recent path condition makes symbolic execution attractive for automated interest in symbolic execution for automatic test case generation testing and bug detection. A new test case is generated from an and security vulnerability detection, resulting in various tools be- existing one by mutating the path condition of that existing exe- ing deployed in academia and industry. Nevertheless, (subtype or cution and then solving the mutated path condition with an off- dynamic) polymorphism of object-oriented programAnalysiss has the-shelf constraint solver. Recent research has demonstrated that been neglected: existing symbolic execution techniques can explore symbolic execution techniques and test case generation can auto- different targets of conditional branches but not different targets matically generate test suites with high coverage [10, 54], and that of method invocations. We address the problem of how this poly- these techniques are effective in finding deep security vulnerabili- morphism can be expressed in a symbolic execution framework. ties in large and complex real-world software applications [10, 22]. -
Automated Software Testing Using Symbolic Execution
International Journal of Computer Application (2250-1797) Volume 5– No. 7, December 2015 AUTOMATED SOFTWARE TESTING USING SYMBOLIC EXECUTION Faisal Anwer#1, Mohd. Nazir#2 #1 Department of Computer Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. faisalanwer.cs @ amu.ac.in #2 Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia(Central University), New Delhi mnazir @ jmi.ac.in _________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Symbolic execution is one of the popular automated testing techniques for program verification and test case generation. It ensures coverage of each and every path by generating and aggregating path constraints on each branch. Although, the technique was proposed three decades ago but due to advancement in constraint solving techniques, availability of powerful computers and development of new algorithms research community has shown much interest in the recent past. Applying symbolic execution for program verification and test case generation is simple and straight forward. However, this technique is not widely recognized and accepted in software Industry for large real world software. This is mainly because of certain factors that are being perceived or visualized as current challenges before research community. Rigorous efforts are being made by researchers and practitioners in order to target these challenges. In this paper, an attempt has been made to present an overview of these challenges and state-of-the-art solutions, including a discussion on symbolic execution methods in context of software testing. Further, the paper proposes a framework for automatic and effective program testing using symbolic execution. Index Terms: Symbolic execution, Denial of Service, Environmental condition, Branch dependency, Path coverage. ________________________________________________________________________ Corresponding Author: Faisal Anwer I. INTRODUCTION Testing is one of the important activities of software development life cycle.