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3.6 Fish Fauna

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3.6 Fish Fauna 3.6 Fish Fauna 3.6.1 Introduction Fish are one of the major sources of high-quality protein, providing about 16% of animal protein for human consumption around the world /18/. The fish are either caught in the wild or raised through fish farming or aquaculture. The distribution pattern of fish depends on behavioral response to refuge availability provided by structural complexity /19, 20/ and available resources i.e. food /21, 22/ or they may be due to interactions of predation and competition /21, 23/. In Kuala Linggi, Malacca is one of the main fisheries areas for many of the fishermen there. Fishermen from Tanjung Selamat, Tanjung Agas, and Kuala Sungai Baru were use fish nets, longline and fish traps (bubu). The catch is either consumed or sold to the market. One of the main factors contributing to the high abundance of fish in the area may be due to the mangrove forest, which acts as nursery for juvenile fishes /24, 25/. In addition, the structural complexity of the mangrove, due to the roots and branches, provides a refuge, especially for juvenile fish /26,27, 28/ In conclusion, the high productivity in both mangrove forests and seagrass beds provides greater availability of food for juvenile fishes than other habitats, either directly as detritus or indirectly through the structural complexity that attracts greater numbers of prey items. High abundance of invertebrates is usually found in vegetated areas /29/ which becomes suitable prey for these juveniles. Therefore, it is important to conserve these habitats, which is to ensure the continuous supply of these fishes. 3.6.2 Methodology The fish fauna surveys were carried out on five (5) separate occasions, representing the fish fauna caught during different tidal stages, during day and night time and fish trap surveys, as follows: Neap (daytime) - 3 February 2016 to 4 February 2016 Neap (night time) - 26 March 2016 Spring (daytime) - 13 March 2016 Spring (night time) - 15 March 2016 Fish trap (for F5 and F6 station) - 2 April 2016 to 18 April 2016 The coordinates and locations of the fish fauna sampling stations are provided in Table 3.5 and displayed in Figure 3.16. Table 3.5 Coordinate of fish survey location (WGS84-decimal degrees) Station Latitude Longitude F1 2.406009 102.006226 F2 2.408758 101.94133 F3 2.395839 101.959969 F4 2.360881 101.980429 F5 2.37336 101.868373 F6 2.30834 101.91313 F7 2.311717 102.059405 3-62 62801230-APP-C Biological Environment Figure 3.16 Location of fish fauna monitoring stations. 3.6.2.1 Fish Net Deployment The fish net method was carried out at five (5) survey stations (F1, F2, F3, F4 and F7) using a set of 6 trammel/gill nets similar to those being used by local fishermen, as shown in Photo 3.41. Each sampling period consisted of a standardised immersion time of the trammel nets to approximately half an hour per sampling station. Observations of any marine mega fauna were also conducted during the sampling period. Any observation of marine mega fauna was then recorded into a data sheet, along with the location, time and other human activity observed during sighting. Samples collected at each station were stored in a labelled multi-purposed bag and then brought back to the laboratory for analysis. The samples were then identified to species level (where possible), and then measured, weighed and photographed. All recorded data were then tabulated and analysed. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) is an index of abundance based on a fundamental relationship widely used in quantitative fisheries analysis. The CPUE for each fish fauna species found at 3-63 each monitoring station during a monitoring campaign was calculated based on density and biomass. The calculation of both CPUE shown below; 퐶푃푈퐸 (퐷푒푛푠푡푦, 푠푝푒푐푒푠) = (푡표푡푎푙 푛푢푚푏푒푟)/(푚푒푠ℎ 푠푧푒) /(푡표푡푎푙 ℎ표푢푟) 퐶푃푈퐸 (푏표푚푎푠푠, 푠푝푒푐푒푠) = (푡표푡푎푙 푚푎푠푠)/(푚푒푠ℎ 푠푧푒) /(푡표푡푎푙 ℎ표푢푟) Where mesh size is the total area of the trammel nets used in a monitoring campaign. Photo 3.41 Trammel net deployment 3.6.2.2 Fish Trap Deployment The fish traps were deployed at stations F5 and F6 only. Deployment of the fish traps at these two locations was due to hard substrate. Photo 3.42 shows the deployment of fish trap by fishermen. The sampling time of fish traps at both locations were deployed between 5 to 14 days, similar with the sampling time normally practiced by local fishermen. Samples collected at both monitoring stations were stored in a labelled multi-purposed bag and then brought back to the laboratory for analysis. The samples were then identified to species level (where possible), and then measured, weighed and photographed. All recorded data were then tabulated and analysed. 3-64 62801230-APP-C Biological Environment Photo 3.42 Fish trap deployment 3.6.3 Findings 3.6.3.1 Neap tide (Daytime) A total number of 299 individuals of fish, 60 individuals of prawn and a single individual of crab were caught at the study area. The fish, prawn and crab caught belonged to 12 families and comprised of 16 species (Table 3.6). At all the sampling stations (F1-F7), fish were caught using a trammel net, except stations F5 and F6 where the fish trap was deployed. These results are detailed in Section 3.6.3.5. Among the species caught, Kasai (Setipinna taty) was the most dominant species, represented by 140 individuals (2 individuals at F2 and 138 individuals at F3) with a respective CPUE (catch per unit effort) of 0.0147 ind/m2/hour at F2 and 1.0135 ind/m2/hour and F3. Selangat (Anodontastoma chacunda) was the second most abundant species caught with 62 individuals at F3, 2 individuals at F4 and a single individual at F7, with a respective CPUE of 0.4553 ind/m2/hour at F3, 0.0147 ind/m2/hour at F4 and 0.0073 ind/m2/hour at F7. Belukang (Arius sagor) was also among the most abundant species recorded during the neap tide (daytime) represented by 24 individuals (2 individuals at F1 and 22 individuals at F3) and with a respective CPUE of 0.0147 ind/m2/hour at F1 and 0.1616 ind/m2/hour at F3. The rest of the species recorded a CPUE of less than 0.1 ind/m2/hour, which are Semilang (Plotosus canius), Duri (Arius sp.), Timah (Trichiurus sp.), Gelama (Johnius sp.), Kapak (Secutor sp.), Bawal Hitam (Parastromateus niger), bilis (Stolephorus sp.), Bulu Ayam (Thryssa sp.), Selampai (Otolithoides sp.), Tamban (Sardinella sp.) and Baji (Platycephalus sp.). In terms of maturity, most of the species caught were adult fish belonging to small size species for example gelama (Johnius sp.), kasai (Setipinna taty) and selangat (Anodontastoma chacunda) reached maturity only at 9 cm of length. The overall lengths of fish fauna caught in a range of 4 cm to 49 cm and weights of 3 g to 603.4 g. 3-65 As for shrimps (Penaeus sp.), a total number of 108 individuals (59 individuals at F2, 48 individuals at F3 and a single individual at F4) were recorded with a CPUE of 0.4333 ind/m2/hour at F2, 0.3525 ind/m2/hour at F3 and 0.0073 ind/m2/hour at F4. Most of the shrimps were adult with the overall length of 5-15.0 cm and weight of 5-22 g. A single individual crab (Portunus pelagicus) was found at F7 with a CPUE of 0.0073 ind/m2/hour. This crab was juvenile with a length of 10.5 cm and weight of 97.5 g. In terms of biomass, Belukang (Arius sagor) recorded the highest value with 37.35 g/m2/hour (see Figure 3.17). The second highest species in terms of biomass was Selangat (Anodontastoma chacunda) (10.64 g/m2/hour), followed by shrimp (Penaeus sp.) (9.77 g/m2/hour). Station F3, recorded the highest number of individuals (278 individuals) followed by station F2 (65 individuals), while station F1 recorded 7 individuals. Among the lowest were station F4 (6 individuals) while station F7 recorded the least number with only 4 individuals. In term of species diversity, station F3 recorded the highest number of species with 10 species, followed by station F4 with 5 species. Stations F2 and F7 both recorded a total of 4 species. Station F1 recorded the least number of species, with only 3 species recorded during the neap tide (daytime). Figure 3.18 shows the overall fish fauna caught in relation to their commercial value. The highest representation of fish fauna caught were considered to be of low commercial value (76%), followed by high commercial value (17%) and medium value (7%). Figure 3.19 shows the catch per unit effort (CPUE) biomass of fish fauna per station, in relation to commercial value. It is noted that the highest CPUE of high commercial value fish was recorded at station F3 with 5.9907 g/m2/hour, followed by station F2 with 4.8788 g/m2/hour and station F1 with 1.991 g/m2/hour. The remaining stations F7 and F4 recorded low CPUE in high value fish fauna with less than 1.0 g/m2/hour. As for medium value fish fauna, station F4 recorded the highest CPUE of 4.8039 g/m2/hour while other stations show low catches of medium value fish fauna, with less than 1.0 g/m2/hour. Lastly, the low value fish fauna recorded the highest CPUE at station F3 with 49.4863 g/m2/hour, followed by station F1 with 6.1567 g/m2/hour and station F7 with 3.7867 g/m2/hour.
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