Formal Specification with the Java Modeling Language
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The Java Modeling Language
The Java Modeling Language Software Fiável Mestrado em Engenharia Informática Mestrado em Informática Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa 2015/2016 Vasco T. Vasconcelos, Antónia Lopes Software Fiável The Java Modeling Language Contracts I The key ingredient of Design by contract, software design methodology promoted by Bertrand Meyer and the Eiffel programming language in 1986. I Inspired by assertions of Hoare logic, contracts place special obligations on both clients and suppliers of a procedure or method. I What does a method require from it’s caller? I What does the method ensure? Software Fiável The Java Modeling Language DBC DBC key idea is to associate a specification with every software element. These specifications (or contracts) govern the interaction of the element with the rest of the world. I Forces the programmer to write exactly what the method does and needs I No need to program defensively (defensive checks can be exensive and increases the complexity of the code of the method and worsen its maintainability) I Assigns blame: specifies who is to blame for not keeping the contract I Provides a standard way to document classes: client programmers are provided with a proper description of the interface properties of a class that is stripped of all implementation information but retains the essential usage information: the contract. Software Fiável The Java Modeling Language Language support for Contracts Language support for contracts exists in different forms: I Eiffel is an object-oriented language that includes contracts I JML adds contracts to the Java language. JML specifications are conventional Java boolean expressions, with a few extensions I Spec# adds contracts to C# I Code Contracts is an API (part of .NET) to author contracts In this course we focus on JML. -
Génération Automatique De Tests Unitaires Avec Praspel, Un Langage De Spécification Pour PHP the Art of Contract-Based Testing in PHP with Praspel
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by HAL - Université de Franche-Comté G´en´erationautomatique de tests unitaires avec Praspel, un langage de sp´ecificationpour PHP Ivan Enderlin To cite this version: Ivan Enderlin. G´en´eration automatique de tests unitaires avec Praspel, un langage de sp´ecificationpour PHP. Informatique et langage [cs.CL]. Universit´ede Franche-Comt´e,2014. Fran¸cais. <NNT : 2014BESA2067>. <tel-01093355v2> HAL Id: tel-01093355 https://hal.inria.fr/tel-01093355v2 Submitted on 19 Oct 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destin´eeau d´ep^otet `ala diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publi´esou non, lished or not. The documents may come from ´emanant des ´etablissements d'enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche fran¸caisou ´etrangers,des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou priv´es. Thèse de Doctorat école doctorale sciences pour l’ingénieur et microtechniques UNIVERSITÉ DE FRANCHE-COMTÉ No X X X THÈSE présentée par Ivan Enderlin pour obtenir le Grade de Docteur de l’Université de Franche-Comté K 8 k Génération automatique de tests unitaires avec Praspel, un langage de spécification pour PHP The Art of Contract-based Testing in PHP with Praspel Spécialité Informatique Instituts Femto-ST (département DISC) et INRIA (laboratoire LORIA) Soutenue publiquement -
The Java Modeling Language
The Java Modeling language JML Erik Poll Digital Security Radboud University Nijmegen JML • formal specification language for sequential Java by Gary Leavens et. al. – to specify behaviour of Java classes & interfaces – to record detailed design decisions by adding annotations to Java source code in Design-By- Contract style, using eg. pre/postconditions and invariants • Design goal: meant to be usable by any Java programmer Lots of info on http://www.jmlspecs.org Erik Poll, JML introduction - CHARTER meeting - 2 to make JML easy to use • JML annotations added as special Java comments, between /*@ .. @*/ or after //@ • JML specs can be in .java files, or in separate .jml files • Properties specified using Java syntax, extended with some operators \old( ), \result, \forall, \exists, ==> , .. and some keywords requires, ensures, invariant, .... Erik Poll, JML introduction - CHARTER meeting - 3 JML example public class ePurse{ private int balance; //@ invariant 0 <= balance && balance < 500; //@ requires amount >= 0; //@ ensures balance <= \old(balance); public debit(int amount) { if (amount > balance) { throw (new BankException("No way"));} balance = balance – amount; } Erik Poll, JML introduction - CHARTER meeting - 4 What can you do with this? • documentation/specification – record detailed design decisions & document assumptions (and hence obligations!) – precise, unambiguous documentation • parsed & type checked • use tools for – runtime assertion checking • eg when testing code – compile time (static) analyses • up to full formal program -
A Classification and Comparison Framework for Software Architecture Description Languages
A Classification and Comparison Framework for Software Architecture Description Languages Neno Medvidovic Technical Report UCI-ICS-97-02 Department of Information and Computer Science University of California, Irvine Irvine, California 92697-3425 [email protected] February 1996 Abstract Software architectures shift the focus of developers from lines-of-code to coarser- grained architectural elements and their overall interconnection structure. Architecture description languages (ADLs) have been proposed as modeling notations to support architecture-based development. There is, however, little consensus in the research community on what is an ADL, what aspects of an architecture should be modeled in an ADL, and which of several possible ADLs is best suited for a particular problem. Furthermore, the distinction is rarely made between ADLs on one hand and formal specification, module interconnection, simulation, and programming languages on the other. This paper attempts to provide an answer to these questions. It motivates and presents a definition and a classification framework for ADLs. The utility of the definition is demonstrated by using it to differentiate ADLs from other modeling notations. The framework is also used to classify and compare several existing ADLs. One conclusion is that, although much research has been done in this area, no single ADL fulfills all of the identified needs. I. Introduction Software architecture research is directed at reducing costs of developing applications and increasing the potential for commonality between different members of a closely related product family [GS93, PW92]. Software development based on common architectural idioms has its focus shifted from lines-of-code to coarser-grained architectural elements (software components and connectors) and their overall interconnection structure. -
An Architectural Description Language for Secure Multi-Agent Systems
An Architectural Description Language for Secure Multi-Agent Systems Haralambos Mouratidis1,a, Manuel Kolpb, Paolo Giorginic, Stephane Faulknerd aInnovative Informatics Group, School of Computing, IT and Engineering, University of East London, England b Information Systems Research Unit, Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Belgium c Department. of Information and Communication Technology, University of Trento, Italy d Information Management Research Unit, University of Namur, Belgium Abstract. Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) architectures are gaining popularity for building open, distributed, and evolving information systems. Unfortunately, despite considerable work in the fields of software architecture and MAS during the last decade, few research efforts have aimed at defining languages for designing and formalising secure agent architectures. This paper proposes a novel Architectural Description Language (ADL) for describing Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) secure MAS. We specify each element of our ADL using the Z specification language and we employ two example case studies: one to assist us in the description of the proposed language and help readers of the article to better understand the fundamentals of the language; and one to demonstrate its applicability. Keyword: Architectural Description Language, Multi-Agent Systems, Security, BDI Agent Model, Software Architecture 1 Corresponding Author: [email protected] 1 1. Introduction However, as the expectations of business stakeholders are changing day after day; and The characteristics and expectations of as the complexity of systems, information new application areas for the enterprise, and communication technologies and such as e-business, knowledge management, organisations is continually increasing in peer-to-peer computing, and web services, today’s dynamic environments; developers are deeply modifying information systems are expected to produce architectures that engineering. -
Should Your Specification Language Be Typed?
Should Your Specification Language Be Typed? LESLIE LAMPORT Compaq and LAWRENCE C. PAULSON University of Cambridge Most specification languages have a type system. Type systems are hard to get right, and getting them wrong can lead to inconsistencies. Set theory can serve as the basis for a specification lan- guage without types. This possibility, which has been widely overlooked, offers many advantages. Untyped set theory is simple and is more flexible than any simple typed formalism. Polymorphism, overloading, and subtyping can make a type system more powerful, but at the cost of increased complexity, and such refinements can never attain the flexibility of having no types at all. Typed formalisms have advantages too, stemming from the power of mechanical type checking. While types serve little purpose in hand proofs, they do help with mechanized proofs. In the absence of verification, type checking can catch errors in specifications. It may be possible to have the best of both worlds by adding typing annotations to an untyped specification language. We consider only specification languages, not programming languages. Categories and Subject Descriptors: D.2.1 [Software Engineering]: Requirements/Specifica- tions; D.2.4 [Software Engineering]: Software/Program Verification—formal methods; F.3.1 [Logics and Meanings of Programs]: Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Pro- grams—specification techniques General Terms: Verification Additional Key Words and Phrases: Set theory, specification, types Editors’ introduction. We have invited the following -
You Say 'JML' ? Wikipedia (En)
You say 'JML' ? Wikipedia (en) PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 06 Jan 2014 09:58:42 UTC Contents Articles Java Modeling Language 1 Design by contract 5 Formal methods 10 References Article Sources and Contributors 15 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 16 Article Licenses License 17 Java Modeling Language 1 Java Modeling Language The Java Modeling Language (JML) is a specification language for Java programs, using Hoare style pre- and postconditions and invariants, that follows the design by contract paradigm. Specifications are written as Java annotation comments to the source files, which hence can be compiled with any Java compiler. Various verification tools, such as a runtime assertion checker and the Extended Static Checker (ESC/Java) aid development. Overview JML is a behavioural interface specification language for Java modules. JML provides semantics to formally describe the behavior of a Java module, preventing ambiguity with regard to the module designers' intentions. JML inherits ideas from Eiffel, Larch and the Refinement Calculus, with the goal of providing rigorous formal semantics while still being accessible to any Java programmer. Various tools are available that make use of JML's behavioral specifications. Because specifications can be written as annotations in Java program files, or stored in separate specification files, Java modules with JML specifications can be compiled unchanged with any Java compiler. Syntax JML specifications are added to Java code in the form of annotations in comments. Java comments are interpreted as JML annotations when they begin with an @ sign. -
Architecture Description Language) COMS W4115 Alan Khara Ask2206 February 11, 2014
1 of 13 General Purpose ADL (Architecture Description Language) COMS W4115 Alan Khara Ask2206 February 11, 2014 1.0 Introduction In the design of system architecture1, a blueprint of the system typically comes second, after requirements are gathered in the process of architecture development. This is followed by design verification and, later, implementation. Initially, the domain of Architecture Description Languages (ADLs) was confined to the design phase and was highly motivated by Object Oriented paradigm [1] [2] [3]. ADLs were mainly graphical in nature, with numerous Line and Box representations that were later standardized by Object Management Group (OMG) in Unified Model Language2 (UML) [4][5]. Being quickly adopted by industry, UML was infested with ambiguous features: a given relationship between components of a system could be ambiguous and yield two different interpretations of the same drawing [2]. Research during the last decade has worked to solve this problem on two different fronts. One line of research seeks to extend UML in order to make it less ambiguous [6] [7] [8] [9]. Another kind of research is finding new ADLs (graphical and text based) that have more rigorous and well defined semantics [10] [11] [12][13]. Both of these trends are important with respect to defining the problem scope of the proposed project. Because they are mainly driven by industry, efforts to extend UML are inherently domain- specific [14]. The primary motivation behind the development of UML is to overcome ambiguity and reduced the communication gap that exists among various stakeholders. This is tackled by either introducing constraints or adding new vocabulary. -
Comparative Studies of 10 Programming Languages Within 10 Diverse Criteria Revision 1.0
Comparative Studies of 10 Programming Languages within 10 Diverse Criteria Revision 1.0 Rana Naim∗ Mohammad Fahim Nizam† Concordia University Montreal, Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada Quebec, Canada [email protected] [email protected] Sheetal Hanamasagar‡ Jalal Noureddine§ Concordia University Montreal, Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada Quebec, Canada [email protected] [email protected] Marinela Miladinova¶ Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada [email protected] Abstract This is a survey on the programming languages: C++, JavaScript, AspectJ, C#, Haskell, Java, PHP, Scala, Scheme, and BPEL. Our survey work involves a comparative study of these ten programming languages with respect to the following criteria: secure programming practices, web application development, web service composition, OOP-based abstractions, reflection, aspect orientation, functional programming, declarative programming, batch scripting, and UI prototyping. We study these languages in the context of the above mentioned criteria and the level of support they provide for each one of them. Keywords: programming languages, programming paradigms, language features, language design and implementation 1 Introduction Choosing the best language that would satisfy all requirements for the given problem domain can be a difficult task. Some languages are better suited for specific applications than others. In order to select the proper one for the specific problem domain, one has to know what features it provides to support the requirements. Different languages support different paradigms, provide different abstractions, and have different levels of expressive power. Some are better suited to express algorithms and others are targeting the non-technical users. The question is then what is the best tool for a particular problem. -
Introduction to JML the Java Modeling Language
Goal: JML should be easy to use for any Java programmer. Outline of this tutorial First • introduction to JML Introduction to JML • overview of tool support for JML, esp. runtime assertion checking (using jmlrac) and extended static David Cok, Joe Kiniry, and Erik Poll checking ESC/Java2 Then Eastman Kodak Company, University College Dublin, • ESC/Java2: Use and Features and Radboud University Nijmegen • ESC/Java2: Warnings • Specification tips and pitfalls • Advanced JML: more tips and pitfalls interspersed with demos. David Cok, Joe Kiniry & Erik Poll - ESC/Java2 & JML Tutorial – p.1/30 David Cok, Joe Kiniry & Erik Poll - ESC/Java2 & JML Tutorial – p.2/30 JML by Gary Leavens et al. Formal specification language for Java • to specify behaviour of Java classes • to record design &implementation decisions The Java Modeling Language by adding assertions to Java source code, eg • preconditions JML • postconditions • invariants www.jmlspecs.org as in Eiffel (Design by Contract), but more expressive. David Cok, Joe Kiniry & Erik Poll - ESC/Java2 & JML Tutorial – p.3/30 David Cok, Joe Kiniry & Erik Poll - ESC/Java2 & JML Tutorial – p.4/30 JML by Gary Leavens et al. JML Formal specification language for Java To make JML easy to use: to specify behaviour of Java classes • • JML assertions are added as comments in .java file, • to record design &implementation decisions between /*@ . @*/, or after //@, by adding assertions to Java source code, eg • Properties are specified as Java boolean expressions, extended with a few operators (nold, nforall, nresult, • preconditions . ). • postconditions • using a few keywords (requires, ensures, • invariants signals, assignable, pure, invariant, non null, . -
A Runtime Assertion Checker for the Java Modeling Language Yoonsik Cheon Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2003 A runtime assertion checker for the Java Modeling Language Yoonsik Cheon Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Computer Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cheon, Yoonsik, "A runtime assertion checker for the Java Modeling Language " (2003). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 570. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/570 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A runtime assertion checker for the Java Modeling Language by Yoonsik Cheon A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Computer Science Program of Study Committee: Gary T. Leavens, Major Professor Les Miller Robyn R. Lutz Don L. Pigozzi Clifford Bergman Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2003 Copyright © Yoonsik Cheon, 2003. All rights reserved. UMI Number: 3085895 Copyright 2003 by Cheon, Yoonsik All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform 3085895 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Yoonsik Cheon has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. -
Modeling, Specification Languages, Array Programs
Chapter 4 Modeling, Specification Languages, Array Programs This chapter presents some techniques for verifying programs with complex data structures. Typical examples of such data structures are arrays and lists. The main ingredient is to provide extensions to the language of expressions and formulas, under the form of an expressive specification language. Section 4.1 presents generalities about specification languages, while other sections present an overview of the constructs for modeling and specifying as they are available in the Why3 tool [7]. Finally, Section 4.6 is dedicated to the modeling and the proof of programs on the array data structure. 4.1 Generalities on Specification Languages There have been a lot of variants of specification languages proposed in the past. Various classes of such languages are characterized by the kind of logic that they are based on. Algebraic Specifications This class of languages is characterized by the use of multi-sorted first-order logic with equality, and usually the use of rewriting techniques [13], which permits to mix executable- style and declarative-style specifications. Famous languages and tools of this class are Larch [17], KIV [26], CASL (Common Algebraic Specification Language) [2], OBJ [16], Maude [10]. Set-theory based approaches Another class of languages is based on classical Set theory. These languages are not typed, the typing properties being instead encoded by formulas on sets. Reasoning on such languages is also typically done by rewriting techniques. A precursor of this class is the Z notation [27]. It is used in tools like VDM [18], Atelier B [1], etc. Higher-Order Logic Higher-Order Logic is characterized by the use of mathematical functions as objects of the language.