DOCSLIB.ORG

Briefcontents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Briefcontents BRIEF CONTENTS SECTION I: INTRODUCTION 11. Picornaviruses 125 TO VIROLOGY Bert L. Semler, University of California, Irvine 1 2. Flaviviruses 137 1. Introduction to Virology 2 Richard Kuhn, Purdue University Nicholas H. Acheson, McGill University 1 3. Togaviruses 148 2. Virus Structure and Assembly 18 Milton Schlesinger, Washington University Stephen C. Harrison, Harvard University in St. Louis Sondra Schlesinger, Washington University 3. Virus Classification: The World in St. Louis of Viruses 31 Revised by: Richard Kuhn, Purdue University Nicholas H. Acheson, McGill University 1 4. Coronaviruses 159 4. Virus Entry 45 Mark Denison, Vanderbilt University Ari Helenius, Swiss Federal Institute of Michelle M. Becker, Vanderbilt University Technology, Zurich SECTION II: VIRUSES OF SECTION IV: NEGATIVE-STRAND BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA AND DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUSES OF EUKARYOTES 5. Single-Stranded RNA Bacteriophages 59 1 5. Paramyxoviruses and Rhabdoviruses 175 Jan van Duin, University of Leiden Nicholas H. Acheson, McGill University 6. Microviruses 69 Daniel Kolakofsky, University of Geneva Christopher Richardson, Dalhousie University Bentley Fane, University of Arizona Revised by: Laurent Roux, University of Geneva 7. Bacteriophage T7 77 1 6. Filoviruses 188 William C. Summers, Yale University Heinz Feldmann, Division of Intramural Research, MAID, NIH 8. Bacteriophage Lambda 85 Hans-Dieter Klenk, University of Marburg Michael Feiss, University of Iowa Nicholas H. Acheson, McGill University 9. Viruses of Archaea 97 17. Bunyaviruses 200 David Prangishvili, Institut Pasteur Richard M. Elliott, University of St. Andrews SECTION III: POSITIVE-STRAND 1 8. Influenza Viruses 210 RNA VIRUSES OF EUKARYOTES DaliusJ. Briedis, McGill University 1 O. Cucumber Mosaic Virus 112 1 9. Reoviruses 225 Ping XΜ, J. Noble Research Institute Terence S. Dermody, Vanderbilt University Marilyn J. Roosinck, J. Noble Research Institute James D. Chappell, Vanderbilt University VI Brief Contents SECTION V: SMALL DNA VIRUSES 29. Human Immunodeficiency OF EUKARYOTES Virus 354 Alan Cochrane, University of Toronto 20. Parvoviruses 238 Peter Beard, Swiss Institute for Experimental 30. Hepadnaviruses 365 Cancer Research Christopher Richardson, Dalhousie University 21. Polyomaviruses 247 SECTION VIII: VIROIDS Nicholas H. Acheson, McGill University AND PRIONS 22. Papillomaviruses 263 31. Viroids and Hepatitis Greg Matlashewski, McGill University Delta Virus 378 Revised by: Lawrence Banks, International Jean-Pierre Perreault, Universite de Sherbrooke Centre for Genetic Engineering and Martin Pelchat, University of Ottawa Biotechnology, Trieste 32. Prions 387 DaliusJ. Briedis, McGill University SECTION VI: LARGER DNA VIRUSES OF EUKARYOTES SECTION IX: HOST DEFENSES 23. Adenoviruses 274 AGAINST VIRUS INFECTION Philip Branton, McGill University Richard C. Marcellus, McGill University 33. Intrinsic Cellular Defenses Against Virus Infection 398 24. Herpesviruses 285 Karen Mossman, McMaster University Pierre Genin, University Paris Descartes Bernard Roizman, University of Chicago John Hiscott, McGill University Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume, University of Bologna Richard Longnecker, Northwestern University 34. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Virus Infection 415 25. Baculoviruses 302 Malcolm G. Baines, McGill University Eric B. Carstens, Queen s University Karen Mossman, McMaster University 26. Poxviruses 312 Richard C. Condit, University of Florida SECTION X: ANTIVIRAL AGENTS AND VIRUS VECTORS 27. Viruses of Algae and 35. Antiviral Vaccines 428 Mimi virus 325 Brian Ward, McGill University Michael J. Allen, Plymouth Marine Laboratory William H. Wilson, Bigeloro Laboratory for Ocean Sciences 36. Antiviral Chemotherapy 444 Donald M. Coen, Harvard University SECTION VII: VIRUSES THAT USE 37. Eukaryotic Virus Vectors 456 A REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE Renald Gilbert, NRC Biotechnology Research Institute, Montreal 28. Retroviruses 342 Bernard Massie, NRC Biotechnology Research Institute, Alan Cochrane, University of Toronto Montreal CONTENTS SECTION I: INTRODUCTION Analysis of viral macromolecules reveals the detailed TO VIROLOGY pathways of virus replication 13 STEPS IN THE VIRUS 1. Introduction to Virology 2 REPLICATION CYCLE 13 1. Virions bind to receptors on the cell surface 13 THE NATURE OF VIRUSES 3 2. The virion (or the viral genome) enters the cell 14 Viruses consist of a nucleic acid genome packaged in a 3. Early viral genes are expressed: the Baltimore protein coat 3 classification of viruses 14 Viruses are dependent on living cells for their replication The seven groups in the Baltimore classification system 14 Virus particles break down and release their 4. Early viral proteins direct replication of viral genomes 15 genomes inside the cell 3 5. Late messenger RNAs are made from newly Virus genomes are either RNA or DNA, but not both 4 replicated genomes 15 WHY STUDY VIRUSES? 4 6. Late viral proteins package viral genomes and Viruses are important disease-causing agents 4 assemble virions 16 Viruses can infect all forms of life 4 7. Progeny virions are released from the host cell 16 Viruses are the most abundant form of life on Earth 5 The study of viruses has led to numerous discoveries in 2. Virus Structure and Assembly 18 molecular and cell biology 5 BASIC CONCEPTS OF VIRUS A BRIEF HISTORY OF VIROLOGY: STRUCTURE 18 TH E STU DY OF VI RUSES 6 Virus structure is studied by electron microscopy The scientific study of viruses is very recent 6 and X-ray diffraction 19 Viruses were first distinguished from other Many viruses come in simple, symmetrical packages 19 microorganisms by filtration 6 The crystallization of tobacco mosaic virus challenged CAPSIDS WITH ICOSAHEDRAL conventional notions about genes and the nature SYMMETRY 21 of living organisms 6 Some examples of virions with icosahedral symmetry The "phage group" stimulated studies of bacteriophages The concept of quasi-equivalence 21 and helped establish the field of molecular biology 7 Larger viruses come in more complex packages 2 3 Study of tumor viruses led to discoveries in molecular CAPSIDS WITH HELICAL SYMMETRY 25 biology and understanding of the nature of cancer 8 VIRAL ENVELOPES 26 DETECTION AND TITRATION OF VIRUSES Viral envelopes are made from lipid bilayer membranes 26 Most viruses were first detected and studied by Viral glycoproteins are inserted into the lipid infection of intact organisms 9 membrane to form the envelope 2 7 The plaque assay arose from work with bacteriophages 9 Eukaryotic cells cultured in vitro have been adapted PACKAGING OF GENOMES AND VIRION for plaque assays 9 ASSEMBLY 28 Hemagglutination is a convenient and rapid assay Multiple modes of capsid assembly 2 8 for many viruses 10 Specific packaging signals direct incorporation of Virus particles can be seen and counted by electron viral genomes into virions 2 8 microscopy 10 Core proteins may accompany the viral genome The ratio of physical virus particles to infectious inside the capsid 28 particles can be much greater than 1 11 Formation of viral envelopes by budding is driven by interactions between viral proteins 2 8 THE VIRUS REPLICATION CYCLE: AN OVERVIEW 11 DISASSEMBLY OF VIRIONS: THE DELIVERY The single-cycle virus replication experiment 11 OF VIRAL GENOMES TO THE HOST CELL 29 An example of a virus replication cycle: mouse Virions are primed to enter cells and release polyomavirus 12 their genome 29 VII VIII Contents 3. Virus Classification: The World A variety of cell surface proteins can serve as specific virus of Viruses 31 receptors 47 Receptors interact with viral glycoproteins, surface VIRUS CLASSIFICATION 31 protrusions, or "canyons" on the surface of the virion 48 Many different viruses infecting a wide variety Many viruses enter the cell via receptor-mediated of organisms have been discovered 31 endocytosis 48 Virus classification is based on molecular architecture, Passage from endosomes to the cytosol is often triggered by genetic relatedness, and host organism 3 1 low pH 49 Viruses are grouped into species, genera, and families 32 Membrane fusion is mediated by specific viral "fusion Distinct naming conventions and classification schemes proteins" 50 have developed in different domains of virology 33 Fusion proteins undergo major conformational changes MAJOR VIRUS GROUPS 33 that lead to membrane fusion 50 Study of the major groups of viruses leads to Non-enveloped viruses penetrate by membrane lysis or understanding of shared characteristics pore formation 51 and replication pathways 3 3 Virions and capsids are transported within the cell in Viruses with single-stranded DNA genomes are small and vesicles or on microtubules 52 have few genes 34 Import of viral genomes into the nucleus 52 Viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes include the The many ways in which viral genomes are largest known viruses 3 5 uncoated and released 54 Most plant viruses and many viruses of vertebrates have positive-strand RNA genomes 35 SECTION II: VIRUSES OF Viruses with negative-strand RNA genomes have helical BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA nucleocapsids; some have fragmented genomes 38 Viruses with double-stranded RNA genomes have fragmented genomes and capsids with icosahedral 5. Single-Stranded RNA symmetry 3 8 Bacteriophages 59 Viruses with a reverse transcription step in their replication The discovery of RNA phages stimulated cycle can have either RNA or DNA genomes 39 research into messenger RNA function and Satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids require a helper RNA replication 59 virus to replicate 40 RNA phages are among the
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Changes to Virus Taxonomy 2004
    Arch Virol (2005) 150: 189–198 DOI 10.1007/s00705-004-0429-1 Changes to virus taxonomy 2004 M. A. Mayo (ICTV Secretary) Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, U.K. Received July 30, 2004; accepted September 25, 2004 Published online November 10, 2004 c Springer-Verlag 2004 This note presents a compilation of recent changes to virus taxonomy decided by voting by the ICTV membership following recommendations from the ICTV Executive Committee. The changes are presented in the Table as decisions promoted by the Subcommittees of the EC and are grouped according to the major hosts of the viruses involved. These new taxa will be presented in more detail in the 8th ICTV Report scheduled to be published near the end of 2004 (Fauquet et al., 2004). Fauquet, C.M., Mayo, M.A., Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U., and Ball, L.A. (eds) (2004). Virus Taxonomy, VIIIth Report of the ICTV. Elsevier/Academic Press, London, pp. 1258. Recent changes to virus taxonomy Viruses of vertebrates Family Arenaviridae • Designate Cupixi virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus • Designate Bear Canyon virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus • Designate Allpahuayo virus as a species in the genus Arenavirus Family Birnaviridae • Assign Blotched snakehead virus as an unassigned species in family Birnaviridae Family Circoviridae • Create a new genus (Anellovirus) with Torque teno virus as type species Family Coronaviridae • Recognize a new species Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the genus Coro- navirus, family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales
    [Show full text]
  • Chlorovirus PBCV-1 Multidomain Protein A111/114R Has Three Glycosyltransferase Functions Involved in the Synthesis of Atypical N-Glycans
    viruses Article Chlorovirus PBCV-1 Multidomain Protein A111/114R Has Three Glycosyltransferase Functions Involved in the Synthesis of Atypical N-Glycans Eric Noel 1,2,† , Anna Notaro 3,4,† , Immacolata Speciale 3,5,† , Garry A. Duncan 1, Cristina De Castro 5,* and James L. Van Etten 1,6,* 1 Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0900, USA; [email protected] (E.N.); [email protected] (G.A.D.) 2 School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0118, USA 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (I.S.) 4 Information Génomique et Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 7256, IMM FR3479, Institut de Microbiologie (FR3479), CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France 5 Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy 6 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.D.C.); [email protected] (J.L.V.E.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The structures of the four N-linked glycans from the prototype chlorovirus PBCV-1 major capsid protein do not resemble any other glycans in the three domains of life. All known chloroviruses and antigenic variants (or mutants) share a unique conserved central glycan core consisting of five sugars, except for antigenic mutant virus P1L6, which has four of the five sugars. A combination of ge- netic and structural analyses indicates that the protein coded by PBCV-1 gene a111/114r, conserved in Citation: Noel, E.; Notaro, A.; all chloroviruses, is a glycosyltransferase with three putative domains of approximately 300 amino Speciale, I.; Duncan, G.A.; De Castro, C.; Van Etten, J.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Chlorovirus: a Genus of Phycodnaviridae That Infects Certain Chlorella-Like Green Algae
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Department 2005 Chlorovirus: A Genus of Phycodnaviridae that Infects Certain Chlorella-Like Green Algae Ming Kang University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] David Dunigan University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] James L. Van Etten University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers Part of the Plant Pathology Commons Kang, Ming; Dunigan, David; and Van Etten, James L., "Chlorovirus: A Genus of Phycodnaviridae that Infects Certain Chlorella-Like Green Algae" (2005). Papers in Plant Pathology. 130. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/130 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Molecular Plant Pathology 6:3 (2005), pp. 213–224; doi 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2005.00281.x Copyright © 2005 Black- well Publishing Ltd. Used by permission. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118491680/ Published online May 23, 2005. Chlorovirus: a genus of Phycodnaviridae that infects certain chlorella-like green algae Ming Kang,1 David D. Dunigan,1,2 and James L. Van Etten 1,2 1 Department of Plant Pathology and 2 Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA Correspondence — M. Kang, [email protected] ; J. L. Van Etten, [email protected] Abstract INTRODUCTION Taxonomy: Chlorella viruses are assigned to the family Phy- The chlorella viruses are large, icosahedral, plaque-form- codnaviridae, genus Chlorovirus, and are divided into ing, dsDNA viruses that infect certain unicellular, chlorella- three species: Chlorella NC64A viruses, Chlorella Pbi vi- like green algae (Van Etten et al., 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • The LUCA and Its Complex Virome in Another Recent Synthesis, We Examined the Origins of the Replication and Structural Mart Krupovic , Valerian V
    PERSPECTIVES archaea that form several distinct, seemingly unrelated groups16–18. The LUCA and its complex virome In another recent synthesis, we examined the origins of the replication and structural Mart Krupovic , Valerian V. Dolja and Eugene V. Koonin modules of viruses and posited a ‘chimeric’ scenario of virus evolution19. Under this Abstract | The last universal cellular ancestor (LUCA) is the most recent population model, the replication machineries of each of of organisms from which all cellular life on Earth descends. The reconstruction of the four realms derive from the primordial the genome and phenotype of the LUCA is a major challenge in evolutionary pool of genetic elements, whereas the major biology. Given that all life forms are associated with viruses and/or other mobile virion structural proteins were acquired genetic elements, there is no doubt that the LUCA was a host to viruses. Here, by from cellular hosts at different stages of evolution giving rise to bona fide viruses. projecting back in time using the extant distribution of viruses across the two In this Perspective article, we combine primary domains of life, bacteria and archaea, and tracing the evolutionary this recent work with observations on the histories of some key virus genes, we attempt a reconstruction of the LUCA virome. host ranges of viruses in each of the four Even a conservative version of this reconstruction suggests a remarkably complex realms, along with deeper reconstructions virome that already included the main groups of extant viruses of bacteria and of virus evolution, to tentatively infer archaea. We further present evidence of extensive virus evolution antedating the the composition of the virome of the last universal cellular ancestor (LUCA; also LUCA.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Biological Success of Viruses
    MI67CH25-Turner ARI 19 June 2013 8:14 V I E E W R S Review in Advance first posted online on June 28, 2013. (Changes may still occur before final publication E online and in print.) I N C N A D V A On the Biological Success of Viruses Brian R. Wasik and Paul E. Turner Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106; email: [email protected], [email protected] Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2013. 67:519–41 Keywords The Annual Review of Microbiology is online at adaptation, biodiversity, environmental change, evolvability, extinction, micro.annualreviews.org robustness This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090110-102833 Abstract Copyright c 2013 by Annual Reviews. Are viruses more biologically successful than cellular life? Here we exam- All rights reserved ine many ways of gauging biological success, including numerical abun- dance, environmental tolerance, type biodiversity, reproductive potential, and widespread impact on other organisms. We especially focus on suc- cessful ability to evolutionarily adapt in the face of environmental change. Viruses are often challenged by dynamic environments, such as host immune function and evolved resistance as well as abiotic fluctuations in temperature, moisture, and other stressors that reduce virion stability. Despite these chal- lenges, our experimental evolution studies show that viruses can often readily adapt, and novel virus emergence in humans and other hosts is increasingly problematic. We additionally consider whether viruses are advantaged in evolvability—the capacity to evolve—and in avoidance of extinction. On the basis of these different ways of gauging biological success, we conclude that viruses are the most successful inhabitants of the biosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Viruses of Hyperthermophilic Archaea: Entry and Egress from the Host Cell
    Viruses of hyperthermophilic archaea : entry and egress from the host cell Emmanuelle Quemin To cite this version: Emmanuelle Quemin. Viruses of hyperthermophilic archaea : entry and egress from the host cell. Microbiology and Parasitology. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2015. English. NNT : 2015PA066329. tel-01374196 HAL Id: tel-01374196 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01374196 Submitted on 30 Sep 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris VI Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles Ecole doctorale Complexité du Vivant ED515 Département de Microbiologie - Institut Pasteur 7, quai Saint-Bernard, case 32 25, rue du Dr. Roux 75252 Paris Cedex 05 75015 Paris THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE Spécialité : Microbiologie Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE VIRUSES OF HYPERTHERMOPHILIC ARCHAEA: ENTRY INTO AND EGRESS FROM THE HOST CELL Présentée par M. Emmanuelle Quemin Soutenue le 28 Septembre 2015 devant le jury composé de : Prof. Guennadi Sezonov Président du jury Prof. Christa Schleper Rapporteur de thèse Dr. Paulo Tavares Rapporteur de thèse Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Sulfolobus As a Model Organism for the Study of Diverse
    SULFOLOBUS AS A MODEL ORGANISM FOR THE STUDY OF DIVERSE BIOLOGICAL INTERESTS; FORAYS INTO THERMAL VIROLOGY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS by Blake Alan Wiedenheft A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Microbiology MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana November 2006 © COPYRIGHT by Blake Alan Wiedenheft 2006 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a dissertation submitted by Blake Alan Wiedenheft This dissertation has been read by each member of the dissertation committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Dr. Mark Young and Dr. Trevor Douglas Approved for the Department of Microbiology Dr.Tim Ford Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Dr. Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctoral degree at Montana State University – Bozeman, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. I further agree that copying of this dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for extensive copying or reproduction of this dissertation should be referred to ProQuest Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, to whom I have granted “the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my dissertation in and from microfilm along with the non-exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my abstract in any format in whole or in part.” Blake Alan Wiedenheft November, 2006 iv DEDICATION This work was funded in part through grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Program (NAG5-8807) in support of Montana State University’s Center for Life in Extreme Environments (MCB-0132156), and the National Institutes of Health (R01 EB00432 and DK57776).
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Determinations of Algal Virus Decay Rates Reveal Overwintering in a Temperate Freshwater Pond
    The ISME Journal (2016) 10, 1602–1612 © 2016 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/16 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Seasonal determinations of algal virus decay rates reveal overwintering in a temperate freshwater pond Andrew M Long1 and Steven M Short1,2 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada and 2Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada To address questions about algal virus persistence (i.e., continued existence) in the environment, rates of decay of infectivity for two viruses that infect Chlorella-like algae, ATCV-1 and CVM-1, and a virus that infects the prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina parva, CpV-BQ1, were estimated from in situ incubations in a temperate, seasonally frozen pond. A series of experiments were conducted to estimate rates of decay of infectivity in all four seasons with incubations lasting 21 days in spring, summer and autumn, and 126 days in winter. Decay rates observed across this study were relatively low compared with previous estimates obtained for other algal viruses, and ranged from 0.012 to 11% h− 1. Overall, the virus CpV-BQ1 decayed most rapidly whereas ATCV-1 decayed most slowly, but for all viruses the highest decay rates were observed during the summer and the lowest were observed during the winter. Furthermore, the winter incubations revealed the ability of each virus to overwinter under ice as ATCV-1, CVM-1 and CpV-BQ1 retained up to 48%, 19% and 9% of their infectivity after 126 days, respectively. The observed resilience of algal viruses in a seasonally frozen freshwater pond provides a mechanism that can support the maintenance of viral seed banks in nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Extended Evaluation of Viral Diversity in Lake Baikal Through Metagenomics
    microorganisms Article Extended Evaluation of Viral Diversity in Lake Baikal through Metagenomics Tatyana V. Butina 1,* , Yurij S. Bukin 1,*, Ivan S. Petrushin 1 , Alexey E. Tupikin 2, Marsel R. Kabilov 2 and Sergey I. Belikov 1 1 Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 3, 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; [email protected] (I.S.P.); [email protected] (S.I.B.) 2 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; [email protected] (A.E.T.); [email protected] (M.R.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.V.B.); [email protected] (Y.S.B.) Abstract: Lake Baikal is a unique oligotrophic freshwater lake with unusually cold conditions and amazing biological diversity. Studies of the lake’s viral communities have begun recently, and their full diversity is not elucidated yet. Here, we performed DNA viral metagenomic analysis on integral samples from four different deep-water and shallow stations of the southern and central basins of the lake. There was a strict distinction of viral communities in areas with different environmental conditions. Comparative analysis with other freshwater lakes revealed the highest similarity of Baikal viromes with those of the Asian lakes Soyang and Biwa. Analysis of new data, together with previ- ously published data allowed us to get a deeper insight into the diversity and functional potential of Baikal viruses; however, the true diversity of Baikal viruses in the lake ecosystem remains still un- Citation: Butina, T.V.; Bukin, Y.S.; Petrushin, I.S.; Tupikin, A.E.; Kabilov, known.
    [Show full text]
  • ICTV Code Assigned: 2011.001Ag Officers)
    This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). For guidance, see the notes written in blue and the separate document “Help with completing a taxonomic proposal” Please try to keep related proposals within a single document; you can copy the modules to create more than one genus within a new family, for example. MODULE 1: TITLE, AUTHORS, etc (to be completed by ICTV Code assigned: 2011.001aG officers) Short title: Change existing virus species names to non-Latinized binomials (e.g. 6 new species in the genus Zetavirus) Modules attached 1 2 3 4 5 (modules 1 and 9 are required) 6 7 8 9 Author(s) with e-mail address(es) of the proposer: Van Regenmortel Marc, [email protected] Burke Donald, [email protected] Calisher Charles, [email protected] Dietzgen Ralf, [email protected] Fauquet Claude, [email protected] Ghabrial Said, [email protected] Jahrling Peter, [email protected] Johnson Karl, [email protected] Holbrook Michael, [email protected] Horzinek Marian, [email protected] Keil Guenther, [email protected] Kuhn Jens, [email protected] Mahy Brian, [email protected] Martelli Giovanni, [email protected] Pringle Craig, [email protected] Rybicki Ed, [email protected] Skern Tim, [email protected] Tesh Robert, [email protected] Wahl-Jensen Victoria, [email protected] Walker Peter, [email protected] Weaver Scott, [email protected] List the ICTV study group(s) that have seen this proposal: A list of study groups and contacts is provided at http://www.ictvonline.org/subcommittees.asp .
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Viruses: the Really Big Ones (Giruses)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Papers in Plant Pathology Plant Pathology Department 5-2010 DNA Viruses: The Really Big Ones (Giruses) James L. Van Etten University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Leslie C. Lane University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] David Dunigan University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers Part of the Plant Pathology Commons Van Etten, James L.; Lane, Leslie C.; and Dunigan, David, "DNA Viruses: The Really Big Ones (Giruses)" (2010). Papers in Plant Pathology. 203. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/plantpathpapers/203 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Plant Pathology Department at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Papers in Plant Pathology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Annual Review of Microbiology 64 (2010), pp. 83–99; doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134338 Copyright © 2010 by Annual Reviews. Used by permission. http://micro.annualreviews.org Published online May 12, 2010. DNA Viruses: The Really Big Ones (Giruses) James L. Van Etten,1,2 Leslie C. Lane,1 and David D. Dunigan 1,2 1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 2. Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583 Corresponding author — J. L. Van Etten, email [email protected] Abstract Viruses with genomes greater than 300 kb and up to 1200 kb are being discovered with increas- ing frequency.
    [Show full text]
  • Meta-Transcriptomic Detection of Diverse and Divergent RNA Viruses
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.08.141184; this version posted June 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Meta-transcriptomic detection of diverse and divergent 2 RNA viruses in green and chlorarachniophyte algae 3 4 5 Justine Charon1, Vanessa Rossetto Marcelino1,2, Richard Wetherbee3, Heroen Verbruggen3, 6 Edward C. Holmes1* 7 8 9 1Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and 10 Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, 11 Sydney, Australia. 12 2Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical 13 Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. 14 3School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. 15 16 17 *Corresponding author: 18 Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and 19 Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, 20 The University of Sydney, 21 Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. 22 Tel: +61 2 9351 5591 23 Email: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.08.141184; this version posted June 8, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]