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Disinfestation of Copra, Desiccated Coconut and Coffee Beans by Gamma Radiation

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Disinfestation of Copra, Desiccated Coconut and Coffee Beans by Gamma Radiation Report No. IAEA -R- 3098-F TITLE Disinfestation of Copra, Desiccated Coconut and Coffee Beans by Gamma Radiation FINAL REPORT FOR THE PERIOD 1 May 1982 - 31 January 1986 AUTHOR(S) E. C. «anato INSTITUTE Philippine Atomic Energy Commission, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY DATE August 1987 ti DISINFESTATION OP COPRA, DESICCATED COCONUT AND COFFEE BKANS BI GAMMA RADIATION B.C. Manoto» L.R. Blanco* A.B. Mondoza and S.S. Rosilva Philippine Atomic Energy Commission Diliraan, ijuozon City PHILIPPIiWS ABSTRACT Sovoral posts wore observed attacking copra in storage, the most prevalent of which is the eopra beetle (CB), Nccrobia rufipes DoOoor. While in coffee, the coffee bean weevil (CBW), Araecorus faaciculatua DoQoor showed preference for arabica, liborica and excolaa varieties but none for robusta coffoo. *W mass roaring, the most efficient diet for CB was a combination of desicoated coconut + yeast (2*1) and for CBW, dried cassava chips + yeast Oil). Using the above diet, the life cycles wore completed in 43 to 60 days and **2 to % days in CB and CBW, respectively. Irradiation studios for the 2 species showed the eggs as the most sensitive followed by the larva and the pupa. A dose of 0.05 kGy prevented adult «ncrgonco from irradiated eggs and younger larvae while doses of 0.10 to 0*25 kfly were offoctivo in eliminating adult survival from irradiated older larvae and pupae* However, a dose of 0.50 IcPy would bo effective for disinfestation of small packages (0.25 to 0*50 kg) of eopra or coffeo beans initially infested with iamature stagos of CB or CBW, respectively. Also, packaging of irradiated cosnodities in polypropylene bogs particularly those impregnated with peraetkrin prevented roinfostation by the insect posts* Toxic rosiduoa of per- taethrla in the propylene film resulted in high insect mortality thereby preventing insect penetration of the packaging materials* Both CB and CBW were rather good invaders rather than penetratora since these speeioa onterod packaging materials readily through existing openings in jute sack, woven synthetic polypropylene sack or flour bag* Orga» noleptic tests showed no change in aroma, flavor and general acceptabi- lity of irradiated coffoo beans* desiccated coconut, a maximum dose of 6.0 kOy would be required to eliminate Salmonella entoritidls* COeoout and coffoo beans are two of the dollar generating commodities of the Philippines* Copra, one of toe chief coconut product of trade, ranks next to soybean as the world source of oil (ttoodroff, 197O)* According to the report of the Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) in 1985« the value of copra and related by-products exported to different countries anounted to about US$551 million. Qn the other hand, the export value of coffee beans in 198^ was approximately VSt?1* million from a total of 35,000 metric tons of beans (basod on the annual report of the Bureau of Plant Industry)* While the trend for world doraand of copra is decreasing, it is oxppcted that in the ensuing years, earnings from coffee beans will even surpassed that of copra. Rowovor, both copra and coffee beans ore susceptible to infestcition by pests and microorganisms* For instance, desiccated coconut, an important coconut product, is infected by a number of microorganisms, particularly Salmonella enteritidis. Some shipments contaminated with this pathogen were condemned and rejected, causing tremendous losaos to exporters* For this reason, the PCA adopted a «oro mioroblal count as a requirement for all desiccated coconut intended for export* Likewise, copra and ooff00 beans are beset with numerous insect posts which lower the fuolity of the products* IhO most serious insects are the copra beetle, Nocrobia rufipos do Q* and the coffee bean weevil, Araocerus fasciculatus de 3, Xn this regard, on effective method of disinfesting those commodities was doomed nocodsary to minimise losses and improve their quality in order to IM more competitive in the world market* Various chemicals and fumiganis are currently utilized to control the posts but tholr use poses certain environmental and hftalth problems* Honco, alternative method hod to b«i looked into* Th* UM of gamma radiation for disinfestation of various food and agricultural products, have boon oxtonsively studied in many countries and results showed some promise (Cornwell, 1966, Tilton and ftrowar, 1973, liitoa an* SunUtt, 1933, FDA9 19Ö1). Sho main thrust of this projoet, therefore, is to establish on effectivo disinfostation dose for oopra, desiccated coconut and coffee boons* Specifically, this project hail the following objectives» 1* ?o survey the incidence of insect infestation in copra and preference for certain variety of coffee beans by coffee boan weevil* 2» To find offective roaring media fir copra beetle and coffee boan weevil* 3* 1O determine the biolosy/life history of the copra beetle and coffee bean weevil* k» 'i'o study the effects of gamma radiation on survival rates of different immature stages of copra beetle and coffee bean weevil* 5* ^o determine the radiosonsitivity of Salmonella ontorltidia in dosi- efcatod coconut. 6* Vo conduct organoleptie testa on irradiated and uhlnradiated coffee beans* 7. 'fo evaluato the offocta of different packaging materials in protecting irradiated eoaoodity from relnfestation* MATBSlALS AND METHODS ty and Incidonce of Posts , / Samples of copra, were eollocted from different copra warehouses throughout the Philippines through the assistance of the Philippine Coconut Auhtority (PCA)* About 5 to 10 kg~saaples of copra wero taken at random from 2h different warehouses and subsequently brought to the laboratory for examinations* 'fhoso wore weighed and placed in aualin sack or jars for weekly counts of pests* Identification of the posts «as done by the rosoorchors or sent to the Department of ftttonology» University of the Philippines at !«os Sanos for further verification of Identified species* With coffoe boons about l«kg samples for each of the coffeo species. i*o*t Arabica. Hobusta, fixcelsa and Uborica - ware obtained from BatoBflBSt a province south of Luzon Islands* She coffoe saaples wero brought to the laboratory, weighed and placed in synthetic propylene sack» One aonth oftor collectiont coffee bean weevils wore counted. Monthly counts wort» done for a period of 3 months. Bforing and Biology Studi«e In tho preliminary studies, 7 diet combinations wore tried in rearing the copra beetle (CB) and these woret (a) copra alone» (b) desiccated coconut (DCN) + yeast (T), (e) OCN + Rabbit pelL»t. (d) flour + Y, (e) copra raeal + Y, (f) DON + fish meal and (g) DCS + toxturizod vegetable protein (WP). In the later atago» the diet combinations were roduced to h and these wore: (a), (b), (f) and l(g)« On the other hand» for the coffee bean weevil (CBW)* the foliowing media wore tested* (a) whole coffee beans» (b) whole coffee beans + Y, (e) ground coffee boons + wheat germ (ivG) + Yj (d) ground corn + IVG + Y and (•) ground copra pellets + 'HQ + Y.anLfttofr |n 1984» a iaodifiod diet combination was tried based on the work of Santos at tho JjIOTHOP, Indo- nesia (Unpublished» 1983)* firied cassava chips + yeast waq prepare^ at 3il ratio using either yellow or white cassava variety. 'tf ^o test tho best rearing medium» the criteria used worot % adult emergence and duration of developiaent from larva to adult/ Tho develop- mental stages of CB and CBVV were studied microscopically using ai dissecting compound Bauach and Lomb microscope* : ;\,vj Stock Culturea of CB and CBV/ \ Adults of copra beetle were collected from the warehouses of the •f1 ••' Philippine Befining Co. and Philippine Coconut Authority froth located \ '. in MetroManlla. '^liesa were mass roared in ball jars using DCN + Yoast \ \ (£jl W/W). For CBW » samples of infested coffee beans iroi'o bought from \ some provinces in Southern Luaon whore coffee is grown! and brought to \ I \ tho laboratory* The adult CBW were transferred to plastic containers \ and provided with a mixture of dried cassava chips and yeast (3il)« Pro-irradiation Treatment Fifty adults of OB wore each confined in plastic oontelaers provided with 300-gm DCN and yeast tatsturo for egg deposition» Aftor 2V30 hrs» the booties wore removed and the diot mixtures containing tho eggs woro kept in screened shelves until the samples wore ready for irradiation* 'or CBW« 30 adult* wore collected from the stock culture and confined in plastic jars containing approximately 300*gm mixture of cassava chips and yeast for egg deposition* She weovils wore removed 3 days after and returned to the stock culture* The jars containing the eggs were maintained at room temperature until the different stages and ages of CBW were ready for irradiation» Irradiation All irradiations were done in the Cobalt»60 Öaiaaacoll 220 facility at a doao rate varying fro» 31.8 - 32.2 Gti/m&n, For GB, eggs wore irradiated at 2 ago groups* 1-2 and 3*4 days after egg deposition. She larvae» wore irradiated at 1-2, 7-8, 1^-15, 21-22 and 28-29 days while the pupae wore treated at 3-4 and 6-7 days. Doses used were 0.01, O.O25t O.Q5, 0.10 and 0125 kffy. On the other hand, for CBW, tho dosos were 0.025* 0.05, 0.10 and 0.25 kfly. Jaggs wore treated at 5-6 days olclj tho larvao at 4»5» 7-8 and 13-14 days and the pupae at 2-3 and 6»? days. All treatments were replicated 4 titties with 2 replications done on tho same day* An untroated batch served as the control lot* Post-Irradiation Treatment Both irradiated and unirradiated samples of CB and CBW were kept in aluminum-screened
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