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Departamento De Estudios OCTUBRE Junio 2008 Ob servatorio de la Inversión SEGÚN CATASTRO DE PROYECTOS DE INVERSIÓN DE SOFOFA Informativo INVERSIÓN EN EL SECTOR DE SOCIEDAD DE FOMENTO FABRIL (SOFOFA) ASTRONOMÍA ASCENDERÁ A MÁS DE Departamento de Estudios Edificio de la Industria US$4.400 MILLONES A 2020 Av. Andrés Bello 2777, Piso 3, Las Condes, Santiago - Chile Los proyectos más importantes para el estudio de la astronomía se ubicarán en el norte de Chile, dejando al país Fono (56- 2) 391 3134, Fax (56-2) 391 3228 con alrededor del 70% de los observatorios astronómicos del mundo. e -mail: [email protected] l En su novena edición, el “Observatorio de la Inversión” elaborado por SOFOFA ha identificado un conjunto importante de proyectos destinados a impulsar el potencial astronómico del país, con una inversión estimada, para los próximos datos & siete años, de US$4.436 millones. Distintos consorcios, de varias naciones, traerán al país los más modernos telescopios CIFRAS para el estudio y desarrollo de las ciencias astronómicas, lo que transformará a Chile en el centro neurálgico mundial en esta materia. US$4.436 El nuestro es uno de los países con mejores condiciones del planeta para realizar investigación astronómica, con un millones en inversión promedio de 280 a 300 noches despejadas al año en la zona norte. Hoy concentra el 40% de la observación astronómica astronómica del mundo, pero se prevé que ascienda prontamente a 70% para fines de esta década, gracias a la US$1.400 construcción de estos nuevos centros de observación. European Extremely Large Este auge astronómico representa enormes oportunidades Telescope (E-ELT) para el país en materias de desarrollo científico, capital humano, tecnología y turismo. Es por ello que el Gobierno chileno está invirtiendo cada vez más en desarrollar, El 13 de marzo 2013 se inauguró en el llano de Chajnantor, comuna de San US$1.300 facilitar y difundir este tipo de proyectos. Pedro de Atacama, el observatorio astronómico ALMA, el radiotelescopio Atacama Large Millimeter Asimismo, para la industria local este desafío no será más grande y complejo del mundo. Su construcción comenzó en el año 2003 y su costo total fue de US$1.300 millones. Array (ALMA) menor. Se tendrá que estar preparado para aprovechar la demanda de productos, servicios y procesos de alta Producirá imágenes del universo en longitudes de onda tecnología que surgirán durante la construcción y 3 US$900 antes mencionadas, lo que se traducirá en una 1 operación de estos centros de investigación. Clave para ello, será el nivel que demuestren las empresas chilenas resolución 10 veces superior a la del telescopio Giant Magellan Telescope 2 0 como proveedores capacitados en rubros como la espacial Hubble, el que opera en el espectro de ondas (GMT) electrónica, robótica, software y procesamiento de visible. El conjunto de antenas estudiará aspectos imágenes, entre otros. como los patrones climáticos en planetas del Sistema Solar, la formación de planetas y estrellas en nuestra US$626 1. ALMA galaxia, los movimientos dentro del núcleo activo de Large Synoptic Survey ésta y el nacimiento de las primeras galaxias. R E U B C T O Telescope (LSST) Este proyecto, inaugurado oficialmente en marzo de 2013, El observatorio comenzó sus operaciones científicas en contempla la construcción y operación del radiotelescopio septiembre de 2011 con un cuarto de su capacidad (16 US$110 más grande del mundo: Atacama Large Millimeter Array antenas) y este mes (octubre) recibió la última antena, (ALMA). Este centro de observación es una colaboración lo que supone el fin de su etapa de construcción y Cornell Caltech Atacama entre Europa, América del Norte y Asia Oriental con permitirá que esté en pleno funcionamiento a fines de Telescope (CCAT) Chile. Su construcción comenzó en el año 2003 y su costo este año. total es de unos US$1.300 millones. El complejo se ubica a 5 mil metros de altura en el US$100 ALMA implica la instalación de un gigantesco llano de Chajnantor, en el desierto de Atacama y, radiotelescopio formado por 66 antenas móviles de 12 gracias a que fue instalado en Chile, los expertos Tokyo Atacama Observatory metros de diámetro cada una, que estará orientado a la nacionales podrán tener el 10% de las opciones para (TAO) captación de ondas milimétricas y submilimétricas. realizar estudios allí. Inversión de la Observatorio SOCIEDAD DE FOMENTO FABRIL - SOFOFA 1 Departamento de Estudios 2. E-ELT ALMA El más cuantioso proyecto de inversión es el European Extremely Large Telescope (E - ELT) del consorcio European Southern Observatory (ESO). Esta iniciativa presenta un revolucionario y nuevo concepto de telescopio que tendrá 39.3 metros de diámetro y será el telescopio óptico/infrarrojo más grande del mundo. El E-ELT será construido y operado por ESO bajo una inversión de US$1.400 millones aproximadamente . Con el inicio de las operaciones (año 2023), el E-ELT abordará los mayores desafíos científicos de nuestro tiempo: exoplanetas, cosmología, origen de la materia y energía oscura. El concepto actual es de un telescopio con un espejo primario segmentado y uno secundario de 4,2 mts. Para compensar el desenfoque de las fotografías estelares debido a la turbulencia atmosférica, se incorporará a la óptica del telescopio un espejo adaptativo sostenido por 8.000 actuadores que pueden distorsionar su forma mil veces por segundo. El telescopio será instalado en el cerro Armazones, comuna de Taltal, Región de Antofagasta. El lugar tiene una altitud de 3.060 msnm. y está situado a 130 kilómetros de Antofagasta y a unos 20 kilómetros del Cerro Paranal. European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) 3. GMT El Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) consiste en la construcción de un nuevo telescopio de US$900 millones en inversión, que promete revolucionar nuestra visión y comprensión del universo. Sus principales objetivos, una vez que inicie su funcionamiento en el año 2018, será buscar vida en otros planetas además de estudiar cómo se formaron las primeras galaxias, en qué consisten la materia y la energía oscura y cuál es el destino del universo. El GMT tendrá un poder de resolución 10 veces mayor que el telescopio espacial Hubble por lo que ofrecerá posibilidades extraordinarias para la astronomía, entregando aspectos del origen de la Materia Oscura, del origen de las primeras estrellas y galaxias primigenias, de los misterios de la formación de estrellas y planetas, evolución de las galaxias y el crecimiento de los hoyos negros. El proyecto GMT es el trabajo de un consorcio internacional que incluye a Astronomy Australia Ltd., Universidad Nacional de Australia, Carnegie Institution for Science, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Universidad de Texas Austin, Universidad de Texas A&M, Universidad de Arizona, Universidad de Chicago y Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute. Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) El proyecto se emplazará en el Cerro Las Campanas, comuna de La Higuera, Región de Coquimbo, a 2.500 msnm. Estará a 27 kilómetros al norte del Observatorio de La Silla y la ciudad más cercana al observatorio es Vallenar. 4. LSST 3 El proyecto consiste en la construcción del Large Submilimeter Synoptic Telescope, que 1 será diseñado, construido y operado por la Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc. (AURA Inc.), bajo una inversión de US$626 millones. El proyecto, 2 0 previsto para operar en el año 2019, será un nuevo tipo de telescopio con un espejo primario exterior de 8,4 metros de diámetro y uno terciario interior de 5 metros, fundidos en un mismo molde, además de una cámara digital que tomará fotografías del cielo cada 15 segundos. Tendrá un poder de recolección de luz entre los más grandes del mundo, podrá detectar R E U B C T O objetos débiles con exposiciones cortas. Su campo de visión amplio único le permitirá observar grandes áreas del cielo a la vez, y por ser compacto y ágil, podrá moverse rápidamente entre las imágenes. La cámara cubrirá 10 grados cuadrados del cielo con un área colectora de 40 metros cuadrados. Tomará más de 800 imágenes panorámicas cada noche, cubriendo así el cielo dos veces cada semana. Se espera que cada noche se generen 15 Terabytes de información, que a su vez generarán una base de datos de varios Petabytes. La velocidad de transferencia actual con fibra óptica no es suficiente para esta cantidad de datos, por lo que uno de los grandes desafíos del proyecto será resolver el problema de la transferencia y almacenaje. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) El proyecto se ubicará en el Cerro Pachón, comuna de Vicuña, Región de Coquimbo. Inversión de la Observatorio SOCIEDAD DE FOMENTO FABRIL - SOFOFA 2 Departamento de Estudios 5. CCAT El proyecto consiste en la construcción del Cornell Caltech Atacama Telescope (CCAT), un innovador telescopio de 25 metros de diámetro, cuyo principal objetivo será la búsqueda a gran escala en las galaxias extremadamente distantes, lo que pretende dar un mejor entendimiento de la distribución de éstas durante su formación y cómo se desarrollaron sus características. El CCAT, cuya puesta en marcha se estima para el año 2017 con una inversión de US$110 millones, estará destinado a la astronomía submilimétrica, combinará una alta sensibilidad, un amplio campo de visión y una amplia gama de longitudes de ondas, permitiendo inspecciones submilimétricas profundas, de grandes áreas y multicolores sin precedentes. Entre los objetivos más específicos, se encuentra el estudio de la formación de galaxias y su evolución a lo largo de la historia del universo, cúmulos de galaxias, formación de estrellas, discos protoplanetarios y restos de polvo en la Vía láctea, etc. Se espera que el telescopio sea una poderosa herramienta de búsqueda, trabajando 30 veces más rápido que los actuales dispositivos y con una sensibilidad mucho mayor.
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