Russian Slash Fiction Community As a Form of Social and Political

CEU eTD Collection

Russian Slash Fiction Community as a Form of Form of a as Community Fiction Slash Russian In partialIn fulfillment for the degree Supervisor: Social and Political Resistance Political and Social Department ofGender Sexual Dissidents: Sexual Central European University Assistant Professor Haldey Renkin Zaun Budapest, Hungary Palash IevgeniiaPalash Submitted to 2013 By

Master of Arts Genderin Studies

Studies

CEU eTD Collection sexual aggressive of structure hegemonic normativity and subvertin the confronting of way a dissidence, sexual side minor a being influential. and significant remain are which forms, in seen be could resistance how demonstrates project My sexuality. and gender towards attitudes a opposes community Russian countries, other forms. protest accepted traditionally and visible common, resemble doesn’t it though even resistance, sexual real of form a is it that argue will I unified, particular. in homosexuality a created this has women, by On homophobic. and heteronormative backgro increasingly remains discourse and public political Russian Contemporary normativity. sexual of field the in resistance political th In is

und, a virtual community dedicated to slash fiction slash to dedicated community virtual a und, and social of form a as community fiction slash Russian on focus I project MA - effect of media production, in Russia it is a form of contemporary online online contemporary of form a is it Russia in production, media of effect

hidden from hidden

g nationalistic and themoralistic, religious discourse. public space for a more flexible discussion about sexuality in general, and and general, in sexuality about discussion flexible more a for space

Despite the fact, that slash fiction community is community fiction slash that fact, the Despite

public discourse, performed by subaltern social groups, and groups, social subaltern by performed discourse, public My main argument is that slash community is far from from far is community slash that is argument main My Abstract i

complex

state , which is written is which , nie iia cmuiis in communities similar Unlike - imposed

regime of normative normative of regime diverse and not and diverse

predominantly predominantly

CEU eTD Collection in theof projectMoscow Conference the Slash organization andfor Spring tomy likeI wouldalso toexpressgratitude classmate, OlgaBurmakova project before long I did. enormous prophecy help, mainlyforhis the he but of for hasseen gift, thetrue potential I wouldlikesupervis tothank my

Acknowledgements or, Hadley Zaun Renkin,or, Hadley only not Zaun ii

for his dedication and for his , for her participation herparticipation , for - 2013.

CEU eTD Collection List References:of Conclusion Chapter 3.An Imaginary Subculture: (?) Slash Community Outside the Web Chapter 2.Slashers online: The invisible world Chapter 1. The Phenomenon Slash of fiction: Heteronormativity andthe Russian Context Introduction Tableofcontents: 3.6. Russian Slashers: “No One Talks About Us, Yet” 3.5. Homophobic Law: “It Be Used to Funny” 3.4. Breeding Slashers: Acquaintance and Inf 3.3. Heteronormative Slashers: anObvious Oxymoron 3.2. Slash Russiain 3.1. Terminological Matters: Subculture or Fan 2.5. Online Community: The Slasher’s Code 2.4. Brothers’ Romance: Incest andRelationship With Minor 2.3. Gender Binaries and Masculinity 2.2. Stories From Inside the 2.1. The Media Predisposition: What Slashers AboutWrite 1.3. Writing Slash in Post 1.2. Eroticized Content in Slash 1.1. Consumption vs. Production The Structure of Projectthe Methods/ Theoretical Framework

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Connotations, official website, access: http://www.connotations.org.uk/ website, official Connotations, http://www.randomadventures.com/constrict/ website,access: official ConStrict, http://slashcon.ru/ access: website, official con, slash Moscow Slash fiction i fiction Slash u touch stories Slash - all fiction fan (Ellen,2000).25% of between adults and minors are a common part of almost fandom. every part Elaborated of common are andminors a adults between . There are annual slash cons in Moscow in cons slash annual are There . - s written predominantly by women, a notable number of them are queers arequeers them of number notable a women, by predominantlywritten s hp. n h gnrl adm a saitc sos sah at usually parts slash shows, statistics as fandom, general the In shops.

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. the the In , CEU eTD Collection contesting beinwithout normativity, down. censoredshut and silenced, are being forms other whereterritory, Russian the resistanceon of of existence the signifies which sexuality. and gender on views alternative Russia, contemporary of territory the on community non invisible relatively a of exposure the in lies research my of significance environme social the to relation in considered weren’t development and existence its and viewpoint academic the from studied been never attitudes normative of regime a to counteraction hidden a is It forms. protest accepted traditionally and visible

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ves ves o CEU eTD Collection is a center of Matt Hills’ argument about fan cultures and their specialties. Hills talks about a about talks Hills specialties. their and cultures fan about argument Hills’ Matt of center a is agency. of form a is slash how demonstrates as project my for significant existen 5). 2008: (Boellstorff, being” virtual been always has being human culture, of prism the through virtual being in is It along. all “virtual” been have lives “real” our noses, very our under how, us show worlds virtual reallife; fromassumptionsborrow worlds onlyvirtual that not “Itprofoundly is is human: life book his In community.virtual the in navigation during behavior addictive or immersive an and it, on influence have to ability an group, the to belonging of acknowledgement the to simplified be could it for present they a are community which work, my crucial in its use I’ll omit terms to analyze also means Kim it & Koh since characteristic. accurate, not is practice liberating a as fiction slash about argument an building that shows rules of existence The community. slash inside rules and limitations existing the on emphasis an makes it since project, given the in communities find I 76). 2003: Kim, (Preece, rules and purposes common are which of main components, particular has community virtual a that argues who Preece cite also They 75). 2003: Kim, dedicated forums of number a or website, a instance (for boundary particular a within remains and cyberspace in created is that people between relations of set a as simply it define who Thompson, and Fernback by fea its and community virtual a of definitions various Young and Koh Joon 170). 1999: Gulia, Virtual community Virtual ce online. Now I would like to like would I Now

and a and

sense of virtual community virtual of sense

as a concept could be compared to the to compared be could concept a as this definition and description useful for my understanding of virtual of understanding my for useful description and definition this that we are human: since it is human “nature” to experience life life experience to “nature” human is it since human: are we that describe one describe to one theme) ( theme) one to Coming of age in secondagein of Coming more feature of slash community slash of feature more - Gul Kim refer to a number of scholars, who give who scholars, of number a to refer Kim Gul Fernback and Thompson, 1995, cited in cited 1995, Thompson, and Fernback 7 (2003: 76 (2003:

tures. The one I’d like to bring in here is here in bring to like I’d one The tures. - 77). If merged, all the e the all merged, If 77).

life life imaginary community imaginary Boellstorff claims that virtual that Boellstorffclaims 1999, 1999,

that is particularly is that Media production production Media cited in Koh & Koh in cited xplanations

due to its to due es of sense Koh & Koh CEU eTD Collection notions of repression of sexuality and our “r our and sexuality of repression of notions MattHills Scott, James andJeffrey Goldfarb. “invi resistanceand always have which gender, and sexuality touches it if especially politics, from inseparable is culture 230 2009: Kimport, (Earl& protest cultural” “purely a is groups fan and fans of activity offline even or online any that claim Kimport and Earl activism fan about article In important. politically and socially being concer argumentation and position my explain should I with, begin To opposition. ambiguous and complex of form a as understood be can relationship this how notallow UK, does sexuality. of narrative dominant the with relationship its is world the around communities similar other andit feelingprocessqueersupport inthis and of reading. praise non mutual com a with sharing for demonstration, for made it’s oneself; for made not is stories fan writing because online, fast so grew fiction slash why is This 523). 1988: (Butler, evaluated shared, useful The explanation. perform more even an at arrive we works, Butler’s in performativity by understood is what details more in examine and argument, his of source the to turn we If product. the of type the of fact mes implied an with consuming of way a as 159), 2002: consumption performative munity. This is how is This munity.

As I ment I As The central idea of my thesis is an idea of idea an is thesis my of idea central The en n h pltcl spotlight. political the in been While the world dominant narrative is also heteromormative, Russia, unlike U unlike heteromormative, Russia, also narrativeis dominant world the While - heteronormative perception of the media product, by creating a discourse around around discourse a creating by product, media the of perception heteronormative ioned in the Introduction, what distinguishes Russian slash community from from community slash Russian distinguishes what Introduction, the in ioned

sible” politics, which I will map out though the ideas of Michael Foucault, Foucault, Michaelof ideas the though out Imap will which politics, sible” and punishes and performative consumption performative gonig n oh utns n Jdt Bte’ trs ( terms Butler’s Judith and Austin’s Jonh on grounding , - 232). Inmyproje 232). ative

any objections to it in any form. form. inany it to any objections act

I’m building my own argument on the ideas about about ideas the on argument own my building I’m

has a spectator to beobserved,needshas it aspectator be to noticed, evolting” opportunity to talk about it out loud, as loud, out it about talk to opportunity evolting” ct I will contest this approach, since I argue that Iapproach,thissincearguethat contest I will ct 8

resistance

works with slash fiction slash with works sage in the process itself, by the very very the by itself, process the in sage . I will use Michael Foucault’s Foucault’s Michael use will I .

Now I will carefully outline I carefullywill outline Now ning viewing slash as as slash viewing ning –

by sharing the the sharing by S and S Hills, Hills, CEU eTD Collection transcript a of idea the to turn to like I’d it, do to order In society. Russian for important highly signifi and visibility between correlation the about questions evokes media mass by underrepresentation neitherslash is accidental norinsignificant. tha demonstrating Russia, in sexuality and gender around discourse public and community fiction slash the between connections the see to analysis my in argumentation imp that regime the in Russia, in sexuality around debate this in themselves view they how see to order in slashers and stories slash analyze will I them. contesting and norms of existence di the in already is always sexuality perspective such From 95). (1978: it from separated never power, to exterior never is resistance that claims he power, of component necessary a as se, per resistance of them break actually denynever they but control, of strings the feel theybecause slash write They norms. social to able is that minority a themselves consider authors where hypothesis, repressive 6 (1978: sensations development the of continuance coherent a its is slash perspective, and body the to reproduction from emphasis the moves that play power of shift another just is sexuality us that says He gives liberation. and progress it as enjoy we that myth a as repression this against revolting about 84 1978: (Foucault, acceptability” its of form general the society, our in negativeforce unified a as it see we since limited, extremely been always sexuality has and sex to relation in power of understanding our that argues He power. and resistance of understanding his as well oses homophobic attitudes as an obligation of a nation and each individual. I will use his his use will I individual. each and nation a of obligation an as attitudes homophobic oses However, invisibility of slash community for the majority of Russian society and its its and society Russian of majority the for community slash of invisibility However, , presented by James Scott. By hidden transcript he means “ means he transcript hidden By Scott. James by presented , cance. I will argue that despite this inconspicuousness, or rather, due to it, slash is is slash it, to due rather, or inconspicuousness, this despite that argue will I cance. , only subvert or invent new on new invent or subvert only ,

of censorship and prohibition: “Power as a pure limit set on freedom is, at least least at is, freedom on set limit pure a as “Power prohibition: and censorship of scourse of power, and slash is always simultaneously confirming the the confirming simultaneously always is slash and power, of scourse es

. While Foucault does not deny the omnipresence omnipresence denythe not does Foucault While . 9

within the framework of? the of? framework the within the discourse that takes takes that discourse the - 86). Foucault talks talks Foucault 86). t the existence of of existence the t - 7). From this this From 7).

a sense of of sense a hidden hidden CEU eTD Collection community, where homosexuality isaccepted online, an create they but exist, doesn’t homophobia where society, contains community the c not do Slashers normativity. and of understanding our change to potential texts immense the thought attitudes new establishing since useful, dif of idea an present not does even and society liberated a create not does fiction slash because Contestable find I 45). 2007: dramatically” (Goldfarb, freedom created society free a in lived one if as “Acting community: slash Soviet the to opposition symbolic the of p generally immense “an have the can community a to accepted, views opposing simply by that claims He system”. cultural “alternative the to similar somewhat notions, the for matter significant socialRussian reality. highly a is attitudes of complex alternative an as fiction slash non hidden such transcr of example peculiar a represents culture, fan general the from separated and media Russian by ignored being by fiction, Slash importance. political culture everyday remains andreal lesssignificant Hisideas not about any theofinfluence in realm sense. the of infrapolitics remain while public, in accepted those, contradict can that practices of consist hidden visible, and official is which transcript, public the Unlike 4) 1990: (Scott, powerholders”. by observation direct the beyond ‘offstage’, place ferent and opposing to the accepted type of sexual behavior. But Goldfarb’s ideas could be could ideas Goldfarb’s But behavior. sexual of type accepted the to opposing and ferent ipt of perception of media products. In my project I will argue that the existence of of existence the that argue will I project my In products. media of perception of ipt However, Jeffrey Goldfarb in his book “The Politics o Politics “The book his in Goldfarb Jeffrey However, a total revolution total a

–

ht niil pr o pltc, ht os’ hpe o te tet, although streets, the on happen doesn’t that politics, of part invisible that contradict Earl and Kimport with their more limited understanding of of understanding limited more their with Kimport and Earl contradict

, since most of the stories include the notion of homosexuality as homosexuality of notion the include stories the of most since ,

his argument contestable, but useful for the given project. project. given the for useful but contestable, argument his infrapolitics - imposed order in Poland appears to be applicable to applicable be to appears Poland in order imposed n udroe. ct cls hs hnmnn an phenomenon this calls Scott undercover. ing , and moreover,, and preferred 10

n the and

otential” for social changes. His description description His changes. social for otential” idn transcript hidden f Small Things” talks about the about talks Things” Small f imaginary, imaginary, .

, which he calls an an calls he which , - heteronormative but still real, still but reate a sub a reate - CEU eTD Collection

CEU eTD Collection the analysis, unlike the usual audio recording available during offline interview. I conducted conducted I interview. offline during available recording audio usual the unlike analysis, the for footage video contain and program a with recorded easily be can Interview home. at safe poss (exceptions usually he/she since respondent, the for way an First, method. convenient most a the in beliefs as and attitudes personal advantages reveals Skype via main interview individual few a had and Skype, via conducted were 10 intervie Individual observation. participant with joined Conference, Slash in structured, field re to turning before community, the of form online about information basic the obtain to chosen was fiction slash written the of analysis the with joined analysis This etc. studies law Russian new the non to dedicated in, interested particularly was I which “off contain frequently communities the of Forums stereotypes. and roles gender towards attitudes their community, Lordfandoms, suchPotter, as Harry theand RingsStar Wars. of (co general from Apart updated. frequently most and liveliest the selecting members, and visitors of quantity the discourse. political Russian to websites the from and livejournal.com i I part this For writers. slash of blogs popular diary.ru, on communities online lively slashfiction.ru), (fanfics.ru, Russian main as such sources, of number a through community se arch. Field part of the research was conducted through a combination of individual semi individual of combination a through conducted was research the of part Field the of traits specific the about information collected have I sources these From pa First parts. major several of consists research My DesignMethods/Research

- et itriw, 1.5 interviews, depth against the propaganda of homophobia, gender/sexuality articles and and articles gender/sexuality homophobia, of propaganda the against bnd wbie, tre t seii sah ests f h biggest the of websites slash specific to turned I websites, mbined) - 2 hours length, a focus group and a round table on the the on table round a and group focus a length, hours 2

, sexuality, sexual taboos, representation of gender of representation taboos, sexual sexuality, , 12 ntend to use discourse analysis, comparing texts texts comparing analysis, discourse use to ntend

I chose websites, blogs and forums based on on based forums and blogs websites, chose I - slash concerns, such as opinions on opinions as such concerns, slash ible) feels most comfortable and and comfortable most feels ible) t s h aayi o te online the of analysis the is rt

- speaking slash websites websites slash speaking ws in the number of of number the in ws - topic” sections, sections, topic” - CEU eTD Collection recorded, but even with the recording it’s hard to distinguish every separate answer to the the to answer separate every distinguish to hard it’s recording the with even but recorded, video was itself discussion The it. lost they anytime leave or join could interest, expressed slash on appeare process the and limited wasn’t participants of number the that was roundtable this conducting of complexity main The slash?” write we do “Why round The participants. of number the to due analysis my of part complicated most the represents roundtable My part. entertainment the intera during performances and contest their conference, the on community, presentations and questions discussions, slash the of gathering offline mass a of occasion rare a observe to chance a had I part. entertainment an and part conference the of consisted and andidentifying arefeminists, asinvolved activelyinthe feministactivism inMoscow. radical focus my of two that note to significant it consider I 26. 35, 30, 29, years.focus Myto 18 3 from fiction slash in interested been have they and years, 37 to 20 from varied respondents gender sh as female, one and male one male; as identifying female, one females; as identifying females, predominantly were respondents My previous. from features different with those to no trying characteristics, their could I than volunteers more thewidest rangeIapplicantsinterview,made in attemptevaluated tocover all thean and have got I Since goals. research my explaining interviewees, I project. my in participate regions Russia,metoMoscow notlimiting of citizens. Budapest from interviews my of most Participant observation was held during the Spring SlashCon, which lasted for one day day onefor lasted which SlashCon, Spring the during heldwas observationParticipant to desire their and respondents the of accessibility the by restrained was sampling My

o to pr i te open the in part took con e presented herself (I will describe this term in more details later). The age of the the of age The later). detailsmore in term this describe will (I herself presented e - group consisted of four people, all females, people, identifyi four consisted of group t to interview too many similar respondents, giving preferences preferences giving respondents, similar many too interview to t have create - pcd part spaced and Kiev, and my respondents were from different different from were respondents my and Kiev, and d

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lesbian stories). I am working with those fandoms, fandoms, those with working am I stories). lesbian 14

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15 ality matters I will use the first letter of the the of letter first the use will I matters ality

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- and offline and based stereotypes. stereotypes. based argue that argue

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dissidence,sexual which subverts the strict andauthoritarian public discourse 17

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CEU eTD Collection proceed to them, I would like to address a classic sociological approach by Pierre Bourdie Pierre by approach sociological classic a address to like would I them, to proceed particular. in fiction slash and fiction fan to applicable be it can and consumption a number offandoms. or fandom particular a with oneself identifying and reading watching, is activity consumption cultures, Infan casebrand, activity” 1995:consumption of 43). & or(Schouten McAlexander, self that society fandom slash a of description literature, thereasonsaround andthe very debate behind existence ofslash. homosexual eroticized write and read who women of phenomenon the investigate scholars merel not and agency of culture kinds particular perform fans pop extent what to to out figure to relation trying products, in cultures fan of place the on disagree scholars culture, popular of and production, and consumption between binaries the in lie fiction slash as phenomenon such and culture popular around debate whole the of issues key The discourse. contemporary on studies out mapping by reality social Russian into them inscribing communities, fan and fiction slash to connected rtczd homos eroticized cnue rdc. n h salr cl, hc cnen suis n ls fiction, slash on studies concerns which scale, smaller the On product. consume y However, the However, the for useful rather find I that term a invented have McAlexander and Schouten Con 1.1. fields scholarly the in questions existing the of outline an make will I part this In C theand Russian Het fiction: Slash of The Phenomenon 1. Chapter - sumption vs. Production eet o te ai o a hrd commit shared a of basis the on selects xa stories exual re is a debate between fan culture scholars about the very idea of pure pure of idea very the about scholars culture fan between debate a is re

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the significance the Before I Before u, u, CEU eTD Collection authors themselves and express their own views on the characters and the given story. It’s an an It’s story. given the and characters the on views own their express and themselves authors o your to change and it elaborate it, with engage to desire a and media” consume “merely to refusal consumption. already always are quasi its by short in activity, quite but tireless its …[]…, fragmentation its ruses, its by characterized and ‘consumption’ called kin different entirely “an describes he instance, For community. fiction slash homosexuality, theseemingly against male heteronormative, argument: his of example iconic an be can fiction slash think I 32) 1992: (Fiske, capital. cultural official the against frequently and no should culture popular the of potential creative the that argues He others. the all disregarding and homogenizing for and male) educated, (white, class particular a to consumption productive to restricted is consumption John 231). (1984: productiveclass dominant this performing and it with engaging product, particular a of selection conscious a that argues constantly he However, itself. productive ha doesn’t which consumption, pure as notion such no is there arguesthat Bourdieu 230). 1984: (Bourdieu, consumption” of field the of that production of fields the of that logics, independent relatively two of orchestration an of result consume the serve to endeavor conscious a of effect the nor consumption on itself imposing production of effect simple the neither is demand and supply of matching argument. broader a present to order in wn preferences instead. She claims that it brings fan writers the ability to become become to ability the writers fan brings it that claims She instead. preferences wn n h oiin f ahrn oebre (08 15 fnito wiig s s el a well as is writing fanfiction 185) (2008: Tosenberger Catherin of opinion the In to applicable are ideas Certeau’s De Michael how see could we perspective this From t be underestimated and Bourdieu omits all forms of production that thrive outside thrive that production of forms all omits Bourdieu and underestimated be t

users. users. And as users they are capable of agency instead of passive passive of instead agency of capable are they users as And Fiske criticizes Bourdieu for attempts to limit the ability of of ability the limit to attempts for Bourdieu criticizes Fiske - invisibility” De Certeau (1984: 31). For him, consumers him, For 31). (1984: Certeau De invisibility”

Bourdieu notes that: “In the cultural market, the the market, cultural the “In that: notes Bourdieu produce 19

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1984: 29). For instance, for a writer a a writer a for instance, For 29). 1984: In other words, their influence on the the on influence their words, other In f a slash fan in this paradigm? Does a Does paradigm? this in fan slash a f arn money and/or fame. Tactics are are Tactics fame. and/or money arn egies by those, those, by egies re already already re ss a little a ss CEU eTD Collection male relationship. homosexual to dedicated it’s since novel erotic female traditional from far fiction slash although women, someth is literature pornographic or erotic writing that claim women, class 829 working 2001: (Slade, targetingstudents and elite” “intellectual sorts, housewives, all of erotica created who writers, female to are these all of half nearly 1960 Since all). after phenomenon American an originally is (slash literature American erotic to references of merely consisting and Representation” slash of analysis further my of useful community. is which eroticism, given the of implications wo erotic specifically analyzed who scholars the to examples my down narrow will I mind in this with and insufficient, and superficial be would field vast this into dig to attempt Any scholarship. non non express already authors. female mainly by written content, pornographic even or eroticized highly the is particular in fiction slash particular. in production orderresort in general toresist totactics the ofsubversion ofproduction. strategy non a in products byseeing agency gainfans Slash it. perceive they how way,the to limited is product - - normative view onsexuality,isapublic statement. which pornography, instance) for heterosexual, (not normative o ei wt, hr i a eiin n he vlms ild Prorpy n Sexual and “Pornography titled volumes three in edition an is there with, begin To T non a of idea the to turn to like would I production, of idea the From 1 - .2. .2. Eroticized Content inSlash he analysis of female writ female of analysis he heteronormative way. heteronormative e’ litera men’s

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references CEU eTD Collection yet, you are constantly safe and distant, on the other side of the screen. Cumberland asked a a asked Cumberland screen. the of side other the on distant, and safe constantly are you yet, recognition, get you words, other In anonymity. and publicity cyberspace “a Cumberland paradox” it calls revealed. not is identity own their and audience, anonymous though accepting, is there where transgressive and “permissive to access got women reality, online as cyberspace Culture” Fan and Desire, Women, Cyberspace: female romance.homosexual isa male slashers for life desires/imagined the that fact the analyzed have scholars how demonstrate to like would I point this from However, life. imagined an of example classic a is romance the think I lives. own their upon stories these drawing keeps imagination their improbability, its realize they while and women, for narrative desired the creates that itself romance the it’s that argue als is it though even realistic, is story the that demonstrates thus It disjunction. their admits slyly and real, the and world fantasy its between distance the collapses simultaneously romance popular “…the fantasy: i the about ideas her with approach this complements Radway Janice 48). 44, 37, (1988: culture rape internalized and heterosexuality compulsory mainly offering features, such of roots the about conclusions strict any make to not tries She (Modles man the for dignity interests, pride, her sacrificing character female protagonist; attractive physically successful, masculine, characters; female of male between su them, in trends of number a spots Modleski books erotic women’s of editions published mass Romances Harlequin of analysis the introducing While Radaway. and Modleski literature: t turn to like h s opee eeoomtvt (oe f hm otis n hmsxa relationships homosexual any contains them of (none heteronormativity complete as ch In order to do this I’d this do to order In would I literature” erotic female “traditional/popular constitutes what understand To atos wo i a hruh xmnto o eoi ad oatc female romantic and erotic of examination thorough a did who authors, o o a literary fiction” (Radway, 1987: 192). She then proceeds to proceeds then She 192). 1987: (Radway, fiction” literary a o like to turn to a study by Sharon Cumberland “Private Uses of Uses “Private Cumberland Sharon by study a to turn to like –

22 the immanent mutually intertwined existence of existence of mutuallythe immanent intertwined

(2003). She argues that with an invention of a of invention an with that argues She (2003).

maginary and real narrative as a female female a as narrative real and maginary

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on writers, artists, readers. Not to strict, but still. (Interview with B, with (Interview still. but strict, to Not readers. artists, writers, on

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all these protests were numerously pointed out as incredibly significant by by significant incredibly as out pointed numerously were protests these all ke to bring Adrienne Rich’s argument on normativity and compulsory compulsory and normativity on argument Rich’s Adrienne bring to ke –

subcultures. The influence of subcultures and their social value to the the to value social their and subcultures of influence The subcultures. tances, drug use etc., here the virtual the here etc., use drug tances, hat slash is as important, as any other subculture. Stanley Stanley subculture. other any as important, as is slash hat 48 - scey Te an da f h ter i that is theory the of idea main The society. l 147). With her statement B makes a valuable valuable a makes B statement her With 147).

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ave gender and sexual stereotypes or misogyny, it is significant that slashers slashers that significant is it misogyny, or stereotypes sexual and gender ave

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