HIGHER NOTES 1 Graphic Types

2014—2015

ll graphic forms can be classified by the following terms: Preliminary, Production and Promotional A graphics. It is important you are familiar with each term and how they are applied across all features of the graphics industry. You shall have used many within several aspects of your school work to date, including within other subjects.

Benefits of using preliminary graphics—thumbnails, rough sketches and illustrations: his is the first category of graphic, T and as the name suggests these  They can be easily and quickly are used to plan how graphic design annotated to convey ideas These thumbnails allow briefs shall be answered. Their form  They are a good way of recording the designer to quickly jot varies depending on the area of ideas down ideas for layouts. graphics concerned, but always takes  They are quick to produce the form of quick, freehand sketches. Here are three examples from 3D mod-  Sketches are excellent ways to elling, 2D CAD and DTP: communicate ideas to a client.  They are produced cheaply—no expense is required for materials.

Preliminary sketches are ideally suited to helping plan out complex 3D modelling operations.

The sketches here show technical features such as dimensions and how the products fit together.

HIGHER NOTES 2

Graphic Types

Benefits of using production drawings; dimensioned orthographic views, exploded drawings, surface developments and hese graphics—as the name sug- sectional views gests—are used to produce the T  They are accurate and drawn to article in question. They must therefore scale be accurately dimensioned and in pro- portion.  They can be easily dimensioned  Technical details can be shown using a variety of drawing types

 Commonly required parts can be added to a library to be easily accessed and re-used.

 Because of the international This floor plan is a production drawing; standards applied, they can be it has specific dimensions and various understood and used by anyone items of detail and information are in- in the world. cluded.

 They can be used in promotional material to illustrate how products are assembled.

This dimensioned orthographic drawing is a production drawing; it has specific dimensions of the bottle which would allow it to be produced.

This exploded isometric is a production drawing; the parts list corresponds with the balloon numbers on the exploded views. This provides details of the model’s assembly.

HIGHER NOTES 3

Graphic Types

Benefits of using promotional graphics—posters, leaflets, web Consumer industry he purpose of these graphics is to pages, graphs, animations, bill- make the product attractive to the T boards, etc. consumer—in short, to sell the product. Various graphic techniques—both  They can be easily understood manual and computer based—are ap- by people with no technical train- plied to achieve this. ing

 They can show a customer what the finished product would look Construction and like property businesses  Images can be enhanced to make them more attractive to the customer

 They can be made to look more realistic than production drawings

 The same product can be styled to appear to a particular market.

Manufacturing/ engineer-  They can be drawn in perspective ing industry and rendered in colour to make elling or renting the property is an them realistic and attractive to cus- important part of any building pro- S tomers ject. This often begins before the building work starts. In fact, it is now com-  They promote the property on the mon to buy a new house before a brick market The wall display has been has been laid – think of all the new build  They are easily understood by the rendered from a pictorial houses in Livingston which are sold be- public because they are not tech- view. This allows a more real- fore they are finished. nical graphics istic and easy to understand The process of selling a new building is  They can be included in sales bro- image of it to be produced for known as marketing the property. This chures for customers a consumer. requires a special type of graphic known  They can represent the property in as an illustration. pleasant, mature surroundings – Illustrations are usually pictorial like trees, plants etc. which are un- graphics and they are vital to the mar- likely to be there at the building keting plan because: site when the property is being built. HIGHER NOTES 4 Drawing standards

he British Standards Institution (BSI) is a body which is responsible for a range Mandatory Signs T of standards controlling quality over many different areas of industry and elsewhere. Within graphics, there are several you must be aware of and understand. Blue circular background They are mostly concerned with Production Drawings, such as building plans and with white symbol e.g engineering layouts. Their purpose is to ensure uniformity and consistency eye protection must be across all material, and allow everyone concerned to understand the drawings and their intentions.

Safe Condition Signs

Green rectangular / square background with white text or symbol. E.g first aid, indication of direction. hese are symbols used within the construction industry to represent a T range of features which are relevant within this field. They are adopted so all architects, planners, engineers and tradesmen involved understand Warning Signs how the plans are laid out and what is required from them. Yellow triangular background with black band e.g risk of electric

Prohibition Signs

white circular background with red band and cross bar e.g

Firefighting Signs

FIRE Red square background with white symbol or text e.g fire alarm

Danger Identification

Used to identify the perimeter of a hazard. The stripes are black and luminous orange or yellow. HIGHER NOTES 5 Drawing standards

HIGHER NOTES 6 Drawing standards

Linetypes and dimensionsin practice

HIGHER NOTES 7

Drawing standards

t is important you are aware of the I various BSI line types used within graphics; both to accurately produce your own drawings and to interpret others. You will need to understand these line types for your final exam.

These symbols are used for dimen- sioning:

ø diameter

R radius square CL centre line AF across flats (Hexagons) AC across corners (Hexagons)

HIGHER NOTES 8 Drawing standards

HIGHER NOTES 9 Drawing standards

Tolerances

Title block Scaling This contains such information as drawing name, number, date, tolerances, scale and third angle symbol. This is important as it sets out the standards the drawing uses and ensures there is no ambiguity regarding the information it represents.

HIGHER NOTES 10 Views and techniques

Sections

Partial views Interrupted views

Holes

HIGHER NOTES 11

Views and techniques

hese views allow all three dimen- 45° T sions of an object, etc. to be seen. They are not known as 3D views, how- 1 Point Perspective 2 Point Perspective Oblique views ever as they cannot be turned around The front of the object is drawn as or manipulated as they are still ‘flat’ A more realistic perspective view, this time with These views show the true shape its true shape (looked at from a 90° views. Instead, they can be described two vanishing points. The drawing is usually of the elevation, with the breadths angle), and its other sides project off as 2½ D. They are used in many dif- started with a vertical leading edge at the cen- being projected back at 45° and to a ‘vanishing point’ on a horizon ferent situations to give a more realistic tre, and the ‘horizontal’ lines of the object going divided by 2. They are often used line. These sides are subject to and easy to understand view of the to either of the vanishing points. This form of pic- to show circular based objects as foreshortening—the effect that item, in a way which orthographic torial view is often used in promotional graphics the circle remains true, unlike iso- things become smaller as they are views may not. This is also beneficial for houses, etc. metrics where it becomes an el- further away. This gives the descrip- to communicate information to individu- lipse. tion of perspective. als who are not technically-minded or experienced in reading orthographic views.

Isometric views These views have vertical 30’30’ 60’ heights and the two ‘horizontal’ dimensions are angled at 30°. All the sizes of the object being Planometric views drawn remain the same from Exploded Isometric the orthographic view it is based These views always have a 90° corner at These views follow the same rules as isometrics, but on—ie the height is still the their centre, and the other two angles add involve 2 or more parts of an Assembly, which have same as are the length and up to 90° also. They can either be 45°/45° been separated in a linear way. This is known as an breadth. Isometric views are fre- or 30°/60°. They are frequently used to exploded view and can be considered to be the op- quently used to represent every- show the inside of rooms, but often outside posite of an assembly. They are used to illustrate the day objects and engineering/ features too such as gardens, etc. relationship between separate parts within an assem- technical parts to make them bly, and are often used in instruction manuals for fur- easier to visualise. niture, toys, etc.

HIGHER NOTES 12

Views and techniques

Sectional views These are used to show hidden The parts of the view which are features within the view—often not cross-hatched are parts of an assembly. They allow various the model which are ‘fresh air’. parts and edges to be seen as if the object has been ‘cut open’. They can either be sectional ele- vations or sectional plans de- The cross hatching in this sec- pending on the view required and tional end elevation shows the material which has been affected are labelled with the letters used by the cutting plane A-A. Note the by the cutting plane. different directions of the cross- hatching. This illustrates that there are two different parts which are subject to the section.

Assembly drawings These drawings represent more than one part which have been joined or connected to each other. They are widely used for many purposes—basically whenever different parts are assembled! Often, an exploded view is provided to make the assembled view easier to understand. An assembled view can be thought of as being the opposite to an ex- Exploded view of wall display ploded view—and vice versa! Sectional Views of Assembled wall display

HIGHER NOTES 13

Views and techniques

Auxiliary view

Stepped sections as the name suggests involve the cutting plane changing direction, instead of being in a continuous vertical or horizontal direction. This enables more complex parts to be sectioned fully, or a portion to be inspected.

Auxiliary views enable another direction of view to the component, etc. in question. They are often adopted as a means of inspecting sloping edges as the slope in question is viewed as a True Shape.

HIGHER NOTES 14

Geometric shapes and forms

Interpenetration of two cylinders.

Cylinders of different diameters, one at an angle.

This development show the hole in the large cylinder to allow angled

Symmetrical half development of small cylinder.

Interpenetration of two cylinders, both same diameter at 90° angle.

HIGHER NOTES 15

Geometric shapes and forms

he true shape and/ or length of an object can only be seen if one looks at the T surface at an angle of 90°. In your exam you can be asked to identify different true shapes of sectioned objects x°

he line of the man’s sight is f the wall has been rotated so the his view shows what the man T at an acute angle to the I man is seeing the ‘slope’ at an an- T would see if it was his position slope of the wall. That means gle of 90°. This means that he is which had changed in relation to the that he is not seeing the True seeing the true length of the sloping sloping wall. He is still looking at the Length of the slope. If you wall. Note that it is now a lot higher in slope at an angle of 90° so he is look- think of Pythagoras’ Theorem relation to his vertical height. ing at its True Length. It is this con- These well-known structures have you did in maths, you will re- cept—of looking at the object at 90° to sloping sides. Their true length member that this side is the the sloping surface— that you need to can only be observed as shown largest of the three in a right an- understand when identifying true by the graphic to the right.

True shape of sloping True shape of sloping True shape of sloping True shape of sloping surface surface rawing and identifying these surface surface D views requires you to use the same principles adopted to achieve the true length. In this case, it is the entire surface of the sloping face which is created, rather than a single line. So think of the third graphic above, with the man ‘hovering’ above the wall at an angle of 90° to the slope. Several

Cones Prisms Cylinders Pyramids

HIGHER NOTES 16 Layout techniques

Tone—this term describes lighter or darker versions of the same colour:

Warm Colours such as reds, yellows and oranges Tint: a lighter tone is a tint -(a colour mixed with olour is used extensively within all are also known as ADVANCING COLOURS because white) C areas of graphics. Different effects they appear to be closer to the viewer than other col- within the same layout can be achieved ours. A room painted in these colours would seem easily with the appropriate application of warm, but also feel smaller because warm colours Shade: a darker tone is called a shade - (a colour colour. make the walls look closer. mixed with black) It is important you are familiar with the colour wheel, the different effects col- Red/ orange Red/ ours have and how they work together.

Cool Colours such as blues, greens and violets have exactly the opposite effect. They appear to be further away, and are also known as RECEDING COLOURS. A room painted in these colours would appear cold, All colours are derived from the primary col- but also feel bigger as these colours make the ours—yellow, red and blue— and are a result walls look more distant. of mixing two of these together. This in turn pro- Yellow/ orange duces secondary colours—green, orange and violet. When a secondary colour is mixed with a Colours and Moods primary colour, a tertiary colour is produced. Blue/ violet Red: warm, exciting, dangerous, pas- sionate Harmony Orange: warm, happy, sunny Colours which are close to or next to each other on the colour wheel are said to be in harmony. Yellow: warm, happy, cheerful, bright, They harmonise with each other. They are har- sparkling monious. Green: cool, restful, fresh, calm, natural, quiet Blue: cool, elegant, sophisticated Purple: rich, pompous, regal Contrast Blue/ green Neutrals: Greys—natural, restful, ele- Colours which are opposite to each other on the colour Yellow/ green gant; Browns - natural, earthy, safe wheel are said to be complimentary. They are con- trasting colours. Black and white: dramatic, elegant, stylish, sophisticated

HIGHER NOTES 17 Layout techniques

Heatwave Heatwave

TEXT TEXT TEXT The use of line can be an important TEXT and effective technique to enhance a page. They can be used to connect parts of the layout, create emphasis on certain items and separate parts In top salons now In top salons now of the design from others.

This layout is quite disconnected—the text and the product are unrelat- The use of the two sets of lines brings repetition to the display, and links ed to each other and the different colours of the background appear the product on the right hand side with the text on the left. The lines also separate from the hairdryer. link both coloured parts of the layout together.

Heatwave Heatwave

In top salons now In top salons now

By simply applying two thin lines, the viewer’s eye is led along the page The wavy lines in this layout make it feel less formal and more vibrant from the product name to the slogan at the bottom right. The vertical line than the other two layouts. An impression of movement is created here passes behind the product, so linking it to the slogan and the light blue and again the reader’s eye is taken to the slogan at the bottom. element of the layout. This also brings depth to the display.

HIGHER NOTES 18 Layout techniques

As most layouts take the form of ZombiePhone squares and rectangles, it is effective to uses different shapes within the design. The use of circles for example, are useful for bringing contrast to a layout and creating visual interest. This is especially true if he product being advertised has straight edges, in this case a mobile phone.

The best hairdryer on the ZombiePhone market. Used by professionals, and now available to YOU!

This layout has is more vibrant and eye-catching as circles have been applied to it. The circles contrast well with the rectangular outlines of the phones and make them stand out more. The straight red lines have been replaced with wavy lines and this gives a feeling of movement and contrast to it. A change of font for the slogan further adds to the contrast in shape—it is less ‘straight’ than before and harmonises well with the circular shapes now adopted. The latest model in store Now! Order to ensure you get yours!

This layout is very straight and rectangular in structure. All the graphic items are in boxes, and the shapes of the product are also rectangular. The red lines further add to this feel, and the display is not very eye-catching or exciting. It lacks visual impact.

HIGHER NOTES 19 Layout techniques

White space White space does not need to be white; it refers to a blank area HeatWave! or empty space on a page. There are three main reasons for including white space in a layout:

 It calms a layout and makes a busy layout less busy. The use of colour can have a dramatic effect on the impact of graphic layouts. Col-  It can make an item in or near the white space stand out our combinations should be considered, more—it gives that item emphasis. and not just colours in isolation. Colours It can allow the reader’s eyes to rest. This is advanta- working together are what makes a differ- geous if the layout is busy. ence. If colour combinations are effectively applied, they can: ….Introducing the latest in styling technology: gives you the  Give visual impact to the layout look you DESERVE  Suggest a mood

 Unify a layout The application of colour combinations does not work effec-  Make a product stand out tively here—too many colours are used. The colours are in conflict with each other, and make the layout confusing to  Connect the product with a target read. It is also difficult to read the slogan at the bottom. market HeatWave! You should be familiar with colour theory, which is covered elsewhere in your notes.

This colour scheme predomi- nately uses tones of the same colour—blue. HeatWave! This unifies the display and contrasts well with the red of the product—so creating visual ….Introducing the latest in styling technology: gives you the impact. look you DESERVE The red of the product is used in the two items of text—this now becomes the accent col- This colour scheme only uses the colours of the hairdryer product. This means our. This unifies the display no ‘extra’ colours are used and they work well together to create a harmonious and also creates brand aware- feel. ness as it is the same as that of ….Introducing the latest in styling technology: gives you the The light grey of the flashbars is effective in giving depth to the layout and makes the hairdryer. look you DESERVE the product stand out. It is easier to see the slogan at the bottom now a single colour gradient has been applied to it. HIGHER NOTES 20 Layout techniques

Value

Mass

Texture

Holidays 2015!!

Practical This deals with the use of colour tones in a layout. Dark- woodworker er tones have a higher value and setting them against light tones makes a graphic display more dramatic. All items in a layout have a mass. A bold heading has a greater mass than a small sub-heading. Lines and colour fills add mas but thin lines bring a formal elegance, Craft fair while heavy blocks of colour can show monthly

Texture can be considered in two ways: Physical texture is provided by the smoothness or coarseness of the paper. Visual texture is the pattern in images such as the pattern of tree bark in a photograph.

HIGHER NOTES 21 Layout techniques

1. 2.

It is quite straightforward to understand HeatWave! and apply the principle of balance in a HeatWave! layout. BuSTYLE . Most layouts are based on a rectangular shape. If the advertised product is placed ….Introducing the latest in ….Introducing the latest in in the centre, there are two areas to fill— styling technology: gives you styling technology: gives you each either side of the graphic. the look you DESERVE Buy STYLE . the look you DESERVE In all good salons…. Layout [1] has been balanced symmetri- phone... In all good salons….

cally—if you divided it in half vertically, This symmetrical layout is quite difficult to follow, This asymmetrical layout is more eye-catching. As each side would be essentially the same. and text items are spread over the page. This can the text is positioned to the left and the graphic to the make it difficult to read the text and there is little ‘flow’ right, the layout ‘flows’ better. to reading the layout.

The Rule of Thirds If a space is divided into 9 equal rectangles, the four HeatWave! lines dividing the space provide focal points. If ob- BuSTYLE . jects are and text are placed here or close to these lines, a more visu- ally effective layout can ….Introducing the be produced. latest in styling tech- The points where the nology: gives you the lines cross are called im- look you DESERVE pact points, and these In all good salons…. are key areas to place important features. Some small alterations have been made here to further improve the layout. The text is grouped more together than before, the product has been enlarged and a shadow effect has been applied. The ‘HeatWave’ text has been reduced slightly in size and also moved to the left.

HIGHER NOTES 22 Layout techniques

Style Phone As layouts usually consist of different graphic items and text, it is important to connect these different elements together within the layout so that they appear linked and together.

Unity is achieved here by overlapping the image The same effect is achieved here by positioning The repetition of the thicker blue lines with black onto the text. This makes a physical connection the image over the lines outlines creates unity here. The use of a similar between the image and the text. colour to the graphic is also a unifying feature.

Style Phone Style Phone

Style Phone….. ….thethe ulti-ulti- mate in style. In shops now…... Style Phone

By overlapping the image onto all three areas of The three circles are filled with a similar colour to By wrapping the text around the image, the layout Colour, repetition and positioning of graphic are the layout, unity is achieved. Again, a harmonious the graphic. The repetition of these circles creates is unified and connected. used here to effect to create a unified layout. colour is effective in contributing to this effect and a unifying effect to the layout. the flashbar connects the text to the image.

HIGHER NOTES 23 Layout techniques

1. 2. Boost Boost

Fresh Fresh

For the winner in you. In all For the winner in good sports shops, fitness clubs you. In all good and selected stores now. sports shops, fitness Alignment is an effec- clubs and selected stores now. tive method to improve www.boost.co.uk www.boost.co.uk the structure of a layout. Good alignment makes This layout [1] is poorly aligned. The impres- Once guidelines are added to the display [2], a page easy to follow sion given is one of disorganisation, and it ap- one can see how poorly aligned the graphic and organised and pears messy and ill-structured. The image and items and text are. The guidelines illustrate helps make it neat and various items of text are almost scattered where alignment can be achieved with edges sharp. around the layout, and it becomes difficult to of items. take in the information.

This screenshot from Publisher shows 3. how using a layout guide and the 4. ‘Snap’ tool can effectively and easily Boost Boost enable alignment to be achieved in the display. Such a guide has been applied Fresh Fresh

to the layout in [3]. One can see how For the winner in you. In all For the winner in you. In all the edge of each item and text is good sports shops, fitness clubs good sports shops, fitness clubs and selected stores now. aligned with another. and selected stores now.

www.boost.co.uk www.boost.co.uk

This layout [4] has the guidelines removed and demonstrates how effective good alignment is to a display. Compare it with the original layout [1] and note how it is more structured and organised.

HIGHER NOTES 24 Layout techniques

As layouts are produced in a 2D format—usually a page—it is important to create an illusion of Depth. This illusion stimu- lates the layout and makes it If a pictorial view of the product is chosen, it ap- The same effect is achieved here by placing more eye-catching. There are Using the Drop Shadow tool in this instance pears to have more depth than a simple 2D view. the product onto a coloured shape. As green several methods to achieve an creates depth in the layout by making it appear Another simple method of creating depth in this is a receding colour, the effect is to push the impression of depth. that the product is standing out from a back- layout is the application of a single thin line be- hairdryer into the forefront of the layout— ground. hind the hairdryer, making it look as if it is closer which makes it eye-catching. than the line. HeatWave!

By applying an image as a background, depth is By placing the hairdryer in the forefront of the lay- By placing the product in front of the text, an im- brought to this display. It is important to consider out with smaller images of the same product next pression of depth is created and the hairdryer is the style of the background to successfully to it, an impression of depth is created. brought to the forefront of the layout. achieve this, and in this one a blue washed out colour doesn’t take away the emphasis on the hairdryer.

HIGHER NOTES 25 Layout techniques

This layout has no item achieving overall domi- BOOST nance; as it is advertising the ‘Boost’ drink then the bottle should be the main item the viewer notices. In this case, the bottle is As graphic layouts are often looked ‘swamped’ by the other features at hurriedly by a reader, it is im- in the display—the slogan and portant to attract their attention the athlete are perhaps the most quickly. If a page has no focal point noticeable features. The font or is generally bland, the reader shall size of the ‘Boost’ is almost the same as that of the slogan. ignore it and move on. Buy this As a layout may contain several phone items of text and graphics, a strong ….. focal point must be provided to cen- For the winner in you. tre the display around. This is nor- mally the graphic or photograph on Some simpleBuy changesthis have been applied here to the page. make thephone... product become the dominant feature and emphasise the product name: Dominance is when one item of the  The bottle has been enlarged and put off— layout stands out more than the oth- centre. This immediately attracts the reader’s BOOST ers. attention.

Emphasis occurs when one item is  The athlete has been reduced in size, and re- made more eye-caching. located to the top left corner. She still contrib- utes to the layout, but does not take over. These are the three rules of order to  The crowd silhouette has been faded slightly dominance in a layout: and put more behind the bottle—this is acting as 1. The main graphic or image a flashbar so giving the layout more depth and should dominate the layout. pushing the product forward. 2. The title, heading or product  ‘Boost’ has been underlined to emphasis the product name more effectively should be next.  The line at the bottom gives further dominance 3. Less important items should be to the bottle and leads the eye to the slogan— grouped and positioned effec- which has been reduced in size. tively to support this order.  A gradient fill has been applied to the background. This has the effect of making the items in the layout stand out more and not be over- come by the starkness of the original solid background.

HIGHER NOTES 26 Layout techniques

This promotional layout provides no occasions of contrast. The black text is almost lost against the PhonesYouNeed grey background. The page is aligned well, but the straight shapes of the phones and the coloured shapes give the page a very grid-like feel and nothing in particular stands out.

The purpose of a designed page is The widest selection of to grab the reader’s attention—this is especially true in promotional phones on the high graphics where the layout is compet- street. Now in stock: ing against other adverts and prod- The new Zombie ucts. phone! An effective way to achieve this is through the use of contrast— especially by comparing opposites. Opposites can be between colours, horizontal and vertical lines and between shapes—such as circles and This layout is different however. The display has a much more vibrant squares. feel to it; the red wavy lines contrast strongly with the rectangular PhonesYouNeed shapes of the phones, and by increasing the size of he main image and tilting it the phone grabs the reader’s attention. By applying a gradient fill to the flashbar the red text of the company’s name stands out more. The use of a circular background for the product infor- The widest selection mation contrasts with the straight lines of he product and flashbar of phones on the and grabs the reader’s attention. high street. Now in stock: The new Zombie phone!

HIGHER NOTES 27

With the rapid development of 3D modelling, great advantages have been provided to engineers, architects and designer. Basic models can be effectively ‘brought to life’ by a range of features within the software. Most 3D modelling programs have an in-built package to enable illustration—i.e. Inventor Studio—but there are many ‘dedicated’ packages which can provide even greater depth to illustration. Several core features are applied to a basic model or scene to make it attractive and realistic:

 Materials: metals, plastic and wood effects can be added to the model to give it different appearances.

 Lights: there are two basic types of light used to illuminate a model or scene. Global illumination lights up the whole scene, Focused illumination involves individual lights pointing at specific parts of the display—like spotlights.

 Reflections: these are used to add further realism to the illustration, and bounce light and surface details to other parts of the model or scene.

 Shadows: usually a ‘follow on’ effect from applying light to the display, it adds further realism to the illustration. The more focused illumination involved, the more shadows.

 Texture: added to material to give it further life-like qualities. It could involve characteris- tics such as a ‘rough’ look for example knurled metal.

HIGHER NOTES 28 Technology in Graphics

Information is INPUT into the computer via various forms of HARDWARE, the computer PROCESSES this information using SOFTWARE and the results are OUTPUT using HARDWARE.

Computers use a combination of hardware and software to Input to the Processing by Output from the perform tasks. Hardware is the name given to the physical system the system system parts of the system such as keyboard, monitor and printer. Software is the name given to programs which interact with the hardware, enabling the computer to perform its tasks. Storage within the system

Input Hardware Output Physical Electronic/

Mouse 3D Printer

Digital projector

Keyboard Monitor Laser cutter

Trackerball Computer

Laser Inputting Hard Copies Printer Drum plotter

Graphics Hard Copies Tablet Digital stills

HARD COPY is a paper Large format printer Flatbed copy of the information A Flatbed Inkjet printer scanner plotter HIGHER NOTES 29 Technology in Graphics

Software—the programs which allow the computer to do what you want it to—cover a huge range of functions. Most are dedicated to a particular role, but some programs have more than one feature—for example Inventor has a computer illustration feature: Inventor Studio. A comprehensive list is given on this page:

Word processing package e.g. Computer Aided Drawing Desk Top Publishing (DTP) 3D Modelling package e.g. Illustration and Presenta- Microsoft Word. This would be (CAD) package e.g. Auto- package e.g. Microsoft Pub- Inventor. This is used to pro- tion package e.g. Inventor used to produce letters which only Cad. This would be used to lisher. This is used to produce duce realistic 3D models of Studio. This would be used contain text. produce detailed technical a mixture of text and graphics, components, allowing changes to colour and render an ob- for example a magazine. ject or environment. drawings of some component. to be made easily.

Vector drawing Website building software Video editing software Spread sheets Photo editing software High quality vector drawings These allow the rapid creation of This software enables the user to Spread sheet programs usu- These packages allows the can be quickly produced. websites, and packages range in professionally edit pre-recorded ally have a feature which lets manipulation of previously There are many free pro- sophistication. videos. the user represent the data taken images. grams available. graphically.

HIGHER NOTES 30 Technology in Graphics

3D CAD—also known as 3D modelling - allows the user to produce virtual models based on sketches produced within the package or im- ported 2D CAD drawings. 3D modelling has several uses within industry:

Manufacturing Prototype ‘models’ of a design can be produced on the software and ‘tested’ via features in the program. This can be to simulate different areas of stress on the design or how it would react in various real-life situations. Computer Aided Manufac- ture (CAM) allows Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machines to produce physical parts. A result of this development over the years has been the replace- ment of many human workers with this automated system.

Production Drawings 2D CAD production drawings can be very quickly and accurately obtained from the 3D model. This can make it easier to produce these drawings than using manual methods or 2D CAD. Alterations to the model automatically update the 2D production drawing.

3D Printing The 3D models can be exported as standard tessellation language (STL) files to 3D printers and produced as physical prototypes. This allows basic models to be produced to provide a hand-held, tangible version of the design from the computer. The advantages of this are that the designer or customer can get a ‘feel’ of how the design shall exist in real-life, in a way that the computer version cannot do, no mat- ter how sophisticated the software is.

Simulation This allows the creation of required situations for training, testing design/ materials and predicting future events. This is generally cheaper than ‘real-life’ and safer too. 3D Illustration This improves the visual appearance of a 3D model, and some packages allow the user to interact and animate with the design. Most CAD packages have illustration features imbedded within them—ie Inventor Studio—but there are ‘stand alone’ products available which are solely devoted to the task.

HIGHER NOTES 31 Desktop Publishing

The advent of modern methods has had a major impact on the printing industry. Traditional methods Desktop Publishing (DTP) enables the production of magazines, newspapers, books, pro- were very labour intensive and large numbers of people were employed in various roles such as print motional literature etc. to be created on a desktop computer or laptop. The publishing in- -setters, labourers and engineers. The amount of semi-skilled workers has been reduced, although dustry creates these documents and the physical paper documents are produced by the there is now great demand for highly skilled operators as more reliance is placed on computer con- printing industry. The design is the result of the work of the graphic designer. trolled design and production. The new technology has also had an effect on the industry’s environmental impact:  Modern printing methods are more energy efficient than previous means. Graphic designers nowadays operate on a very flexible basis— work can be produced any-  Many publications provide an electronic or online edition. This reduces the amount of paper and where and any time using modern technology and sent to the office via the internet. ink required Modern DTP packages allow exciting and imaginative displays to be very quickly and easily  Most publications use paper which can be 100% recycled as a result of modern printing tech- created. The main benefits DTP software brings to the graphic designer are: nology.

 It is simple to make modifications to images such as colour, shape and formatting.  Modern inks are more environmentally friendly and less quantity is required. Inks are now based on vegetable oil rather than on petro-chemicals.  Further modifications to the design can easily be implemented on behalf of the editor or client.  The quantity of paper and inks required is digitally controlled. This reduces waste.

 The grid structure templates within DTP software enables designs to be created accu- Use rately and quickly.

 Design proposals can be sent to the editor or client electronically to save time. Their recycled responses can be returned this way. paper  The graphic designer can work from home. This saves travel costs and environmental Use impact of their journey. environmentally Publish online

friendly

inks As there is great competition among newspapers and magazines in the market and the cir- culation of most printed newspapers is declining, DTP provides many advantages to the industry:

 Proposals and final editions with full designs and images can be sent quickly electronically. These can then be forwarded onto the printer in this way.

 News reports can be sent from anywhere in the world email.

 The time it takes to design and publish a document is greatly reduced. Modifications can easily be made by the editor and sent to printer.

 Common features within a publication can be quickly produced via templates such as footers, running headers etc. Print in regional Allow some offices to minimise workforce to carbon footprint of Switch off work from home transportation computers

HIGHER NOTES 32 Desktop Publishing

Bleed Colour fill Column rule This main image bleeds off the printing area Contrast and harmony can be achieved by This column rule gives this page a and through the margin. This creates an in- formatting the text box appropriately. These more formal look, and separates Reverse two text boxes use a blue/ grey fill which formal feel to the page. these two sections. The body text colour is black. harmonises with the main picture, but con- The text of the subheading trasts with reds used in the headers. has been reversed, and the box filled with a darker colour.

Header SPECIAL FEATURE SPECIAL FEATURE This creates contrast and gives the page interest. This is called a running header, and appears on Excitement...what it is all about every section of the mag- Lead singer Tom explains azine. The song "Vlad the Impaler" was re- Heading leased as a free download for a period the Kasabian philosophy This introduces a separate of 4 days, as a preview for the album. section of the article. The promo video for "Vlad the Impaler" stars Noel Fielding of The Mighty Where do you Boosh.The album's first official single prefer to per- Tilt was the track "Fire", which was re- form? This image is tilted, which leased on 1 June 2009, and the song Scotland—the Headline catches the reader’s atten- "Where Did All the Love Go?" was re- crowds are al- The headline introduces leased as the second official single. ways up for it tion. It creates a modern the article. In this case, the The third single "Underdog" was used and go mental. feel, which will appeal to in the movie Takers (2010). bold fonts create emphasis, the youthful target market. and the reverse text on the On 14 June 2009, West Ryder Pauper Lead singer Tom Why do you hate some blue/ grey fill gives it visual Lunatic Asylum reached number one in Declaring war on the ‘dull’ music scene…. the UK top 40 charts, spending two other bands’ boring attitudes? impact. weeks there. West Ryder Pauper All rock bands have a responsi- Caption Lunatic Asylum was shortlisted for bility to live the life of a rock Gives information about KASABIAN the 2009 Mercury Prize, and was star—who wants to hear about Drop capital the image. named 'Best Album' at the 2009 Q Chris Martin’s vegan diet or the This larger first letter signi- asabian burst on to the British music strength to strength, becoming the Awards. The band won "Best Fratellis going to bed fies the start of the article. K scene in 2004 with the release of major attraction at festivals over the Group" at the 2010 Brit early? People want an Sub-headings The use of reverse also their eponymous debut album. Dis- years.As guitarist Serge says: “Oasis Awards. At the 2010 Q escape from the grinding These break up the large gusted with the clean living ‘non’ an- have gone. We are the biggest band Awards the band won the routine of life, and we’ll attracts interest. section of body text. The tics of the current groups of the time- inBritain now. Kasabian are to head- "Best Act In The World give them it! Coldplay, Keane, etc.—they vowed to line the Isle of Wight and Rockness Today". use of the accent colour Margin bring back some of the excitement festivals. produces a visual rhythm. The song "Fire" was used Margin—the space at the and glamour that had been sorely Favourite festival? as the Barclays Premier missing. They have since gone from side and bottom of the League theme song for T in the Park, or any page where there is no text or graphic. Page 6 Festivalseason.com Festivalseason.com Page 7 Page number (folio) Gutter Text wrap This separates columns, and As it suggests, the text wraps Cropped image helps to de-clutter the page. around the image. This is an image with the background removed. It creates a more interesting shape.

HIGHER NOTES 33 Desktop Publishing

Desktop Publishing Text formatting Justified text produces verti- A drop capital indicates the cal lines on each side. It gives start of the article and in- the text a strong visual shape, Text Text size is measured in dents the main body copy but can create unwanted hy- phenation and exaggerated Text is obviously used throughout a publication, and it is put to different uses to the satisfy points. next to the drop capital: particular requirements of the piece. Headers and footers appear at the top and bottom of word spacing. the page respectively, and give information , such as date, page, the feature concerned, Last year, the presence of the mighty etc. Headings and titles give an introduction to the article, and subheadings divide the 22 point bold text ast year, the presence Kasabian, global superstar JayZee article into smaller sections. Pull-quotes draw the reader’s attention to the article and cap- L of the mighty Kasabian, and even Madness kept up the festi- tions explain an image or photo. The main body of text is called body type, or body copy. 14 point regular text val’s reputation as one of the best. global superstar JayZee and even Madness kept up the festival’s reputation as Right-aligned text can look Typeface sophisticated and is often used for subheadings and Fonts are in two styles— serif and Bullet points can make the A hanging indent uses a sans serif. piece more ‘snappy’, especial- drop capital, but indents the Last year, the presence of the mighty Kasabian, global super- rest of the column under- star JayZee and even Mad- S neath: ness kept up the festival’s rep- M H S M H S ROOMS L ast year, the presence utation as one of the best. Serifs of the mighty Kasabian, global superstar JayZ- Serif text—they have a line Sans serif—a typeface  En suite WC ee and even Madness crossing or tail between the without serifs. Centred text creates a  Sky TV kept up the festival’s symmetrical column of text, two free ends of the stroke. This creates a less serious, reputation as one of but is difficult to read and This creates a serious/ formal look and is often used Last year, the presence of for the body text in quality the mighty Kasabian, An indent is a good way of Left-aligned text can make global superstar JayZee signifying the beginning of a the publication appear more and even Madness kept sophisticated. It is the most up the festival’s reputation Examples of fonts This year’s T in the Park Last year, the presence of Text wrapping allows text Times New Roman Arial Arnold Bocklin may have one of the lowest the mighty Kasabian, global to be placed around an im- Baskerville Old Face key line ups in recent years, superstar JayZee and even Europa Gospel with few major stars of note. Madness kept up the festi- Century Schoolbook val’s reputation as one of Last year, the pres- Last year, the presence ence of the mighty Serif fonts Sans serif fonts Fun fonts of the mighty Kasabian, Kasabian, global global superstar JayZee superstar JayZee and even Madness kept up and even Madness kept up the Contrast can be created in a publication by using a sans serif font for the title, and a festival’s reputation as one of serif font for the main body text. A good ‘rule of thumb’ when deciding on font styles is the best. keep it simple - use 1 sans serif font for headings, subheadings and captions, and 1 HIGHER NOTES 34 Desktop Publishing

Text/Typeface/Font There are different ways of organizing text which are used globally. This is referred to justification or alignment.

Aligned Left Aligned Right Justified Centered Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, con- consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do consectetur adipisicing elit, sed consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do sectetur adipisicing elit, sed do ei- eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut eiusmod tempor incididunt ut usmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud enim ad minim veniam, quis enim ad minim veniam, quis minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci- exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut nostrud exercitation ullamco nostrud exercitation ullamco tation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea ex ea commodo consequat. commodo consequat. commodo consequat.

Guidelines Copy/cut/paste Handles Handles are the parts Guidelines are guides which you access via your When you take an image/piece of which appear when you rulers on you page. They act as a guideline for text etc. and copy it from one place select an image. By aligning images/text etc. to another. Cut is when you delete moving these you can something from its original location You can select Snap to Guidelines which will allow manipulate the image in and paste it somewhere else. your image to automatically jump to meet with many ways i.e. changing guidelines you have positioned on the page Shortcuts: Ctrl C / Ctrl X / Ctrl C the size or rotating an image. Text Box Colour Fill This is when you take a shape with an outline A text box is what you and fill it in with a colour this is shown in the would insert into a page in images below. order to in out text into your document. It should look something like the image shown Before col- After colour HIGHER NOTES 35 Desktop Publishing

Cropping

Cropping is a tool which allows you to delete unwanted parts of an image. You can crop an image by pulling in the sides or by cropping around the outline of the shape as shown in the second cropped image Transparency When you make an image/text/ block of colour etc. 'see-through' so that you can see anything positioned behind

Cropped Image Cropped Image

Original image

Rotate

Rotate is when an image is rotated like the beach ball shown in the second image. You can rotate an image/text to any specific angle you wish Text Wrap When you alter text to wrap around an image or shape

Drop Shadow

When you make an image/text/ block of colour etc. 'see-through' so that you can see anything posi- Original image Rotated image tioned behind

HIGHER NOTES 36 Desktop Publishing

Register marks and crop marks Thumbnails The desired layout page is usually printed within a sheet of larger paper than what is required. For example, an A4 page shall be on an A3 sheet.

These are the PRELIMINARY graphics one uses to plan out and consider different layouts for the DTP brief. A development of ideas should occur and the quick sketches should be well annotated— comments reflecting the designer’s thoughts. Register marks: When printing an image that has more than one colour, it is necessary to print each colour separately and ensure each colour overlaps the others precisely. If this is not done, the finished image will look fuzzy, blurred or "out of register" (see image to right). To help line the colours up correctly, a system of reg- Proof (pre-press) istration is necessary.

Exaggerated example of a mismatch of CMYK registration An example of registration misalignment, note the cyan and magenta plates are not in the exact place. Also halftones are visible on the top area.

A commonly used registration mark. Although it seems This is the proposal submitted to the client by the printer before a black in colour the actual full run commences. This gives the client the opportunity to assess value should be its suitability before it is printed. A hard proof involves a paper copy C=100,M=100,Y=100,K=100 and a soft proof is via electronic means.

HIGHER NOTES 37 Desktop Publishing

Vector Made up of individual scalable objects, which are defined by mathematical equations, which allows them to render at the highest quality. Objects may consist of lines, curves and shapes with editable attributes such as colour, fill and outline. An object can be modified by shaping and transforming using nodes and handles. Bitmap Also known as raster images. Made up of pixels in a grid. Each pixel contains specific colour information. A pixel is minutely small, a single image may be composed of thousands of individual pixels. These pixels are only clearly and individually visible when the image is magnified

Two advantages a Vector image has in comparison to a Bitmap image. Vector images can be scaled, skewed, stretched without losing their quality. A Vector image can also be manipulated without losing its quality. The same can not be said of Bitmap, which, when scaled will lose its original map of bits. Vector image: • Scalable. • Has no background. • Resolution independent. • Unsuitable for photo realistic images. Bitmap image: • Restricted to rectangle. • Quality is reduced when resized. • Made up of pixels in a grid.

HIGHER NOTES 38

Computer aided design and draughting

Using CAD as a software package involves some of the risks associated with any computer systems, such 2D CAD can basically be considered as being a computer version of a manual drawing board and as: is used extensively in the architectural, engineering and construction industries. It also forms the basis for producing 3D models. By applying on-screen commands the user can quickly, easily and  The initial cost of a computer system is high, as is the cost of retraining staff that are used to pro- accurately produce high-quality 2D drawings of the required format. ducing drawings by traditional methods. 2D CAD packages bring several advantages to the process. In addition to increased SPEED and  It takes time to convert existing paper drawings over to an electronic format, although scanners ACCURACY of production, the drawings can be easily EDITED, STORED and TRANSFERRED can help with this. immediately around the world via the internet. 2D CAD also provides the user with several fea-  Loss of material can occur due to computer viruses and power failures. tures which are unique to this medium:  Possible theft of materials is more common with a CAD system.

By applying a grid template to the drawing, the user can ‘Snap to grid’ - this means that each point and line on the drawing is joined to a pre-determined format. The size and style of the grid can be set before drawing and this allows greater accuracy and speed of production. It can be compared with the drawing instruments used with the manual A CAD drawing is made up of individual ‘layers’, with each layer providing a different drawing board such as the rule, set squares and T-squares. line type or ‘element’ of the drawing. This allows that layer to be isolated and edited/ Isometric Ortho grid Ortho applied to the drawing. For example, within a large floor plan the electrical, plumbing or heating systems can be displayed individually so allowing that information to be easily available to the individual required without the drawing becoming ‘cluttered’ with ex- cess detail.

Displays a 30’ grid on Displays a grid on the Restricts the movement screen which makes screen to any desired of the cursor to horizon- isometric drawing easi- spacing. This makes or- tal and vertical move- er and more accurate. thographic drawing easi- ment only. This makes er and more accurate. orthographic projection

This allows the user to insert previously drawn and saved parts into a new drawing. All the layers in the CAD drawing have now The advantage of this feature is that each part is UNIFORM (BSI symbols, etc.) and been turned off, apart the centre lines. This does not have to be redrawn each time it is required. The library feature allows newly can be done with any layer in the drawing. drawn parts to be saved for future use and multiple users can add to and access the library.

HIGHER NOTES 39

Computer aided design and draughting

Trim, extend and break

Trims the end off a line These CAD commands are taken from 2D Auto- trim

CAD, but all can be used within the sketching Makes a line longer mode of 3D Modelling packages, including Inven- extend tor. They are all designed to make the drawing of Removes a section from the middle of a line material as easy and efficient as possible for the user. break

Fillet and chamfer Rectangle/box Circle and arc Ellipse Dimension Ring Array Box Array Text

Allows Fillet Chamfer text to be en- Rounds (fillets) cor- Draws squares and Draws circles and Draws circles and Automatically measures then Creates a circular Creates a rec- tered in a va- ners; rectangles accu- arcs accurately and arcs accurately and dimensions chosen parts of a arrangement from tangular ar- riety of fonts rately and quickly quickly quickly Angles (chamfers) drawing. copied objects. rangement and sizes corners from copied objects. Mirror Copy Rotate Scale Line types

0.5 Allows any BSI line types to be used in the drawing.

Copies and posi- Turns an object to any This changes the sizes Creates a mirror image copy tions without having angle required. of objects. of an object Layers Zoom Erase Enlarges view so that Allows a complex drawing to be built small details appear up in several layers to make it easier bigger and are easier to to work on. work on.

Erases selected lines or areas from a drawing

HIGHER NOTES 40

Computer aided design and draughting

These are the tool you use within SKETCH MODE to produce the initial component before it becomes a MODEL. Line

Rectangle Ellipse Circle

Circular pattern Trim Extend

Mirror Offset Rectangular pattern

HIGHER NOTES 41

Computer aided design and draughting

Constraints are intended to make the initial sketch quicker and easier to produce.

HIGHER NOTES 42

Computer aided design and draughting These are the functions which transform the sketch into the 3D model.

Revolve

Extrusion

Loft Modelling techniques

Sweep

HIGHER NOTES 43

Computer aided design and draughting

Shell These three edits are known as BOOLEAN functions, and are a basic way to change a model and build others.

Fillet Add

Subtraction

Chamfer

Intersection

HIGHER NOTES 44

Computer aided design and draughting

These edits are used to quickly change an existing model’s features into more complex forms.

Mirror

Circular pattern/ array

Rectangular pattern/ array

HIGHER NOTES 45

Computer aided design and draughting

Feature Profile Sketch

Face Edge Axis Work Plane

HIGHER NOTES 46

Computer aided design and draughting

Assembly Suppress

Component

This is a single part, either Assemblies can become complicated as more compo- within an assembly or on its This is when 2 or more components are nents are added. The SUPPRESS function can toggle own. joined together to form a larger overall a component’s visibility on/ off to enable other compo- body. nents to be seen more effectively. In the image above, the red plastic front of the caterpillar toy has been suppressed to enable the interior to be inspected. Sub– assembly

Assemblies may consist of a lot of frequently used components which are themselves assembled together. To make the overall assembly easier and quicker to work with, SUB- ASSEMBLIES may be adopted. In this example, a sub-assembly of the vertical rods and the caterpillar body parts has been put into the overall toy assembly.

HIGHER NOTES 47

Computer aided design and draughting

Mate—centre axis Mate

Align Offset

Tangent Tangent

HIGHER NOTES 48

Computer aided design and draughting

Solid model

Library of components

This is the most commonly used view for modelling and enables surface textures and material to be applied.

Wire frame model

Modelling tree

Frequently used components can be accessed in a library; this saves time and ensures that all components are of the This modelling view only shows the edges same standard. This may be within the user’s local system of the model and can be useful to show the or from the internet internal features of an assembly.

HIGHER NOTES 49

Computer aided design and draughting

A STEP file enables 3D Models produced in one program—such as SOLIDWORKS—to be AutoCAD DXF (Drawing Interchange Format, or used in another (i.e. Inventor). Usually a model Drawing Exchange Format) is a CAD data file produced in one would be INCOMPATIBLE with [ format developed by Autodesk for enabling data another program, but saving it as a STEP file interoperability between AutoCAD and other pro- ensures COMPATIBILITY. grams. The image here shows an AutoCAD The image here shows STEP files which you drawing which has been converted to DXF to be were required to use for your Higher Assign- input into a laser cutter to produce the physical ments. model.

©R. McCluskey The GRABCAD website also enabled previously produced models to be input into your environment. Remember that it was only STEP files which could be utilised, as some were produced on other CAD programs such as Solidworks. Solidworks files are incompatible with Inventor.

3DS is one of the file formats used by the Autodesk 3ds Max 3D modelling, animation and rendering software.

This enables files to be transferred be-

HIGHER NOTES 50

Computer aided design and draughting Top down modelling This is when two separate entities are produced from Modelling plan an existing, initial model. The advantages to this are that the two parts fit together exactly, and time is saved as just one model is required to be produced initially rather than two separate halves. This image illustrates two separate parts of a speaker case which have been produced from the initial whole

Preliminary sketches are ideally suited to helping plan out complex 3D modelling operations.

Bottom up modelling

Your Higher assignments were produced using bottom up modelling, whether it was the drawer runner, castor wheel or knock down fittings. This allows more complex models to be produced from an initial, rela- tively simple parts. Sub assemblies are often used within bottom-up modelling.

HIGHER NOTES 51