HIGHER NOTES 1 Graphic Types

2014—2015 HIGHER NOTES 1 Graphic Types ll graphic forms can be classified by the following terms: Preliminary, Production and Promotional A graphics. It is important you are familiar with each term and how they are applied across all features of the graphics industry. You shall have used many within several aspects of your school work to date, including within other subjects. Benefits of using preliminary graphics—thumbnails, rough sketches and illustrations: his is the first category of graphic, T and as the name suggests these They can be easily and quickly are used to plan how graphic design annotated to convey ideas These thumbnails allow briefs shall be answered. Their form They are a good way of recording the designer to quickly jot varies depending on the area of ideas down ideas for layouts. graphics concerned, but always takes They are quick to produce the form of quick, freehand sketches. Here are three examples from 3D mod- Sketches are excellent ways to elling, 2D CAD and DTP: communicate ideas to a client. They are produced cheaply—no expense is required for materials. Preliminary sketches are ideally suited to helping plan out complex 3D modelling operations. The sketches here show technical features such as dimensions and how the products fit together. HIGHER NOTES 2 Graphic Types Benefits of using production drawings; dimensioned orthographic views, exploded drawings, surface developments and hese graphics—as the name sug- sectional views gests—are used to produce the T They are accurate and drawn to article in question. They must therefore scale be accurately dimensioned and in pro- portion. They can be easily dimensioned Technical details can be shown using a variety of drawing types Commonly required parts can be added to a library to be easily accessed and re-used. Because of the international This floor plan is a production drawing; standards applied, they can be it has specific dimensions and various understood and used by anyone items of detail and information are in- in the world. cluded. They can be used in promotional material to illustrate how products are assembled. This dimensioned orthographic drawing is a production drawing; it has specific dimensions of the bottle which would allow it to be produced. This exploded isometric is a production drawing; the parts list corresponds with the balloon numbers on the exploded views. This provides details of the model’s assembly. HIGHER NOTES 3 Graphic Types Benefits of using promotional graphics—posters, leaflets, web Consumer industry he purpose of these graphics is to pages, graphs, animations, bill- make the product attractive to the T boards, etc. consumer—in short, to sell the product. Various graphic techniques—both They can be easily understood manual and computer based—are ap- by people with no technical train- plied to achieve this. ing They can show a customer what the finished product would look Construction and like property businesses Images can be enhanced to make them more attractive to the customer They can be made to look more realistic than production drawings The same product can be styled to appear to a particular market. Manufacturing/ engineer- They can be drawn in perspective ing industry and rendered in colour to make elling or renting the property is an them realistic and attractive to cus- important part of any building pro- S tomers ject. This often begins before the building work starts. In fact, it is now com- They promote the property on the mon to buy a new house before a brick market The wall display has been has been laid – think of all the new build They are easily understood by the rendered from a pictorial houses in Livingston which are sold be- public because they are not tech- view. This allows a more real- fore they are finished. nical graphics istic and easy to understand The process of selling a new building is They can be included in sales bro- image of it to be produced for known as marketing the property. This chures for customers a consumer. requires a special type of graphic known They can represent the property in as an illustration. pleasant, mature surroundings – Illustrations are usually pictorial like trees, plants etc. which are un- graphics and they are vital to the mar- likely to be there at the building keting plan because: site when the property is being built. HIGHER NOTES 4 Drawing standards he British Standards Institution (BSI) is a body which is responsible for a range Mandatory Signs T of standards controlling quality over many different areas of industry and else- where. Within graphics, there are several you must be aware of and understand. Blue circular background They are mostly concerned with Production Drawings, such as building plans and with white symbol e.g engineering layouts. Their purpose is to ensure uniformity and consistency eye protection must be across all material, and allow everyone concerned to understand the drawings and their intentions. Safe Condition Signs Green rectangular / square background with white text or symbol. E.g first aid, indication of direction. hese are symbols used within the construction industry to represent a T range of features which are relevant within this field. They are adopted so all architects, planners, engineers and tradesmen involved understand Warning Signs how the plans are laid out and what is required from them. Yellow triangular background with black band e.g risk of electric Prohibition Signs white circular background with red band and cross bar e.g Firefighting Signs FIRE Red square background with white symbol or text e.g fire alarm Danger Identification Used to identify the perimeter of a hazard. The stripes are black and luminous orange or yellow. HIGHER NOTES 5 Drawing standards HIGHER NOTES 6 Drawing standards Line types and dimensions in practice HIGHER NOTES 7 Drawing standards t is important you are aware of the I various BSI line types used within graphics; both to accurately produce your own drawings and to interpret oth- ers. You will need to understand these line types for your final exam. These symbols are used for dimen- sioning: ø diameter R radius square CL centre line AF across flats (Hexagons) AC across corners (Hexagons) HIGHER NOTES 8 Drawing standards HIGHER NOTES 9 Drawing standards Tolerances Title block Scaling This contains such information as drawing name, number, date, tolerances, scale and third angle symbol. This is important as it sets out the standards the drawing uses and ensures there is no ambiguity regarding the information it represents. HIGHER NOTES 10 Views and techniques Sections Partial views Interrupted views Holes HIGHER NOTES 11 Views and techniques hese views allow all three dimen- 45° T sions of an object, etc. to be seen. They are not known as 3D views, how- 1 Point Perspective 2 Point Perspective Oblique views ever as they cannot be turned around The front of the object is drawn as or manipulated as they are still ‘flat’ A more realistic perspective view, this time with These views show the true shape its true shape (looked at from a 90° views. Instead, they can be described two vanishing points. The drawing is usually of the elevation, with the breadths angle), and its other sides project off as 2½ D. They are used in many dif- started with a vertical leading edge at the cen- being projected back at 45° and to a ‘vanishing point’ on a horizon ferent situations to give a more realistic tre, and the ‘horizontal’ lines of the object going divided by 2. They are often used line. These sides are subject to and easy to understand view of the to either of the vanishing points. This form of pic- to show circular based objects as foreshortening—the effect that item, in a way which orthographic torial view is often used in promotional graphics the circle remains true, unlike iso- things become smaller as they are views may not. This is also beneficial for houses, etc. metrics where it becomes an el- further away. This gives the descrip- to communicate information to individu- lipse. tion of perspective. als who are not technically-minded or experienced in reading orthographic views. Isometric views These views have vertical 30’30’ 60’ heights and the two ‘horizontal’ dimensions are angled at 30°. All the sizes of the object being Planometric views drawn remain the same from Exploded Isometric the orthographic view it is based These views always have a 90° corner at These views follow the same rules as isometrics, but on—ie the height is still the their centre, and the other two angles add involve 2 or more parts of an Assembly, which have same as are the length and up to 90° also. They can either be 45°/45° been separated in a linear way. This is known as an breadth. Isometric views are fre- or 30°/60°. They are frequently used to exploded view and can be considered to be the op- quently used to represent every- show the inside of rooms, but often outside posite of an assembly. They are used to illustrate the day objects and engineering/ features too such as gardens, etc. relationship between separate parts within an assem- technical parts to make them bly, and are often used in instruction manuals for fur- easier to visualise. niture, toys, etc. HIGHER NOTES 12 Views and techniques Sectional views These are used to show hidden The parts of the view which are features within the view—often not cross-hatched are parts of an assembly. They allow various the model which are ‘fresh air’.

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