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Entrepreneurial Success: an Integrative ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS: AN INTEGRATIVE STUDY OF TEAM CLIMATE FOR INNOVATION, GROUP REGULATORY FOCUS, INNOVATION PERFORMANCE, AND SUCCESS By PAUL D. JOHNSON Bachelor of Arts in Zoology University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 1999 Master of Business Administration University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 2004 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May, 2010 ENTREPRENEURIAL SUCCESS: AN INTEGRATIVE STUDY OF TEAM CLIMATE FOR INNOVATION, GROUP REGULATORY FOCUS, INNOVATION PERFORMANCE, AND SUCCESS Dissertation Approved: Dr. J. Craig Wallace Dissertation Advisor Dr. Debra Nelson Dr. Mark Gavin Dr. Todd Arnold Dr. A. Gordon Emslie Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not ‘Eureka!’, but ‘That’s funny …’ - Isaac Asimov Looking back, I’ve had a number of ‘That’s funny’ moments which have conspired to lead me to this point. Most such moments involved excessive kindness, understanding, and generosity from friends, family, and acquaintances for which I am indebted. However, some people are owed special mention because of their extraordinary effect on my life. First, thanks Mom and Dad for your love and support through this and everything else I’ve done. It is easy to reach for the stars when you’re sure of your footing and I’ve never once doubted that you were my bedrock. I couldn’t have done it without you and the rest of the family. Thank you Karen, Kyle, Kaden, Kana, Karian, Kyson, Ninnie, Chad, Mallory, Brody, Daniel, Courtney, and Angela. I love you all. I also thank my friends and colleagues, Lance, Joel, Aaron, Jason, Janaki and Laura for creating an environment where success, hard work and collaboration was the norm rather than the exception. You’re good people and I’m proud to know you. Thanks also the faculty at OSU, my committee, and Dr. Wallace in particular. Through your guidance and mentoring I’ve become a better educator, researcher and person. Finally, and most importantly, to my wife Amy. I could never have done this without you. You earned this Ph.D. every bit as much as I did by enduring the long hours, crankiness, absence, and uncertainty. Thank you for putting up with all of that and more. I love you and I hope you enjoy retirement. Finally, in order to have something nerdy in this manuscript, “De chelonian mobile.” iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................5 Entrepreneurial Success ..............................................................................................5 Innovation and Entrepreneurship ................................................................................7 Innovation Performance ..............................................................................................8 Innovation Climate ....................................................................................................11 Regulatory Focus .......................................................................................................16 Collective Regulatory Focus .....................................................................................20 Climate for Innovation as an Antecedent of Collective Regulatory Focus ...............27 Collective Regulatory Focus →Innovation Performance and Entrepreneurial Success ......................................................................................................................28 Interactions of Collective Regulatory Foci on Innovation Performance and Entrepreneurial Success ............................................................................................30 III. CURRENT INVESTIGATION ...................................................................................34 Predictors of Entrepreneurial Success ....................................................................36 Predictors of Collective Regulatory Focus ...............................................................37 Collective Regulatory Focus as a Predictor of Innovation Performance and Entrepreneurial Success ............................................................................................39 Interactions of Regulatory Foci on Innovation Performance and Entrepreneurial Success ......................................................................................................................41 Collective Regulatory Focus as a Mediator ..............................................................43 IV. METHODS ..................................................................................................................45 Participants ................................................................................................................45 Design and Procedure ................................................................................................46 Measures ....................................................................................................................47 Analysis .....................................................................................................................49 iv Chapter Page V. RESULTS .....................................................................................................................59 Psychometrics ............................................................................................................60 Assessment of Aggregation .......................................................................................64 Hypothesis Testing ...................................................................................................66 Supplementary Analysis ............................................................................................82 Summary of Results ................................................................................................100 VI. DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................102 Interpretation of Results and Theoretical Implications ...........................................102 Practical implications ..............................................................................................112 Study Limitations ....................................................................................................115 Future Research .......................................................................................................117 Conclusion ................................................................................................................118 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................119 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................132 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 1. Summary of equations and coefficients ...............................................................55 Table 2. Descriptive statistics and correlations among variables ......................................61 Table 3. Exploratory factor analysis of Team Innovation Performance ............................64 Table 4. Team Climate for Innovation as a predictor of Collective Regulatory Focus .....67 Table 5. Predictors of Team Innovation Performance .......................................................68 Table 6. Predictors of Entrepreneurial Success .................................................................71 Table 7. Summary of Coefficient Estimates ......................................................................73 Table 8. Descriptive statistics and correlations among variables .....................................85 Table 9. Team Climate for Innovation as a predictor of Collective Regulatory Focus. ...86 Table 10. Predictors of Team Innovation Performance ....................................................87 Table 11. Predictors of Entrepreneurial Success ...............................................................89 Table 12. Summary of Coefficient Estimates ....................................................................90 Table 13. Summary of Coefficient Estimate Differences .................................................99 Table 14. Summary of Hypotheses ..................................................................................101 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 1. Theoretical Model ..............................................................................................35 Figure 2. Interaction of Collective Regulatory Focus Facets in Prediction of Entrepreneurial Success .....................................................................................................42 Figure 3. Interaction of Collective Regulatory Focus Facets in Prediction of Entrepreneurial Success ....................................................................................................43 Figure 4. Simple Main Effects: Team Climate for Innovation and Collective Regulatory Focus ..............................................................................................................67 Figure 5. Summary of Simple Main Effects: Predictors of Team Innovation Performance ......................................................................................................................69
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