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Mountjoy, Daniel N. TITLE Toward a Model of Knowledge Structure

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Mountjoy, Daniel N. TITLE Toward a Model of Knowledge Structure DOCUMENT RESUME ED 339 719 TM 017 554 AUTHOR Koubek, Richard J.; Mountjoy, DanielN. and a TITLE Toward a Model of Knowledge Structure Comparative Analysis of KnowledgeStructure Measurement Techniques. Biomedical INSTITUTION Wright State Univ., Dayton, OH. Dept. of and Human Factors Engineering. SPONS AGENCY Office of Naval Research, Arlington,VA. Cognitive and Neural Sciences Div. PUB DATE 1 Sep 91 CONTRACT ONR-N00014-90-0-1256 NOTE 55p. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical(143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plu-s-Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Clerical Workers; *Comparative Analysis; *Measurement Techniques; *Models; *Multidimensional Scaling IDENTIFIERS *Structure of Knowledge ABSTRACT A proposed model of human knowledgestructure was studied, beginning with an operationaldefinition of knowledge structure. A battery of availableknowledge structure measurement techniques was used to detect structuredifferences between two experience level groups in the domain ofclerical work. Subjects were 15 experienced secretaries and 15secretaries with no more than 1 year of secretarial experience.Techniques used included card sorting, hierarchical clusteringanalysis, repertory grid, multidimensional scaling, Pathfinder, andpairwise similarity ratings. Subjects performed the standardtasks associated with each measurement technique. Results validatethe existence of all model dimensions. Two dimensions were affectedby experience level, and post hoc analysis revealed that anadditional dimension, structure complexity, is a function of experiencelevel differences, and should be included in future model development.The capabilities of the measurement techniques differed.Hierarchical clustering analysis was the most effective technique fordetecting structure differences bermeen the subject groups. In refiningthe proposed model, new knowledge structure measuremeAt methodologiesshould be developed to provide a more comprehensive examination ofthe important parameters. An 83-item list of references isincluded. Six figures and three tables present study data.(Author/SLD) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the bestthat can be made from the original document. ****************************************:kx***************************** 43 v I c.. 0 S S ity.E, 54- Bra3c 222 c'Et3 aorw E / 4/ FormApproved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public mooning burden for this collection of information is estimated to avOrilge 1 hour OH moons*. including the time for reviewing inutuctions. searching wasting damsources. gathering and maintaining the data midst and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send ccmments regarding this burden estimate ot any otherliperetr this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden. to Washington Headquaners Services, Directorate for nformationuOperations and Replir)tsse_ 2 S Paws Highway. Suite 1204. Arlington. iiA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reduction Prolect (07 1 ). Washington. DC 3. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED 1 Se. tember 1991 Interm 1 J v to 4.TITLE AND SUBTITLE S. FUNDING NUMBERS Toward a Model of Knowledge Representation and a Comparative Analysis of Knowlsdge Representation Measure- N00014-90-J-1256 ment Techniques R&T 4421558 6.AUTHORS Richard J. Koubek and Oariel N. Mountjoy 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND A00RESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Wright State University REPORT NUMBER Dept. of Biomedical and Human Factors Engineering Dayton, Ohio 45435 1SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING / MONITORING Cognitive Sciences Program (Code 1142 CS) AGENCY REPORT NUMBER Office of Naval Research 800 North Quincy Street Arlington, VA 22217-5000 11,SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 121. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b, DISTRIBUTION CODE , Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 13. AbSTRACT (Mammum 200 words) This research attempts to develop and validate a proposed model of human knowledge representation. Based on an extensive literature review, a battery of available knowledge representation measurement techniques was selected to detect the represenation differences between two experience level groups in the domain of clerical work. The techniques employed were card sorting, hierarchical clustering analysis, repertory grid, multidimensional scaling, Pathfinder, and pairwise similarity ratings. Results validate the existence of all model dimensions. Two dimensions were determined to be affected by experience level. Post-hoc analysis revealed that an additional dimension, Representation Complexity, is a function of experience level differences, and should therefore be included in future model development. Furthermore, the capabilities of the various measurement techniques differed. Specifically, hierarchical clustering analysis was the most effective technique for detecting differences in representations between experience level groups. 14.SUBJECTTERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Knowledge representation, skilled task performance, expertise 16.PMCECODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18, SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. UMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAO OF ABSTRACT unclassified unclassified unclassified 7 40-01-2 - Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) pmcnbed by ANSI Std. Z39- i I in-102 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING SF 298 The Report Documentation. Page (RDP) is used in announcing and cataloging reports.It is important that this information be consistent with the rest of the report, particularly the coverand title page. Instructions for filling in each block of the form follow. It is important to staywithin the lines to meet optical scanning requirements. Block1. Agmaj.. Block12a. Distributionayailabilitv Statemeal. Denotes public availability or limitations. Cite any Block2. agoorat .Full publication date availability to the public. Enter additional including day, month, and year, if available (e.g. 1 limitations or special markings in all capitals (e.g. Ian 88). Must cite at least the year. NOFORN, REL, ITAR). Block 3. Type of Report and Dates Covered. DOD -See DoDD 5230.24, "Distribution State whether report is interim, final, etc. If Statements on Technical applicable, enter inclusive report dates (e.g. 10 Documents." Jun 87 - 30 Jun 88). DOE-See authorities. NASA -See Handbook NHB 2200.2. Block4.Title and Subtitle. 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Subiect Terms. Keywords or phrases responsible for writing the report, performing identifying major subjects in the report. the research, or credited with the content of the report. If editor or compiler, this should follow the name(s). Block15. liwrjlerofpagel. Enter the total number of pages. Block7. Performing Organization Name(s) and Address(1. Self-explanatory. Block16. Price Code. Enter appropriate price Block8. Performing Oraanization Report code (NTIS only). Number. Enter the unique alphanumeric report number(s) assigned by the organization Blocks17. 19. Security Classifications. Self- performing the report. explanatory. Enter U.S. Security Classification in Block9. Sponsoring/Monitoring Agency Name(s) accordance with U.S. Security Regulations (i.e., and Address(es). Self-explanatory. UNCLASSIFIED). If form contains classified information, stamp classification on the top and Block10.Sponsorino/Monitorino Aaency bottom of the page. Report Number. (If known) Block11. Supplementary Notes. Enter Block 20. Limitation of Abstract. This block must information not included elsewhere such as: be completed to assign a limitation to the Prepared in cooperation with...; Trans. of...; To be abstract. Enter either UL (unlimited) or SAR (same published in.... When a report is revised, include as report). An eltry in this block is necessary if a statement whether the new report supersedes the &strati is to be limited. If blank, the abstract or supplements the older report. is assumed to be unlimited. 4 Standard Form 298 Back (Rev. 2-89) ABSTRACT This research attempts to validate a proposed model of human knowledge structure. An operational definition of knowledge structure was derived which formed the basis for the construction of the proposed model. Until this time, understanding of knowledge structure has been influenced by the output of the various knowledge structure measurement techniques and their associated assumptions. A battery of available knowledge structure measurement techniques was used in order to detect the structure differences between two experience level groups
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