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Species Assessment for the Midget Faded Rattlesnake (Crotalus Viridis Concolor)
SPECIES ASSESSMENT FOR THE MIDGET FADED RATTLESNAKE (CROTALUS VIRIDIS CONCOLOR ) IN WYOMING prepared by 1 2 AMBER TRAVSKY AND DR. GARY P. BEAUVAIS 1 Real West Natural Resource Consulting, 1116 Albin Street, Laramie, WY 82072; (307) 742-3506 2 Director, Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3381, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071; (307) 766-3023 prepared for United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Wyoming State Office Cheyenne, Wyoming October 2004 Travsky and Beauvais – Crotalus viridus concolor October 2004 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 2 NATURAL HISTORY ........................................................................................................................... 2 Morphological Description........................................................................................................... 3 Taxonomy and Distribution ......................................................................................................... 4 Habitat Requirements ................................................................................................................. 6 General ............................................................................................................................................6 Area Requirements..........................................................................................................................7 -
Venomous Snakes
Wildlife Damage Management Series Venomous Snakes USU Extension in cooperation with: Gerald W. Wiscomb and Terry A. Messmer Quinney Professorship for Wildlife Conflict Management CNR—Quinney Professorship for Wildlife Conflict Management Utah State University Extension Service and College of Natural Jack H. Berryman Institute Resources Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Utah Department of Agriculture and Food Jack H. Berryman Institute USDA/APHIS Animal Damage Control Utah State University, Logan, Utah August 1998 NR/WD/008 Utah is home to 31 species of snakes. Of these, and eyes. (See Figure 1.) These Utah venomous snake seven are venomous. The seven Utah venomous snakes are species include: the sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes), members of the Viperidae family and are commonly called speckled rattlesnake (C. mitchellii), mojave rattlesnake (C. pit vipers because of the pit located between their nostrils scutulatus), western rattlesnake (C. viridis), Hopi Figure 1. Poisonous snakes have vertically elliptical pupils (cat’s eyes), facial pits between the nostril and eye. Non-poisonous snakes have round eye pupils and no facial pits between the nostril and eye. 1 rattlesnake (C.V. nuntius), midget-faded rattlesnake (C.V. Snakes have forked tongues which contain concolor), and the Great Basin rattlesnake (C.V. lutosus). receptors similar to taste buds. They use their tongues to Since most snakes in Utah are non-venomous, most sample odors in the air. Snakes can also use their tongue to snake encounters are generally not dangerous. However, an “sense” their way in the dark as well as locate prey. Pit encounter with a venomous snake can be very dangerous. -
Patterns in Protein Components Present in Rattlesnake Venom: a Meta-Analysis
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 1 September 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0012.v1 Article Patterns in Protein Components Present in Rattlesnake Venom: A Meta-Analysis Anant Deshwal1*, Phuc Phan2*, Ragupathy Kannan3, Suresh Kumar Thallapuranam2,# 1 Division of Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fort Smith, Arkansas # Correspondence: [email protected] * These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: The specificity and potency of venom components gives them a unique advantage in development of various pharmaceutical drugs. Though venom is a cocktail of proteins rarely is the synergy and association between various venom components studied. Understanding the relationship between various components is critical in medical research. Using meta-analysis, we found underlying patterns and associations in the appearance of the toxin families. For Crotalus, Dis has the most associations with the following toxins: PDE; BPP; CRL; CRiSP; LAAO; SVMP P-I & LAAO; SVMP P-III and LAAO. In Sistrurus venom CTL and NGF had most associations. These associations can be used to predict presence of proteins in novel venom and to understand synergies between venom components for enhanced bioactivity. Using this approach, the need to revisit classification of proteins as major components or minor components is highlighted. The revised classification of venom components needs to be based on ubiquity, bioactivity, number of associations and synergies. The revised classification will help in increased research on venom components such as NGF which have high medical importance. Keywords: Rattlesnake; Crotalus; Sistrurus; Venom; Toxin; Association Key Contribution: This article explores the patterns of appearance of venom components of two rattlesnake genera: Crotalus and Sistrurus to determine the associations between toxin families. -
Management Plan for the Great Basin National Heritage Area Approved April 30, 2013
Management Plan for the Great Basin National Heritage Area Approved April 30, 2013 Prepared by the Great Basin Heritage Area Partnership Baker, Nevada i ii Great Basin National Heritage Area Management Plan September 23, 2011 Plans prepared previously by several National Heritage Areas provided inspiration for the framework and format for the Great Basin National Heritage Area Management Plan. National Park Service staff and documents provided guidance. We gratefully acknowledge these contributions. This Management Plan was made possible through funding provided by the National Park Service, the State of Nevada, the State of Utah and the generosity of local citizens. 2011 Great Basin National Heritage Area Disclaimer Restriction of Liability The Great Basin Heritage Area Partnership (GBHAP) and the authors of this document have made every reasonable effort to insur e accuracy and objectivity in preparing this plan. However, based on limitations of time, funding and references available, the parties involved make no claims, promises or guarantees about the absolute accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the contents of this document and expressly disclaim liability for errors and omissions in the contents of this plan. No warranty of any kind, implied, expressed or statutory, including but not limited to the warranties of non-infringement of third party rights, title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, is given with respect to the contents of this document or its references. Reference in this document to any specific commercial products, processes, or services, or the use of any trade, firm or corporation name is for the inf ormation and convenience of the public, and does not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the GBHAP or the authors. -
DEPARTMENT of WILDLIFE Wildlife Diversity Division 6980 Sierra Center Parkway, Ste 120 • Reno, Nevada 89511 (775) 688-1500 Fax (775) 688-1987
STATE OF NEVADA DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE Wildlife Diversity Division 6980 Sierra Center Parkway, Ste 120 • Reno, Nevada 89511 (775) 688-1500 Fax (775) 688-1987 MEMORANDUM September 1, 2017 To: Nevada Board of Wildlife Commissioners, County Advisory Boards to Manage Wildlife, and Interested Publics From: Jennifer Newmark, Administrator, Wildlife Diversity Division Title: Commercial Collection of Reptiles Description: The Commission will consider at least two potential regulations for commercial collection of reptiles. One regulation could prohibit all collection of reptiles for commercial purposes, either temporarily or permanently. The other regulation could limit collection of reptiles for commercial purposes based on season, species, collection area and/or take. Options will be discussed and the Commission may choose to direct the Department to advance a recommendation to a future Commission meeting. Summary: At the August 2017 meeting, the Commission directed the Department to draft two potential regulations for the Commission to discuss regarding the commercial collection of reptiles. The following is a summary of options the Department has drafted that could be included in future regulations, policies, or directions that the Commission may choose to take. A Commission General Regulation (CGR) would need to be drafted if the Commission chose to prohibit commercial collection of reptiles, but if the Commission chose to limit commercial collection of reptiles based on season, species, collection area and/or take a Commission Regulation (CR) would need to be drafted. Information on both options is provided below. A Possible Commission General Regulation (CGR) to Prohibit Commercial Collection of Reptiles This regulation would prohibit collection of reptiles for commercial purposes in the State of Nevada, either temporarily or permanently. -
(Crotalus Oreganus Helleri) Hunting Behavior Through Community Science
diversity Article Quantifying Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) Hunting Behavior through Community Science Emily R. Urquidi * and Breanna J. Putman Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: It is increasingly important to study animal behaviors as these are the first responses organisms mount against environmental changes. Rattlesnakes, in particular, are threatened by habitat loss and human activity, and require costly tracking by researchers to quantify the behaviors of wild individuals. Here, we show how photo-vouchered observations submitted by community members can be used to study cryptic predators like rattlesnakes. We utilized two platforms, iNaturalist and HerpMapper, to study the hunting behaviors of wild Southern Pacific Rattlesnakes. From 220 observation photos, we quantified the direction of the hunting coil (i.e., “handedness”), microhabitat use, timing of observations, and age of the snake. With these data, we looked at whether snakes exhibited an ontogenetic shift in behaviors. We found no age differences in coil direction. However, there was a difference in the microhabitats used by juveniles and adults while hunting. We also found that juveniles were most commonly observed during the spring, while adults were more consistently observed throughout the year. Overall, our study shows the potential of using Citation: Urquidi, E.R.; Putman, B.J. community science to study the behaviors of cryptic predators. Quantifying Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus helleri) Keywords: citizen science; conservation; ontogeny; behavioral lateralization; snakes Hunting Behavior through Community Science. Diversity 2021, 13, 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ d13080349 1. -
Feeding Ecology of the Great Basin Rattlesnake (Crotalus Lutosus, Viperidae)
723 Feeding ecology of the Great Basin Rattlesnake (Crotalus lutosus, Viperidae) Xavier Glaudas, Tereza Jezkova, and Javier A. Rodrı´guez-Robles Abstract: Documenting variation in organismal traits is essential to understanding the ecology of natural populations. We relied on stomach contents of preserved specimens and literature records to assess ontogenetic, intersexual, temporal, and geographic variations in the feeding ecology of the North American Great Basin Rattlesnake (Crotalus lutosus Klauber, 1930). Snakes preyed mainly on rodents, occasionally on lizards, and less frequently on birds; squamate eggs and frogs were rarely eaten. There was a positive relationship between predator and prey size. The best predictors of this relationship were prey diameter as a function of snake body length and head size, underscoring the importance of prey diameter for gape-limited predators such as snakes. Crotalus lutosus displayed ontogenetic, sexual, and seasonal variations in diet. Smaller rattlesnakes fed predominantly on lizards, whereas larger individuals mostly fed on mammals. Females fed on liz- ards more often than males. The proportion of mammals in the diet was highest during the summer, a temporal variation that may be related to behavioral shifts in the diel activity and prey selectivity of C. lutosus, and (or) to differential abun- dance of rodents between seasons. Great Basin Rattlesnakes also displayed geographic variation in feeding habits, with snakes from the Great Basin Desert eating a higher proportion of lizards than serpents from the more northern Columbia Plateau. Re´sume´ : Il est ne´cessaire de connaıˆtre la variation des traits des organismes pour comprendre l’e´cologie des populations naturelles. Nous avons examine´ les contenus d’estomacs de spe´cimens de collection et consulte´ la litte´rature pour quanti- fier les variations ontoge´ne´tiques, sexuelles, et saisonnie`res dans le re´gime alimentaire du crotale du Grand Bassin (Cro- talus lutosus Klauber, 1930) en Ame´rique du Nord. -
Birds and Mammals of the Bear Lake Basin, Utah
Natural Resources and Environmental Issues Volume 14 Bear Lake Basin Article 16 2007 Birds and mammals of the Bear Lake basin, Utah Patsy Palacios SJ & Jessie E Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, Utah State University, Logan Chris Luecke Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan Justin Robinson Watershed Sciences, Utah State University, Logan Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/nrei Recommended Citation Palacios, Patsy; Luecke, Chris; and Robinson, Justin (2007) "Birds and mammals of the Bear Lake basin, Utah," Natural Resources and Environmental Issues: Vol. 14 , Article 16. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/nrei/vol14/iss1/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Natural Resources and Environmental Issues by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Palacios et al.: Birds and mammals of the Bear Lake basin, Utah Bear Lake Basin: History, Geology, Biology and People 77 BIRDS AND MAMMALS Many bird species use Bear Lake seasonally or during migrations. Herons, egrets, sandpipers, rails, pelicans, geese, coots, grebes, Tundra swans and osprey are common visitors throughout the year. During the spring months of April through June the area becomes the primary breeding grounds for the burrowing owl, gray flycatcher, long-billed curlew, peregrine falcon, and the black-throated gray warbler. Early in the summer months, several species of mergansers and diving ducks converge on the rocky shorelines to fish as the newly hatched Bear Lake sculpin occupy shallow waters during this period. -
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fit? f& /$* TS'.TISj. "PA 95» T> ' Ml'4^ iX-fa H*/G> .Ml. JF •^i). '-S- 1 DEPARTMENT OF THE fflTERIOR Hational Park Service Zion ana Bryce Canyon National Parka, Utah Vol., 7 . • No. 4 Zicn--Bry';3 Nature Notes December, 1935 ~ %~~<t~'•'• *,. ,. la's bulletin is issued mcnthly/for the purpose of giviirg information to these interested in the natural history and scientific features of Zion ana Bryce Canyon National Parks. Additional copies of these bulletins nay be obtained free of charge by those who can make use of iheri by addressing the Superintendent, Zion National Park, Utah. PUBLICATIONS USING THESE NOTES SHOULD GIVE CPJPDIT TO ZION-BRYCE NATURE NOTES. P. P. Futraw, Superintendent C. C. Presnall, Park Naturalist .. ; TABLE OF CONTENTS The Reptiles of Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks Page S3 Rattlesnakes ..»;... «.i Page 32 The\(lila;,,Monsterj and Its Venon ..;... t Page 35 Index to Zion-Bryce Nature .Notes, Vol. VII, 1935 ......... Page 37 Notice Certain back numbers of Zion-Bryce Nature Notes have becomo exhausted because of extra demands for thorn. This office will send a franked, ad dressed envelope to any reader who is willing to donate from his files any of the following numbers:- Vol. I, Nos. 1 and 2 Vol. II, .Nos. 2, 3, and 4 Vol. Ill, Nos; 2 and 3 ' Vol. IV, No* 2 Vol. VI,- Nos. 1 and 2 The last one, Vol. VI, No.- 2, is especially needed. -2a- THE raPTIHES-OF ZION BEYCEi CANYOMAFL\T1;0NAL PARKS By C C. Prcsna! Reptiles constitute the most evident form of vertebrate life in Zion National Park, this being chiefly due to the fact that the area of the greatest human concentration.(Zion Canyon) offers an ideal reptilean en vironment ^ being part of the Colorado River Sonoran Zone area in which are found approximately half of the reptilean forms of the western United States. -
Western Rattlesnake 5 Web Version.Indd
Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Wildlife Notebook Series No. 22 Western Ratt lesnake (Crotalus oreganus) Few sounds evoke panic as quickly as the buzz of a rattle- America with the southern end of their range dipping into snake. As far as humans go, the sight and sound of a rattle- South America. More than 20 species and numerous sub- snake ranks pretty high on the avoidance scale. We seem to species of rattlesnakes have been recognized in the United be frightened and mesmerized at the same time. The parade States. of TV programs about poisonous snakes and snake handlers attests to that. The most common rattlesnake in Utah is the western rattle- snake (Crotalus oreganus), with two of its fi ve subspecies Mankind’s love-hate relationship and fascination with being found in Utah: the Great Basin Rattlesnake (C. o. snakes dates back to our earliest recorded history. We see lutosus) and the midget faded rattlesnake (C. o. concolor). evidence in Egyptian hieroglyphics, Mayan sculptures, and Herpetologists formerly classifi ed the western rattlesnake as ancient Indian rock art. Snakes have long been associated Crotalus viridis, but this classifi cation is now reserved for with the supernatural as well as shaman and medicine men. the prairie rattlesnake. Most people have little affection for snakes, especially Utah is home to additional rattlesnake species and subspe- poisonous ones. It’s diffi cult to cultivate positive feel- cies. These include the Mojave (Crotalus scutulatus) and ings toward a scaly, legless creature, capable of unleashing speckled (Crotalus mitchellii) rattlesnakes and the sidewind- excruciating pain or death. -
Are Rattlesnakes Rapidly Evolving More Toxic Venom?
WILDERNESS & ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE, 21, 35–45 (2010) CONCEPTS Sensationalistic Journalism and Tales of Snakebite: Are Rattlesnakes Rapidly Evolving More Toxic Venom? William K. Hayes, PhD; Stephen P. Mackessy, PhD Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA (Dr Hayes); and School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO (Dr Mackessy). Recent reports in the lay press have suggested that bites by rattlesnakes in the last several years have been more severe than those in the past. The explanation, often citing physicians, is that rattlesnakes are evolving more toxic venom, perhaps in response to anthropogenic causes. We suggest that other explanations are more parsimonious, including factors dependent on the snake and factors associated with the bite victim’s response to envenomation. Although bites could become more severe from an increased proportion of bites from larger or more provoked snakes (ie, more venom injected), the venom itself evolves much too slowly to explain the severe symptoms occasionally seen. Increased snakebite severity could also result from a number of demographic changes in the victim profile, including age and body size, behavior toward the snake (provocation), anatomical site of bite, clothing, and general health including asthma prevalence and sensitivity to foreign antigens. Clinical manage- ment of bites also changes perpetually, rendering comparisons of snakebite severity over time tenuous. Clearly, careful study taking into consideration many factors will be essential to document temporal changes in snakebite severity or venom toxicity. Presently, no published evidence for these changes exists. The sensationalistic coverage of these atypical bites and accompanying speculation is highly misleading and can produce many detrimental results, such as inappropriate fear of the outdoors and snakes, and distraction from proven snakebite management needs, including a consistent supply of antivenom, adequate health care, and training. -
Reptiles of the Nevada Test Site
Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series Volume 3 Number 3 Article 1 10-1963 Reptiles of the Nevada Test Site Wilmer W. Tanner Clive D. Jorgensen Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib Part of the Anatomy Commons, Botany Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Tanner, Wilmer W. and Jorgensen, Clive D. (1963) "Reptiles of the Nevada Test Site," Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series: Vol. 3 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib/vol3/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. S- N/.^ .< 3'7o"^ MUS. COMP. ZOOL LIBRARY APR 2 '6 1964 HARVARD BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY, SCIENCE BULLETIN REPTILES OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE by WILMER W. TANNER AND CLIVE D. JORGENSEN BIOLOGICAL SERIES — VOLUME III, NUMBER 3 OCTOBER, 1963 i S i ''' ' 'if--' -. > '^- ' V > fj BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN REPTILES OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE by WILMER W. TANNER AND CLIVE D. JORGENSEN BIOLOGICAL SERIES - VOLUME III, NUMBER 3 OCTOBER, 1963 -TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2 ECOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 4 Climate - 4 Plant Communities and Animal Associates