REPORT

REPORT of the COMMISSION OF INQUIRY into the RIOTS AT SOWETO AND ELSEWHERE. from the 16th of June 1976 to the 28th of February 1977 VOLUME 2 Local ...... R13,30 4% GST ...... R,53 R13,83 Abroad ...... R16,60 Post Free WREPUBLIC OF Printed by and obtainable from the Government Printer, Bosman Street, Private Bag X85, Pretoria, 0001 ISBN 0 621 05754 1 ISBN 0 621 05755 X (Set) RP 55/1980

Librar /

ANNEXURE to the REPORT REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

ANNEXURE A. SITTING-DAYS OF THE COMMISSION. PLACE BLOEMFONTEIN BREDASDORP AND CALEDON CERES DURBAN EAST LONDON EMPANGENI GRAAFF-REINET HEIDELBERG (C.P.) KING WILLIAM'S TOWN KLERKSDORP MAFEKING NOUPOORT OUDTSHOORN GEORGE MOSSEL BAY PIETERSBURG AND SESHEGO PORT ELIZABETH PRETORIA DATE 76.11.10 - 76.11.12 76.12.03 76.11.16 - 76.12.01 77.06.14 - 77.06.30 76.12.02 77.01.17 - 77.01.18 77.01.27 - 77.01.28 77.01.19 77.01.03 76.12.28 77.01.26 76.11.01 76.11.04 77.01.04 76.12.06 76.10.18 77.01.24 76.08.03 76.09.02 76.09.13 76.09.21 76.09.27 76.10.05 76.10.12 76.10.21 76.10.27 76.11.08 77.01.12 77.02.07 77.02.16 77.02.21 77.02.28 77.03.07 77.03.14 77.03.21 77.03.28 77.04.04 77.04.13 77.04.18 77.06.06 77.09.08 76.11.02 76.11.05 76.10.20 77.01.25 76.09.17 76.09.24 76.10.01 76.10.08 76.10.14 76.10.22 77.02.11 77.02.18 77.02.25 77.03.03 77.03.11 77.03.18 77.03.25 77.04.01 77.04.06 77.04.14 77.04.21 DAYS 3

RUSTENBURG WITBAN WHITESANDS WITSIESHOEK GAZANKULU TOTAL 76.10.28 76.10.25 - 76.10.27 76.12.22 76.12.27 77.02.14 78.07.14 1 126

ANNEXURE B. DAYS ON WHICH AND PLACES WHERE DISTURBANCES OCCURRED IN THE PENINSULA. DATE CAPE TOWN AND OTHER WHITE RESIDENTIAL AREAS 76.06.18 March I Arson I COLOURED RESIDENTIAL AREAS BLACK RESIDENTIAL AREAS Arson : 2 Stone-throwing : 2 Arson I No violence was reported during this period; however, several meetings were held at the UWC in connection with demonstrations / Demonstrations at UWC Arson at UWC I Boycott of classes at UWC Arson : I March by White students : I ;AMarch at UWC : I Arson : I Arson :2 Arson : I Marches : 3 Stone-throwing Boycott March Arson of classes I 4 Distribution of pamphlets Distribution of pamphlets Boycott of classes Marches : 4 Stone-throwing 6 Fires : 19 Looting Public violence 13 Marches : 2 Stone-throwing 5 Arson : 3 Incitement to violence I Damage to property through arson 3 Arson 2 76.06.19 76.06.24 76.06.26 76.07.01 to 76.07.31 76.08.01 76.08.02 76.08.03 76.08.04 76.08.05 76.08.06 76.08.07 76.08.08 76.08.09 76.08.10 76.08. 11 76.08.12 76.08.13

CAPE TOWN AND OTHER WHITE RESIDENTIAL AREAS BLACK RESIDENTIAL AREAS 76.08.14 76.08.15 76.08.16 76.08.] 7 76.08.18 Marches : 4 Stone-throwing : 8 Sabotage Arson : 2 COLOURED RESIDENTIAL AREAS Arson Stone-throwing Arson : I Marches : 5 Arson : I Stone-throwing : I Damage to property through arson 1 March : I Damage to property through arson : I Disruption of classes at UWC Boycott of classes Arson : I Distribution of pamphlets Arson I Demonstrations 2 Demonstrations 2 Stone-throwing 8 Arson : 2 Demonstration I Stone-throwing 7 Arson : 4 Demonstrations 6 Stone-throwing 6 Arson : I Attempted derailment I Boycott of classes at UWC : I Stone-throwing : 2 Attempted derailment I Demonstration I Arson : I Demonstration I Arson : 3 Arson : I Stone-throwing Arson I Arson I Obstruction : I Stone-throwing Stone-throwing March : I Incitement to violence Stone-throwing I Stone-throwing I Demonstrations 2 Stone-throwing 2 Stone-throwing 2 Stone-throwing I 76.08.19 76.08.20 76.08.21 76.08.22 76.08.23 76.08.24 76.08.25 76.08.26 76.08.27 76.08.28 76.08.29 76.08.30 76.08.31 76.09.01 March : I

DATE CAPE TOWN AND OTHER WHITE RESIDENTIAL AREAS 76.09.02 Marches 2 Fire 1, 76.09.03 March I Stone-throwing : I Arson * I 76.09.04 76.09.05 76.09.06 76.09.07 Massing : I Stone-throwing : I 76.09.08 Massing : I Stone-throwing : 1 76.09.09 Arson : I 76.09.10 76.09.11 76.09.12 76.09.13 76.09.14 Fires - 2 Stone-throwing : I Stone-throwing : I- COLOURED RESIDENTIAL AREAS March : I Stone-throwing : 8 Damage to property Arson : 2 Marches : 6 Stone-throwing : 12 Robbery : 2 Looting Damage to property through arson : I Arson 4 Arson 4 Stone-throwing : 3 Arson ; 4 Attempted derailment I Stone-throwing z I Arson : 4 Stone-throwing : I Attempted derailment I Marches Stone-throwing 29 Arson : 10 Public violence Stone-throwing 38 Arson : 22 Housebreaking 6 Erection of roadblocks Attempted derailment Arson : 30 Public violence 17 Stone-throwing 46 Stone-throwing 10 Fires : 9 Assault : I Stone-throwing 6 Damage to property through arson 2 Arson 8 Assault: I Attempted derailment Stone-throwing I Arson : 3Robbery Strike Stone-throwing I0 Damage to property Arson : 3 Demonstration : Stone-throwing 6 Arson : 7 Attempted derailment I BLACK RESIDENTIAL AREAS March * I Marches : 6 Stone-throwing : 6 Stone-throwing ! I Stone-throwing 1 Stone-throwing 8 Arson : 2 Stone-throwing Massing Stone-throwing 3 Damage to property through arson : Stone-throwing 2 Arson : I Stone-throwing

CAPE TOWN AND OTHER WHITE RESIDENTIAL AREAS Arson 76.09.16 76.09.17 76.09.18 76.09.19 76.09.20 76.09.21 76.09.22 76.09.23 76.09.24 76.09.25 76.09.26 76.09.27 76.09.28 76.09.29 76.09.30 DATE COLOURED RESIDENTIAL AREAS Strike Stone-throwing : 18 Attempted derailment : I Arson 5 Strike Stone-throwing : 52 Damage to property through fire : 3 Roadblocks : 15 Arson ; 5 Looting expedition : I Incitement to violence I Attempted derailment Damage to property Arson : 9 Stone-throwing : 5 Attempted derailment Public violence : 5 Attempted derailment Fire : I . Stone-throwing Stone-throwing 2 Fire ; I Arson : I Marches : 3 Stone-throwing 3 Stone-throwing I Fire : 1, Arson : I Arson : 2 Roadblbck I Stone-throwing : I Damage to property by fire : I Stone-throwing : I Stone-throwing 3 Stone-throwing 1 Stone-throwing : I Stone-throwing Stone-throwing : I Attempted derailment : I Stone-throwing I Stone-throwing 1 Arson : 2 BLACK RESIDENTIAL AREAS Intimidation' Stone-throwing 4 Fires : 5 76.09.15 Attempted derailment : I Arson I Arson 3 Stone-throwing I Arson : ,i Stone-throwing 3 Arson : I Stone-throwing 2 Distribution of pamphlets 76.10.01 76.10.02 76.10.03 76.0.04

CAPE TOWN AND OTHER WHITE RESIDENTIAL AREAS COLOURED RESIDENTIAL AREAS BLACK RESIDENTIAL AREAS 76.10.05 76.10.06 76.10.07 Damage to property :.I Boycott of classes : I Stone-throwing I Stone-throwing I Roadblock : 1 Stone-throwing 2 Arson : 2 Stone-throwing 1 Public violence 4 Damage to property by fire I Arson 2 Arson I Arson Stone-throwing : I Damage to property by fire : I I Stone-throwing : I Stone-throwing : I Arson : 2 Arson : 3 Arson : 2 Stone-throwing : I,-" Arson : 1 -.. Anti-shebeen campaign Damage to property by fire : I Campaign against workers in possession of liquor Damage to property ; 3 DATE Stone-throwing : 1 Damage to property : I Arson IStone-throwing :2 Theft : I Damage to property by fire : 1. Damage to property Stone-throwing 2. Arson 1, Damage to property by fire : I Anti-shebeen campaign begins Anti-shebeen campaign Public violence : 16 Damage to property by fire : 2 Stone-throwing : 2 Theft I Arson I Damage to property by fire : I Stone-throwing : 2 Stone-throwing : 3 Damage to property by fire : 2 Stone-throwing 2 Arson : I Stone-throwing 2 Damage to property by fire : I Stone-throwing : I Damage to property Damage to property by fire : I 76.10.08 76.10.09 76.10.10 76.10. II 76.10.12 76.10.13 76.10.14 76.10.15 76.10.16 76.10.17 76.10.18 76.10.19 76.10.20 76.10.21 76.10.22

CAPE TOWN AND OTHER WHITE RESIDENTIAL AREAS DATE BLACK RESIDENTIAL AREAS COLOURED RESIDENTIAL AREAS Stone-throwing 1 Stone-throwing Damage to property by fire : 2 Boycott of classes Stone-throwing : I Arson Arson Riotous behaviour I Stone-throwing : 76.10.24 76.10.25 76.10.26 76.10.27 76.10.28 76.10.29 76.10.30 March : I / Stone-throwing I No violence was reported Veld fire : I Arson IArson IArson Iduringthisperiod Stone-throwing : 2 March : I No violence was reported during this period March : I Anti-shebeen campaign March - I Damage to propertyby fire : I Stone-throwing : I Anti-shebeen campaign K Damage to property by fire : 8 Stone-throwing 2 " Arson : I 76.10.23 Campaign against passen- ,gers in possession of liquor Stone-throwing Public violence I Stone-throwing 4 Marches : 2 Distribution of pamphlets Stone-throwing 1 Damage to property by fire : I Assault : I Boycott of classes : I Stone-throwing . 76.11.01 76.11.02 76.11.03 76.11.04 76.11.05 76.11.06 76.11.07 to 76.11.22 76.11.23 76.11.24 to 76.11.26 76.11.27 76.11.28 76.11.29

DATE CAPE TOWN AND COLOURED RESIDENTIAL BLACK RESIDENTIAL OTHER WHITE AREAS AREAS RESIDENTIAL AREAS 76.11.30 Anti-shebeen campaign Damage to property by fire : 3 Assault I Robbery 1 Damage to property: 2 76.12.01 Anti-shebeen campaign Damage to property by fire : 2 Assault : I Stone-throwing: 8 Robbery: I Arson 2 76.12.02 76.12.03 - Arson : 76.12.04 Faction fighting Arson Assaults Stone-throwing 76.12.05 Faction fighting Arson : 3 Assault : I 76.12.06 Faction fighting Arson : 9 Stone-throwing : 2 Damage to property by fire : 2 Public violence : 2 76.12.07 76.12.08 - Arson Anti-shebeen campaign 76.12.09 76.12.10 - 76.12.11 - - Migrants driven from their to homes by rioters 76.12.14 76.12.15 Distribution of pamphlets 76.12.16 76.12.17 Stone-throwing 3 Looting 76.12.18 No violence was reported during this period to 76.12.20 76.12.21 Anti-shebeen campaign Damage to property by fire : I Assaults : 2 Stone-throwing I

CAPE TOWN AND OTHER WHITE RESIDENTIAL AREAS COLOURED RESIDENTIAL AREAS 76.12.22 76.12.23 76.12.24 Stone-throwing Stone-throwing BLACK RESIDENTIAL AREAS Anti-shebeen campaign Arson : I 1 1 Damage to property by ' fire : 7 . Assault : I Campaign against persons in possession of liquor Anti-shebeen campaign Stone-throwing : 3 . Damage to property by fire : 5 Assault : I Anti-shebeen campaign Faction fighting Arson (more than seven cases) Damage to property Massings Faction fighting : 12 Arson : 77 Damage to property by fire : 15 Stone-throwing : 12 Faction fighting : 7 / Stone-throwing. 4 Arson : 22 Assaults Damage to property by fire : I Arson , 2 77.01.01 No violence was reported during this period to 77.01.09 77.01.10 Arson 5 77.01.11 Damage to property by( fire : I 77.01.12 No violence was reported during this period to 77.01. 23 77.01.24 Arson : I DATE Stone-throwing 76.12.25 76. 12.26 76.12.27 76.12.28 76.12.29 76.12.30 76.12.31 77,02.24 Arson : I

ANNEXURE C. NUMBER OF PERSONS KILLED AND DATES ON WHICH THEY WERE PRIVATE PERSONS : PENINSULA. FATALLY INJURED BY THE POLICE OR BY CAPE TOWN COLOURED RESIDENTIAL AREAS SAP OTHER SAP OTHER 3 BLACK RESIDENTIAL AREAS OTHER 4 II 22 I 76.10.12 1 1 76.10.25 1 1 76.12.01 2 2 76.12.04 1 1 76.12.05 3 3 76.12.11 I I 76.12.17 1 1 76.12.25 1 1 76.12.26' 4 13 17 76.12.27 5 6 11 77.02.24V 1 1 26days 1 1 54 3 53 25 137 TOTAL DATE 76.08.11" 76.08. 12 76.08.16 76.08.25 76.09.01; 76.09.02 76.09.03 76.09.07 76.09.08 76.09.09 76.09.10' 76.09.11 76.09.12 76.09.14 76.09.16 76.09.17

ANNEXURE D The incidents associated with the riots between 16 June 1976 and 28 February 1977 in Soweto and other places or divisions in the Republic are set out in this Annexure. The order in which the incidents are arranged shows the course of events in the various divisions day by day. The divisions referred to in this Annexure are the Bantu Affairs Administration Board and Homeland Divisions, which appear in the following order: West Rand East Rand Northern Transvaal Highveld Eastern Transvaal Central Transvaal Southern Transvaal Vaal Triangle Western Transvaal Northern Orange Free State Central Orange Free State Southern Orange Free State Diamond Fields Cape Midlands Karoo Northern Cape Eastern South- Northern Natal Port Natal Drakensberg Bophuthatswana Ndebele Lebowa Venda Gazankulu

Qwaqwa KaNgwane kwaZulu Ciskei If a place or division is not mentioned under a specific day it means that the Commission did not receive evidence of any incidents on that day in that place or division. The incidents are discussed in Part B, Chapters 2 to 31. For the most part, only general information regarding deaths is given in this Annexure. More detailed information on all the deaths that resulted from the riots are given in Annexure F. When a page in Annexure F is referred to in this Annexure, the date of death or date on which the deceased was first wounded should be used to locate the specific case on the said page in Annexure F. WEDNESDAY, 16 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 07h00: According to a woman reporter for a local newspaper, who had received information concerning a planned protest march, all was quiet at the Naledi High School grounds and there were no pupils about. 07h45: Col. J.A. Kleingeld, Station Commander of the Orlando Police Station, ordered all available policemen to be on stand-by. A Black sergeant who was sent to inspect the area saw several groups of marchers. The march was proceeding along Xorile Street from north to south. The sergeant notified the Orlando Police Station that children were marching in the streets. 07h50: Brig. S.W. le Roux, Divisional Commissioner for Soweto, received information concerning the marchers from the local Chief of Security and ordered six station commanders to send out patrols.

08h00: Scholars carrying placards gathered at the Naledi High School. Tebello Motapanyane addressed them and outlined the route they were to follow to the Orlando Sports Grounds., The vice-principal tried to address the scholars but was driven off. Motapanyane led the march to Orlando West past the Thomas Mofolo Secondary School and the Morris Isaacson High School. Scholars from the Tladi, Moletsane and Molapo Secondary Schools also arrived and took part in the protest march. The Morris Isaacson High School was deserted, however. At the Sizwe Stores, scholars from other schools joined the march. Scholars from the Morris Isaacson High School arrived at the Thesele Secondary School in White City, carrying placards. The school principal was driven off and the Thesele scholars followed the other scholars. Some of the marchers forced motorists to give the Black Power salute. Already at this stage motorists were being threatened with assault or damage to their vehicles if they did not give the salute. 08h10: Mr D.D. Smit, an Inspector of the Department of Bantu Education, travelling by car to Jabulani, drove past the Orlando West, Dube and Belle Schools in the direction of the Morris Isaacson.High School. In Maputu Street, before the intersection with the old Roodepoort Road, marching pupils from the school attacked him in his car; he sustained only minor injuries. Some of the pupils were carrying placards. Mr Smit reported the incident at the Jabulani Police Station and shortly after that a district commandant notified the Divisional Commissioner of the attack on Mr Smit. Col. J.J. Gerber, Divisional Inspector for Soweto, left for Naledi to investigate conditions in the area. He saw between 800 and 1 000 scholars marching in the streets and reported to Brig. Le Roux that the scholars were marching to Orlando, that motor vehicles were being attacked, that the police were being pelted with stones and their vehicles damaged. Col. Gerber stated that on his arrival at the Jabulani Police Station he found that there were too few policemen to disperse the group of scholars. This finding was conveyed to the Divisional Commissioner. Col. Gerber stated that reinforcements were unobtainable at that stage because protest marches were taking place in other areas as well. Shortly afterwards Brig. Le Roux received information from other station commanders that youths were congregating in large numbers, attacking and overturning vehicles in the streets and even setting them on fire. Brig. Le Roux ordered the station commanders to mobilise all available policemen immediately and, where possible, to keep the scholars in the school grounds, because they were molesting people in the streets as far as they went. He ordered Col. Gerber to go to the Orlando Police Station. 08h20: A further 600 scholars fell in with the 900 scholars marching from Naledi to Orlando. The marchers appeared to be in an aggressive mood and gave the Black Power salute to police vehicles. Some marchers were wearing the Naledi School uniform. Maj. G.J. Viljoen, Station Commander of the Jabulani Police Station, ordered officials of the WRAB and other Whites to leave the area, which fell within his precinct. 08h30: A crowd of scholars congregated at Sizwe Stores; among them were pupils from the Morris Isaacson High School. Two reporters from a local newspaper fell in with the marching pupils. On their way to the Orlando West High School, marchers sang "Nkosi Sikelele Afrika" and "Morena Boloka Afrika" among other songs and carried placards. As the marchers made their way through Dube, their ranks were continually swelled by other scholars. An inciter of about 26 years of age was noticed in the group. This group later fell in with another group outside the Orlando West High School grounds. A large group of scholars was seen in Mofolo Village near the golf course. Col. Kleingeld sent out three patrols, one to each of the three high schools in Orlando, to ascertain whether meetings were being held there. The patrols returning from the Orlando West and Diepkloof High Schools reported that all was quiet there. The third patrol reported that west of the railway line a mob of youths was on the march from the north, moving in the direction of the Orlando West High School. Col. Kleingeld investigated and followed the protest march by car, accompanied by two sergeants. The march comprised scholars and others. The moment the marchers spotted the police, they pelted them with stones. The scholars looked aggressive. Col. Kleingeld feared for his and the sergeants' lives and vehicles and turned back to get reinforcements. On his way back he encountered two White policemen in a vehicle and ordered them to leave the area. A woman reporter, who was at the scene, testified that a matriculant addressed the crowd at the Phefeni Railway Station. He is alleged to have said that, as they were aware, they were being followed by the South African Police, who were not to be provoked. as they (the marchers) were staging a peaceful march. However, the evidence relating to the morning's incidents does not suggest that his warning was heeded or that his intentions were carried into effect. Col. Kleingeld requested reinforcements and issued revolvers and pistols to his men. With 48 policemen, 40 of whom were Black, he went past the Orlando Stadium to Uncle Tom's Hall, where scholars had gathered. He tried to address them. He was notified by radio that more marchers were approaching from the direction of Jabulani and Moroka. Stones were hurled at the police, and according to Col. Kleingeld the situation was highly explosive. The police used tear-gas grenades to disperse the crowd. The crowd moved to Khumalo Street. An inciter, brandishing a knob-kerrie, danced at the head of the scholars. A dog unit joined the group of policemen. Col. Kleingeld ordered that the marchers be followed by Sgt. Hattingh, whom he joined later. At this stage, Brig. Le Roux realised that the situation was explosive. He had too few men - between 300 and 350 - at his disposal to control the situation. 09h15: A Black journalist and a White woman journalist from the same daily paper arrived at the Phefeni Junior Secondary School and were warned by the local Black teachers to leave the area because of the approach of the Naledi scholars from the west. The White woman journalist was threatened by the scholars and left the area. 09h30: On his arival at the Orlando Police Station, a White newspaper reporter was greeted by Blacks giving the Black Power salute. He could sense that the atmosphere was tense.

10h00: When the police arrived at the Tshabalala Garage, they were pelted with stones by about 600 scholars and their vehicle Was damaged. Tear-gas had no effect on the rioters. A further 600 youths fell in with the first group here. The police were withdrawn because there were too few of them to take further action. 10h30: Several thousand scholars congregated round a stone-topped knoll near the Orlando West High School. Witnesses testified that the crowd was between 5 000 and 6 000 strong. From the evidence it seems that pupils from, inter alia, the following schools took part in the rally: the Naledi High School, Morris Isaacson High School, Orlando West High School, Orlando North Junior Secondary School, Empangeni Higher Primary School, Themba Sizwe Higher Primary School and the Thesele Junior Secondary School. Col. Kleingeld's party was attacked with stones, making it impossible for him to address the crowd. The patrol consisted of approximately four police motor vehicles, three heavy-duty vehicles and two patrol vans carrying dogs. Four Black men were inciting the scholars. Those present included adults and other youths not in school uniform. The tear-gas to disperse the crowd was not effective. Only one tear-gas grenade went off. A baton charge was also unsuccessful. The police were attacked on their flanks and could be surrounded. Some of them were struck by stones. Col. Kleingeld fired five pistol shots over the crowd, without effect. After that he fired 20 shots with an automatic rifle in front of and over the crowd. Other members of the police also fired shots with their revolvers and pistols, although Col. Kleingeld had not given the order to fire. A Black boy, H. Ndhlovu, who was inciting the crowd, was killed (see Annexure F, p. 54). Two police dogs were killed and mutilated by the crowd. One of the dogs was doused with petrol and set on fire. Police vehicles were damaged by stones. Hector Pieterson, a Black boy, was fatally wounded by the police (see Annexure F, p. 59). A woman reporter took his body to the Phomolong Clinic. Maj. Viljoen and Col. Van Niekerk joined Col. Kleingeld. They proceeded to Moema Street. Sgt. Hattingh's vehicle broke down and was stormed by the bystanders. Tear-gas was subsequently used to free him. Col. Kleingeld again fired shots with his automatic rifle. Col. Gerber, with three other vehicles, attempted to join the group, but their way was barred by the people at the rear of the crowd. They were immediately pelted with stones but managed to drive through the crowd at speed. Col. Gerber ordered that the police withdraw to the Orlando Brige, where they took up position on open ground. The crowd of about 5 000 people came to a halt approximately 500 metres from the police. Apparently, not all the scholars had arrived at the point where they had planned to gather. A witness who was at the Mapetla Garage at that stage saw scholars approach from the west and the south. Those he saw coming from the direction of Uncle Tom's Hall were apparently already beginning to move away from the Orlando West High School. In this particular area a large number of scholars and non-schoolgoing youths and adults were milling around everywhere. Some arrived in vehicles, singing and shouting, screeming and joined the crowd that had already gathered there. i0h45: A witness, Mrs S.A. Carruthers, and three of her White women friends had entered Soweto earlier that morning to deliver fresh vegetables to certain nursery schools. In the area in which they were, but which she cannot identify with any certainty, they did not see any rioting or hear any gunshots. At approximately a quarter to eleven they decided to return to Johannesburg. In a street, probably Khumalo Street, near the Orlando West High School, they found themselves amongst a crowd of rioters, consisting of scholars and adults, and were attacked with stones. The windows of the motorcar were smashed and all four the occupants injured. Although the attackers rocked the car and tried to lift it, the driver succeeded in driving through the crowd, thanks to the physical protection given her by one of the passengers. They reached the Orlando Bridge, were escorted to the police station and taken to hospital. 10h55: A WRAB official, Mr. J.H.B. Esterhuizen, was driving along Khumalo Street when he was attacked by youths near the Phomolong Clinic. Pupils from the Morris Isaacson High School took part in the assault. Mr Esterhuizen leapt from his car but was surrounded by the youths and beaten to death in the alley opposite the clinic. Judging by marks on his clothing and body, it would appear that they also tried to burn his body (see Annexure F, p. 71). Members of the police had driven up Khumalo Street but did not see this incident, probably because of the chaos there. Mr Esterhuizen's body could be removed only about four hours later. llh00: A Chinese driver of a Kombi was attacked by the rioters, and in attempting to escape, he knocked down and seriously injuried a young Black girl in Khumalo Street. Two White men in a truck were attacked by stone-throwing rioters. They escaped to the Orlando Bridge and were not injured. In the same area, a truck carrying liquor was attacked and the driver fled. The vehicle was then looted and the liquor distributed. The truck was set on -fire. Two policemen from Meadowlands were pelted with stones while they were carrying out an investigation at the Phefeni Bottle Store. One of them was slightly injured, and their vehicle was damaged. llhl0: A train driver reported that Black men had pelted his train with stones and that windows had been smashed. An officer and other members of the Railway Police investigated and reported that things were getting seriously out of hand. Trains were manned by policemen, and police protection was provided at the following places: Mzimhlope, Phomolong, Phefeni, Dube, Ikwezi, Inhlazane, Merafe and Naledi. Tsietsi Mashinini addressed scholars arriving at the Morris Isaacson High School. He ordered them to stay away from school for the next two days; on the 20th further orders would be given. He assured them that both he and other leaders would see to it that would not be used as the medium of instruction at the high schools and announced that the police had shot dead two scholars and wounded eleven. 11h20: A large number of people - men, women and youths - were milling around the offices of the Youth Centre in Jabavu. They became excited and were shouting and dancing. In another part of Soweto, Orlando East, WRAB's new sheltered employment workshop was officially opened at eleven o'clock. This function was attended by, inter alia, the WRAB Chairman, Mr M. Mulder, the

Chief Director, Mr J.C. de Villiers, and his Chief Welfare Officer, Dr. L.M. Edelstein. During the proceedings, word reached them of the riots in the other areas and Dr Edelstein then left by car for the Youth Centre. At about 12 o'clock he arrived at the centre. His motorcar had already been damaged by stones. He ran into his office and locked the door. A WRAB official, Mr R.E. Hobkirk, was trapped in another office in the centre. The stone attack on the building continued to grow in violence, and it was clear that some members of the crowd wanted to kill at least the Whites in the building, if no-one else. They eventually forced their way into the building, battered down the door of Dr Edelstein's office, attacked him and dragged him outside. The attack abated briefly when tear-gas was used in the vicinity and a helicopter flew over the building. Mr Hobkirk took this opportunity to escape from the building. He noticed Dr Edelstein's body in the entrance to the building and thought he was already dead. In fact, Dr Edelstein was either unconscious or feigning death. He managed to rise, but his attackers dragged him outside, where they eventually beat him to death (see Annexure F, p. 71). Shortly after one o'clock his mutilated body was removed by helicopter. Mr Hobkirk, who had been hiding in the Sizwe Stores nearby, was taken to safety. Two 18-year-old scholars, K. Dhlamini and L.J. Matonkonyane, were charged with the murder of Dr Edelstein (S v Dhlamini and another, WLD 138/77). Their confessions implicated them, but, because a mistake had been made in taking down their statements, the court ruled that their confessions were inadmissible. Both were acquitted. 12h00: The police refused White reporters entry to the danger zone and they had to obtain information and news from their Black colleagues. 12h15: In the course of the morning, a Black woman social worker from the Department of Bantu Administration and Development paid an official Visit to parts of Soweto, accompanied by a White woman student. They did not see any incidents until their motor vehicle was stopped by aggressive youths on the Phefeni Bridge. The youths threatened to assault the woman student. She was taken away by well-disposed pupils and placed in the care of a clergyman. The police later removed her from the area. 12h30 to 13h00: A television newsman, who was accompanying the police on patrols in Soweto, observed looting and arson by youths and adults at this stage. 13h00: Bottle stores in the Phefeni and Dube areas were broken into, looted and set on fire by various groups of Blacks. WRAB offices were also set on fire. The police were pelted with stones. Tear-gas was used with limited success. The office of the station commander at Orlando was rigged out as an operational office to co-ordinate police operations. 14h00: South African Police reinforcements arrived at intervals from the Johannesburg, Pretoria and West Rand Divisions. According to observers, the disorderly conditions were exploited by tsotsis. Among some residents there was general drunkenness. Fewer children than adults took part in the looting. A vehicle was stopped in the Phefeni area, the liquor it was carrying was seized and the vehicle was set on fire. The liquor was distributed among members of the public. Maj. Viljoen came across a crowd of about 300 scholars and adults near the Morris Isaacson High School. They were aggressive and threatening, but they were dispersed. Brig. Le Roux undertook an inspection flight by helicopter over Soweto, which seemed to be in chaos. People were gathering in several places. Vehicles as well as buildings were on fire, and parts of the area were under a pall of smoke.

A report was received at the Orlando Police Station that three doctors were trapped at Mofolo, and a vehicle was sent to their rescue. 14h30: The WRAB bottle store at Phefeni was set on fire, as were WRAB offices and bottle stores in Orlando East. 15h00: The WRAB offices at Phefeni were set on fire by the same group that had destroyed the bottle store earlier on. The WRAB offices at Diepkloof were set alight. When the police arrived, they encountered two groups of Blacks who began throwing stones. Two private vehicles had already burned out. Two Black men who were inciting the crowd were shot on the orders of a police officer. The WRAB offices at Meadowlands were set on fire. 15h00 to 17h00: Arson and looting took place at the bottle stores at Nhlanzane, Moroka, Mofolo, Chiawelo, Senaoane; at the post office in Molopo; at the library in White City; and at the clinic in Senaoane. The Mapetla Hostel was also set on fire. The windows of the Phiri Hall were smashed. The Etikeng and Vukani Schools were burnt down. Firearms were used by the South African Police in these incidents. Arrests were made, and a number of looters were wounded. Bottle stores at Zola and Moletsane in Jabulani were looted. The police used tear- gas and firearms. At Zola, seven persons were arrested. 15h30: Col. T.J. Swanepoel arrived in Soweto with three officers and 58 men as reinforcements. They divided into two task forces. The task force under Col. Swanepoel came up against a crowd of between 4 000 and 5 000 Blacks at Uncle Tom's Hall in Orlando West. The crowd was overturning motor vehicles, starting fires and throwing stones. Warning shots were first fired, but thereafter shots were fired at the inciters in the group, after which the crowd dispersed. A Black man was hit. No bodies were found at this stage.

16h00: Major-General W.H. Kotze, Divisional Commissioner for the Witwatersrand, joined the Divisional Commissioner for Soweto to assist him in excercising control in the area until Monday, 21 June 1976. The crowds broke up into smaller groups, and vandalism was rife. 16h15: A Black man was shot dead by the police at the Mofolo Centre Bottle Store. 16h30: The clinic and administrative offices in White City were set on fire, as were a number of motor vehicles. 17h00: About 40 Blacks tried to set fire to taxis in Jabavu. The crowd attacked the police with stones; shots were fired and two Blacks were hit. It was subsequently ascertained that a Black man, K. Tokota, had died (see Annexure F, p. 64). An investigation revealed that about 20 vehicles had burned out. 17h00 to 20h00: Arson was committed at the WRAB offices in Orlando East, Orlando and Dube, the clinic in Orlando West and the library and Barclays Bank in Dube; stone-throwing and looting occurred at the Dube Hostel, as well as at four shops in the same complex; the bottle store in Orlando East was looted. Tear- gas and firearms were used in these cases. Arrests were made and a number of looters were wounded, but the wounded were sometimes removed by members of the public. 17h30: In the vicinity of the Mapetla Garage at the Orlando West-Meadowlands intersection, two Putco buses were set on fire. A crowd of between 5 000 and 6 000 was rioting in this area. 17h50: A Putco bus and a motor vehicle from Perkins Truck Hire were burnt in the vicinity of Uncle Tom's Hall. A control room was set up during the night at the WRAB head office in Albert Street, Johannesburg. 12 '

18h00: A class-room at the Naledi High School was set on fire. A bottle store in Klipspruit was looted. Tear-gas and firearms were used to disperse 400 Blacks. The Urban Bantu Council building in Jabulani was set on fire. The fire was put out, however, as was the fire at the Sebokeng Garage. Two motorcar wrecks were placed on the Phefeni railway section in order to block it. These wrecks were removed by the Railway Police. 19h00: The police split into smaller groups, who were assigned specific tasks. Brig. Le Roux, accompanied by a number of armed men, went by motorcar from the Moroka Police Station to the Jabulani Police Station because radio communication between these stations was poor and there was no telephonic communication. Their motor vehicle was pelted with stones and one of the windows was shattered; the roads were blocked by burning wrecks. The Divisional Commissioner remained at a looted bottle store in Jabulani till 21h00 to take charge of police operations against the large-scale rioting in the area. 19h45: The Phomolong Bottle Store was looted by about 300 men. The police shot and wounded an inciter, who was stirring up the bystanders. 19h50: Four hundred rioters were milling around the Mapetla Garage in Orlando West. They threw petrol bombs at vehicles and petrol pumps. On arriving there, the police were attacked and they opened fire on the attackers. Two wounded or dead rioters were dragged away by their companions. 20h00: About 200 people went on the rampage, looting and setting fire to the Dube Bottle Store. There were cries of "Kill the Whites". The police are thought to have shot five persons. Fleeing rioters dragged away the wounded or dead. Two men, one of whom was a youth, were shot and wounded by the police at the Mofolo Bottle Store.

21h00: A meeting of the SPA was held in Dr A.M. Mathlare's consulting-rooms. The meeting was under his chairmanship and its purpose was to discuss the events of the day. Dr A.M. Mathlare, Mrs W. Mandela, T. Motapanyane, a scholar, and Mr R.M. Matimba, a teacher, were among those present. Mrs Mandela proposed that a mass funeral service be held on Sunday, 20 June 1976, in the African Methodist Episcopal Church for the police victims. This service was later prohibited in terms of section 2(1) of the Riotous Assemblies Act, No. 17 of 1956. 22h45: The police found Barclays Bank and the library in Dube on fire; the Board's offices had already been burnt down when the police arrived. Members of the force were ordered to stand guard at the buildings. 23h00: A Black man, V. Nkwanazi, is alleged to have been shot in front of the Carolina-Nvuzi Nursery School in White City. No further information could be obtained. 23h10: The bottle store in Phomolong (sometimes called the Phefeni Bottle Store) was attacked with incendiary bombs. The police opened fire on the attackers. It was later ascertained that 11 persons had been killed in the rioting in the course of the day (see Annexure F, pp. 34, 37, 39, 42, 49, 51, 53, 59 and 67). Two of the wounded later died (see Annexure F, pp. 56 and 65). Dr Edelstein and Mr Esterhuizen were killed by the rioters (see Annexure F, p. 71). At least three other persons died that day in Soweto from unnatural causes not connected with the rioting or due to police action. It was not possible in all cases to correlate the events described in this Annexure, which led to any person's death, with the circumstances mentioned in column (k) of Annexure F. The main reasons for this are that bodies were sometimes removed from the scene of the rioting, the wounded often died at places other than those where they were wounded, and information from different sources concerning the same incident was not always the same and could therefore lead to confusion or duplication.

West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 17h00: Men, women and children were milling around in front of Beer Hall No. 2 in Kagiso. The gathering was addressed by persons who incited the crowd. They also shouted the Black Power slogan. The motorcar in which the speakers arrived had a Pretoria registration number. kwaZulu: University of Zululand, Mtunzini. Morning: The morning newspapers were not delivered to the campus as usual. The students blamed the university authorities for this, seeing it as a suppressive measure. They bought newspapers in Empangeni and posted articles and photographs from the newspapers on the local notice-board. 18h00: At a gathering of students in the room of one of their fellow students, those present decided that solidarity with the events in Soweto had to be shown, that force had to be used, that the students of the university should be prepared to die for freedom, and that a prayer meeting should be held, which could later be turned into a mass rally. One of the students made an inflammatory placard. These decisions were announced to the students. For the proposed meeting, one of the students began preparing a written speech entitled "The War against Afrikaans". 21h00: Students continued to make inflammatory placards and to display these on the campus. The inscription on one of these placards read: "The murderers are at it again". THURSDAY, 17 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 00h15: WRAB's regional offices, situate behind the Meadowlands Police Station, were set on fire. The Police fired warning shots and used tear-gas to disperse the crowd present. 03h00: The Railway Police found the Inhlazane Station building, which had been attacked by rioters, in a badly damaged state. The body of a Black man who had been shot dead was found in the ticket-office (see Annexure F, p. 52). Attempts had been made to crack the safe. When the South African Police investigated, they were pelted with stones. In the vicinity of the station, everything was chaotic and the streets were littered with broken bottles and burnt- out vehicle wrecks. The beer hall near the station was in ruins. 06h00: The Railway Police received a report that the beer hall near the Naledi Railway Station was being attacked. On their arrival, they found that a number of men, women and children were carrying off or drinking the liquor. Some looters fled, but others pelted the police with stones. A signal box two kilometres from the Naledi Railway Station was burnt down. 06h30: Approximately 12 shops in the Klipspruit area were ablaze. A black man, A. Gincana, was stabbed by an unknown Black, who identified himself as "Black Power", on the football field between Moroka and Jabavu (see Annexure F, p. 72). 07h00: The WRAB offices for Areas 2 and 3, Meadowlands, were set on fire. 07h30: A WRAB sanitary depot in Area 2, Meadowlands, was set on fire. The police arrested a number of persons. 07h50: Pupils were milling around in the street in front of the Selelekela Secondary School. Some of them stopped motorists and forced them to give the Black Power salute. The police dispersed the crowd and fired a number of shots. 07h50 to 09h20: After a beer hall in the area had been destroyed, about 3 000 rioters attacked the Naledi Railway Station. A senior officer of the Railway Police tried in vain to talk to the rioters; he was driven of f with stones on five occasions and was also wounded. A white motorcar carrying four Black men approached the scene at speed. The hooter was sounded, the occupants gave the Black Power salute, and bottles with unknown contents were distributed to bystanders. Warning shots by the police had no effect. Someone in the crowd fired at the police with a small-calibre firearm. Three of the inciters were singled out and shot by the police. The crowd retreated but later regrouped. Shortly afterwards, police reinforcements arrived. A non-commissioned officer of the Railway Police was injured in the attack. Four bodies with gunshot wounds were found by the police in the veld near the Naledi Railway Station. Two bodies were found in the veld at Zondi. Another body was found half an hour later in one of the WRAB buildings. The police found a body with a gaping chest wound in a house in Orlando East. The man was allegedly stabbed the previous night at approximately 20h00 by an unknown Black man. 08h30: A large crowd of about 1 300 persons was milling around in Masepha Street, Orlando East. Youths in school uniform were among those present. The crowd attacked the police with stones and the police used firearms and teargas. 08h35: A private motor vehicle was burnt out in the vicinity of the Orlando West High School. A television newsman and a colleague were attacked in the vicinity of the Baragwanath Power-Station. Their motor vehicle, carrying photographic equipment, was set on fire, but they escaped with the help of a Black motorist. 09b00: At the Indigihze Bottle Store in Dobsonville, five White members of the police force were surrounded and threatened by about 500 rioters. After police reinforcements had arrived, the crowd swelled to approximately 1 500. There were many scholars and youths in the crowd. Stone-throwing increased. The police fired warning shots over the heads of the rioters, without effect. Three men and a woman constantly incited the crowd by, inter alia, gesticulating and giving the Black Power salute. The four inciters were wounded by the police. One died afterwards. The crowd dispersed, and the police then found two more wounded persons on the scene. The police were not responsible for their wounds. The other wounded were arrested and taken to hospital.

The vegetable market in Orlando West was looted by a group of youths, but they were driven off by the police. The Bogari Bottle Store in Dobsonville was looted and set on fire. Three rioters were shot by the police and a number were arrested. The WRAB offices in Klipspruit were set on fire. During the morning Credo Mutwa, the well-known writer and witch-doctor, a resident of Soweto and employed by the WRAB as cultural affairs officer, made an appeal over Radio Bantu to the public to restore order. 09h10: The police shot dead two persons in a stone-throwing crowd at the WRAB offices in Diepkloof. 09h20: The administrative offices near the old Potchefstroom Road in Klipspruit were looted. The police shot three looters dead and wounded three. 09h30: A Black girl, H. Leroke, was shot dead in Area 4, Diepkloof, after she and other bystanders had seen a helicopter and fled. One of her companions cannot describe or determine the origin of the shot; she did not see any police in the area. It would appear from this witness's statement that bystanders were looting a bottle store (see Annexure F, p. 39). 09h45: The Zola and Motetsana Bottle Stores in Jabulani were set on fire and destroyed. Two persons were shot dead by the police in these incidents. One of the deceased was identified as Charles Phakathi (see Annexure F, p. 59). 09h55: About 600 rioters took part in rioting at the Diepkloof Hotel. A lorry was set on fire, and incendiary bombs were thrown at the hotel. Police fired on members of the crowd to disperse them. Five bodies were found at the scene after the incident. The police stated that two of the deceased were not shot by them because they had not fired in the direction of the place where o the bodies were found. The deceased may have been dragged there or could even have gone there themselves before dying.

A Mrs 0. Mithi was walking to the hospital with two of her children, Lily and Martha. In the vicinity of the hotel, the police fired at a group of rioters. Both her children were hit by bullets, with fatal consequences in the case of eight-year-old Lily (see Annexure F, p. 46). 10h00: Members of the Railway Police on protective duty at the Merafe Railway Station were surrounded by 2 000 rioters and attacked with stones. A lorry at the station was set on fire. Passengers in the trains were struck by stones. A beer hall to the east of the station was looted. Two motor cars arrived on the scene; the hooters were sounded and, as had happened earlier in the morning at Naledi Station, the occupants gavethe Black Power salute and distributed bottles (the contents of which were unknown) to members of the crowd. The attack intensified. A policeman was wounded. A Black man, Elijah Montjane, was shot dead by the Railway Police during the attack (see Annexure F, p. 50). Presumably a Black boy, D. Mahasha, was shot in the same vicinity between llhOO and 13h00 (see page 41 of the same annexure). Two inciters were wounded by the Railway Police. Tear-gas was used to disperse the crowd. The Moroka Bottle Store was looted by rioters. Police used firearms and arrested 25 rioters. The Iketlo Post Office was burnt down. The WRAB library and offices in Area 1, Meadowlands, were burnt down. The rioters were dispersed with the aid of firearms. The Diepkloof Beer Hall was set on fire. One rioter was shot dead. The WRAB maintenance offices in Orlando East were burnt down. The police used firearms to stop the rioting. Major-General Kotze and Brig. Le Roux went on an inspection flight over Soweto. They could see that large crowds were milling around and that arsonists and looters were active everywhere. The streets were barricaded with motor car wrecks, stones and other large objects. While trying to stop the looting, the police were attacked by rioters.

The pupils of the Madibane High School went on a march to Orlando. 10h45: The vegetable market in Orlando West was again looted by a group of youths and was set on fire. The complex was surrounded by the police, whereupon the youths ran into the building. Gas bottles exploding in the complex intensified the fire. The police removed 14 youths from the building but are of the opinion that at least seven others were overcome by the flames and burnt. No further information in this regard could be obtained. 10h50: A Black man was shot dead by the police near the WRAB offices in Diepkloof. llh00: Rioters were milling around in Moroka. The police noticed a body in the area. Shops in Dobsonville were burnt down. Two bodies with stab wounds were found in the area. The police gave the Commission no further information in this connection. llh30: On the old Potchefstroom Road, motor vehicles were overturned and set on fire by rioters. Two rioters were shot dead by the police. 11h30 to 17h00: Shops in the Naledi area were being repeatedly looted. The police shot dead six persons in these incidents. 12h00: The police gave White scholars protection on their way from the municipal power-station to Johannesburg. At a gathering in the street, Tsietsi Mashinini called upon children to stay away from school and parents to go on strike. He told bystanders to use force where this appeared necessary. The area around Baragwanath Hosptial was quiet. The Kliptown Meat Supply Store was looted. The police shot dead two persons and arrested 10.

Harrie's Fruiterers was attacked and the building burnt down. In police action in this incident, three men were killed and one woman was wounded. Looters again appeared at the Chiawelo Bottle Store. The police shot dead one nan. 13h10: A lorry transporting fuel was stolen but was later recovered. 13h55: The telephone exchange at the Iketlo Post Office was damaged by youths. The police investigated the matter but the culprits could not be found. 14h00: Scholars erected barricades in a street near the Baragwanath Hospital. A Black taxi driver was assaulted by rioters in the area. Blacks taunted armed policemen at the pedestrian bridge in the same area, but the police did not react. A White reporter from a local newspaper was pelted with stones in the Doornkop area. 14hl5: The body of a Black man with gunshot wounds was found at Moletsane. There had been no police action in the area, but a lorry had burned out there. 15hOO: A shopping centre in Jabulani was looted. The culprits had already left when the police arrived. The badly burnt bodies of two Black men were found in the Phefeni Bottle Store. A Black man was shot dead by the police at the WRAB offices in Soweto. 15h20: Youths attacked a WRAB official in a motor vehicle with stones. He defended himself with a firearm and wounded a 16-year-old rioter. 15h40: The WRAB garage near the Roodepoort Road was broken into and a vehicle was stolen. 16hOO: Maj. Viljoen made use of tear-gas to disperse the crowd to the east of the Meadowlands Police Station. On his way from this point to the Jabulani Police Station, he saw a Black man leap from a WRAB tractor he was driving, leaving it to crash into a house. It was later established that the tractor had been stolen from the WRAB's maintenance section. 16h30: The shopping complex at Klipspruit, which had been on fire early that morning, was again looted and set on fire. Two Black reporters from a local newspaper were accosted a number of times during the afternoon by youths demanding money from them. 0 A hostel in Jabulani was attacked and an office set on fire. Two persons were shot dead by the police in this incident. 16h45: A number of buildings were set on fire in Moroka during the afternoon. About 50 persons looted Best Motor Spares, while 300 looted the buildings opposite. The police shot dead one person, wounded two and arrested three. The looters pelted the police with stones. The fire brigade's attempts to put out the fire were hampered by rioters slashing the fire hoses. 16h45 to 24h00: A reporter visited the Orlando Police Station with two colleagues in the late afternoon. They alleged that they had heard screams from the charge office, seen arrested youths doing exercises under Black police supervision and also seen the same youths later load bodies into a hearse. These allegations were denied by a non-commissioner police officer who was on duty in the charge office that night. Motor cars were pelted with stones on the old Potchefstroom Road. 17h00: The market in Jabulani was looted. Three persons were arrested. Three Black men were shot dead by the police near Barclays Bank and the WRAB offices in Dube. One of the deceased was identified as J.W. Zwane (see Annexure F, p. 70). Particulars are not known.

17h15: A large group of rioters were milling around outside the police station in Meadowlands. An occupant of a yellow motor vehicle fired a number of shots at the police station. The crowd was dispersed with tear-gas. 18h00: The Diepkloof Hotel was again damaged and set on fire. Some of the vandals were arrested. The clinic in Diepkloof was damaged by fire. The WRAB offices in the same area were set on fire. person, wounded two and arrested 11. The police shot dead one In Orlando East, a Putco bus was set on fire. One person was arrested. 18h12: The magistrate's offices in Meadowlands were set on fire. Three persons were shot by the police in this incident. At Johannesburg Inquest 1371/76 it was stated that eight Black men were shot dead in the area. Later the same magistrate's offices were attacked with stones. A police patrol arriving on the scene was also pelted with stones. One of the stone-throwers was seriously wounded. 19h00: Two Black men are presumed to have been shot by the police near the new Soweto Highway. 20h00: The WRAB offices in Areas 9 and 10, Meadowlands, were set on fire. A Black man was shot dead by the police in Meadowlands. Three Black men were shot dead by the police during rioting in a shopping centre in Diepkloof. 21h00: The beer hall in Area 4, Diepkloof, was looted and set on fire. One of the looters was shot by the police. 22h15: An attempt was made to break into shops in Chiawelo.

22h30: The body of a Black man, presumably killed by a member of the public, was found in Area 10, Meadowlands. 22h45: The body of a Black man was found near the Zola Bottle Store. The deceased was presumably shot during earlier police action. 23h30: The body of a Black youth was found in Soweto. The place where he died and cause of death are not known. 23h50: Rioters stopped a motor.vehicle on the Soweto Highway, pelted it with stones and set it on fire. Six persons were shot dead by the police in this incident. 24h00: A Black man, J. Mputha, was shot by the Inhlazane Railway Police while breaking into the ticket-office (see Annexure F, p. 52). The bottle store in Meadowlands was burned down and looted during the course of the day. In the case, S v Seagole and others, WLD 113/77, 10 persons were found guilty of stealing liquor from the store. They were sentenced to five years' imprisonment, three years of which were suspended. It has already been stated in relation to the events of the previous day why not all the incidents in which persons were killed can be correlated with the circumstances referred to in Annexure P. The chaotic conditions prevailing during those days in this area also made accurate evidence difficult to obtain. However, in a separate investigation, the Commission ascertained that 54 persons were shot dead during the rioting (see Annexure F, pp. 35, 36, 38 to 40, 43, 44, 48, 49, 51 to 53, 55, 57, 67, and 61 to 66); of those wounded, eight died afterwards (pp. 41, 46, 50, 54, 57, 58 and 69 of the said Annexure). Three persons whose unnatural deaths were connected with the rioting did not die as a result of police action (pp. 72 and 75 of the same annexure). About 27 other persons died from unnatural causes which were unconnected with the rioting or which cannot be attributed to police action.

West Rand: Alexandra, Johannesburg. 15h00: The police came upon youths erecting barricades in Sixth Avenue near the Gordon Primary School. The parents of the culprits caught them and punished them themselves. West Rand: Chamdor, Ragiso, Krugersdorp and Munsiville. 16h15: The occupants of a motor car with a Pretoria registration number incited Black youths in the residential area to violence, shouted "Black Power" and distributed liquor to bystanders. At the same time, a Greyhound bus was set on fire in Kagiso. 17h00: In Kagiso, Capt. S. Hurter of the SAP, with 10 White and 20 Black policemen, came upon a riotous gathering consisting of about 200 scholars and 50 adults. The crowd paid no attention to his enquiries concerning the reasons for their dissatisfaction or to his request that they disperse. When the police advanced on his orders, the crowd dispersed. There were no injuries. Immediately afterwards, 600 rioters began throwing stones two kilometres away. The crowd was made to disperse without violence. 17h00: A lorry driver from Matus Wholesalers, Randfontein, and a Greyhound bus driver were robbed of their vehicles and money. Beer Hall No. 2, in Kagiso, was set on fire. Capt. Hurter called for reinforcements and left for the Chamdor Industrial Area, which adjoins Kagiso. The area was quiet. The streets were barricaded with cement blocks. Capt. J.P. le Roux set off for the burning beer hall in Kagiso. About 600 rioters surrounded Capt. Le Roux's patrol, but after warning shots had been fired the attackers fled. The fire at the beer hall was put out by the fire brigade. 19h00: A Greyhound bus was damaged by stone-throwing at a terminus in Krugersdorp.

19h30: After police had fired warning shots and the rioters had fled, a fire at the local brewery was put out by the police and the fire brigade. Eight persons were arrested. It was later ascertained that a beer tanker and a brewery lorry had been removed and set on fire in the veld. Two 16-year-olds appeared in the Supreme Court in connection with this incident, S v Nyati and Langa, WLD (Springs) 678/76. The confession of one of them was ruled inadmissible and he was acquitted; the other was let out on bail but failed to appear for his trial. 20h00: A Greyhound bus was stoned in Munsiville. 20h15: The police received a report that the local BAAB offices, the Kagiso Junior Secondary School, the Mosupatsela High School, a clinic in Kagiso, and a shop in Chamdor had been set on fire. A Greyhound bus was on fire in front of the aforementioned high school. The fire brigade units from Krugersdorp, Roodepoort and the West Rand Mine put out the fires under police protection. The rioters who had set fire to the Board's offices at the hostel were driven off with tear-gas. Two policemen sustained light injuries. In Chamdor, the McGregor Clothing Store was looted and set on fire. 21h00: Window-panes of the Atlholang Higher Primary School in Kagiso were stoned. An attempt at arson failed here. 21h20 to 23h55: The police found that the window-panes of the following schools in Kagiso had also been smashed: the Boipelo Primary School, the Bosele Lower Primary School, the Thusong Lower Primary School, and the Thembile Lower Primary School. At the Tsholetsega Higher Primary School, the principal's office was destroyed by fire. The principal's office, staff room, class-rooms and store- rooms at the Sandile Higher Primary School were gutted. No arrests were made. The Kagiso clinic was also destroyed by fire during this period.

The body of a 17-year-old Black boy with a slashed throat was found near the bottle store in Kagiso (see Annexure F, p. 84). West Rand: Johannesburg. During the afternoon, about 200 students from the University of the Witwatersrand began a protest march in Bertha Street in front of the University. The procession swelled to approximately 1 000 persons. Banners with the words "Listen to Soweto", "Let Soweto decide own education", "Why shoot children" and "Black Education kills" were carried by some of the students. The march was stopped by the police at the Queen Elizabeth Bridge in Braamfontein. Members of the public attacked the protesting students. The police dispersed the protesters by using batons. A number of students were injured. East Rand: Tembisa. 10h30: The pupils of the Tembisa High School refused to attend classes. They held a protest march as a mark of sympathy for those who had died in Soweto the previous day. At the Boitumelong Secondary School, the pupils of that school joined them. This group, about 1 500 strong, marched past the offices of the school board, the BAAB, the 0akmoor and the Tembisa Railway Stations. Some of the scholars pelted the ticket-office at the station and the Sedibeng Bottle Store with stones and smashed the windows. The principal of the Tembisa High School and the Chairman and a member of the local Urban Bantu Council assisted in the negotiations between the rioters and the police. Between three and four hours later, the protest march returned to the Tembisa High School and disbanded. One of the groups involved in the protest march surrounded a number of reporters, who wanted to photograph them, and became unruly. The police had to intervene. East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. 23h30: An attempt was made to burn down a cinema hall in the area, but only the curtains were damaged.

Lebowa: University of the North, Pietersburg. Morning: Students attending Afrikaans-Nederlands lectures became aggressive during the lectures and passed derogatory remarks about Afrikaans. 20h15: An attempt was made to set fire to the office of the Head of the Department of Afrikaans-Nederlands. That same evening, the students gathered in groups and decided to organise a meeting and a protest march for the next day and to refuse to attend lectures, The students also decided to throw stones at vehicles on the highway on Friday. kwaZulu: University of Zululand, Mtunzini. i0h25: At a meeting in the Students' Representative Council Office, it was decided to hold the planned prayer meeting that same evening and to ask six persons to address those present. During the late afternoon, preparations were made for the prayer meeting by local student leaders: a notice was written out, plans were laid for converting the prayer meeting into a mass rally, and the motion to be put was discussed. 20h00: The prayer meeting in the dining-hall of the students' residence was attended by about 800 students and several lecturers. The President of the Students' Representative Council opened the meeting. A short sermon on the suppression of the Black man was then delivered by one of the students. Poems of an inflammatory nature were recited, and several speeches with violence as their theme, were made. One of the students proposed that the prayer meeting be converted into a mass rally. However, this proposal was opposed by another student on the grounds that 24 hours' notice had not been given as was laid down in the constitution of the Students' Representative Council. A leader appealed to those present to convert the proceedings because there was a state of emergency. At 21h40 the prayer meeting was converted into a mass rally. Several speakers addressed those present. The students passed a motion on the use of violence. The meeting was adjourned at 02h00 on the morning of

18 June 1976. A resolution was passed that the meeting would be resumed during the day. FRIDAY, 18 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 03h30: A petrol bomb was thrown at the Orlando Bottle Store. 06h30: The bodies of two Black men with gunshot wounds were found in Orlando East near a lorry which had veered off the road. It is not known who was responsible for their deaths. 07h15: A Black woman, Mothabeni Mabaso, was presumably shot dead by the police at the Chiawelo Bottle Store (see Annexure F, p. 40). 07h45: A shop in Kliptown was looted by rioters. 09h00: Mr J.C. de Villiers, WRAB Chief Director, travelled through the streets of Soweto in a motor vehicle under police escort. He made use of an interpreter and a loudhailer and asked the public to keep their children at home, because, according to him, conditions had degenerated into wholesale thuggery. 09h30: The body of a Black woman was found near the library in Meadowlands. lh00: A Black man, f. Moleko, was presumably shot dead by the police at the Diepkloof Beer Hall (see Annexure F, p. 49). llhl0: A hall in Area No. 1, Diepkloof, was damaged. A rioter was wounded by the police and then arrested. lih40: During rioting at the Soweto Wholesalers, police made use of firearms. Later, six bodies were found. 12h00: Two Black persons, R. Mayilange and J. Ndhlovu, were presumably shot dead by the police in Klipspruit. Mayilange was presumably shot at a Chinese store (see Annexure F, p. 44) and Ndhlovu at another store (see Annexure F, p.

54). The records of Johannesburg Inquest 1371/76 stated, however, that their bodies had been found on the ceiling of the Klipspruit Meat Supply. 13h15: The market in Jabulani was again looted and set on fire. The police shot dead one of the rioters. At about 14h00, the body of a Black man, Bennet Mabuya, was found on the scene (see Annexure F, p. 41). 13h30: Three Black men were shot dead by the police in a bottle store in Dobsonville. 14h00: Following an invitation by the WRAB's Chief Director to Soweto leaders earlier that morning, a group of persons met at the WRAB administrative offices in New Canada to discuss the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Soweto. They included members of the Urban Bantu Council, White and Black churchmen, and other local leaders. The meeting was stormy at times, and the Blacks present asked to speak to the Minister of Bantu Education themselves. 14h45: Four Black men looted premises in Dube. The police arrested them. Two of the looters were wounded. 15h45: An attempt was made to set fire to the Zondi Store. Two of the arsonists were arrested and one was shot. Subsequently, the police also shot a rioter. 19h00: A police patrol shot dead one person when they came upon rioters looting a shopping centre. It is not clear from the evidence where this centre is situated in Soweto. At 22h45 the police arrested nine persons at a store in Kliptown which had been burnt down. Thirty-one persons are presumed to have been killed by the police during the rioting (see Annexure F, pp. 34 to 37, 40 to 42, 44, 45, 49, 50, 55, 57 and 59 to 66). The same factors which complicate the calculation of the number of deaths and which are referred to under the events of 16 and 17 June in Soweto, also apply here. Three persons whose unnatural deaths were related to the rioting were not killed by the police (see pp. 76 to 78 of the said Annexure). The deaths of twelve other persons who died from unnatural causes were not related to the rioting or caused by police action. West Rand: Alexandra. 08h00: In Wynberg, looting and arson occurred at Indian shops, and at the WRAB inspectorate offices and bottle stores. Motor vehicles were attacked and set on fire. 09h00: Col. G. Slabbert, Commanding Officer Radio Control in Johannesburg, received instructions to leave for the Alexandra residential area with two platoons to quell the rioting there. 10hO: The police encountered several groups of unruly youths in Alexandra. Bottle stores and other shops had been looted by the rioters. Windows and doors of the shopping centre near the intersection of Selborne Avenue and Second Avenue had been forced. About 150 men and women took part in the looting. The police opened fire on the looters after they had called upon them by loudhailer to desist from their looting, which they nevertheless continued. The six wounded and the four dead were all between the ages of 16 and 25 years. All the shots were fired on command. Ten persons were arrested. 10h30: Police patrols encountered unruly behaviour everywhere. Groups of people were milling about, the Black Power salute was given, and a defiant attitude was adopted towards the police. 10h59: A shot was fired at the official motor car of Col. Slabbert, who was leading one of the task forces in Alexandra. Later, a 0,38 soft-nosed bullet was found in the roof of the car. 1lh05: About 200 Black men and women and tsotsis, together with a number of Coloured men and women, attacked Green's fish-and-chips shop, looted it and set it on fire. The police repeatedly warned the looters by loudhailer to desist and stand still. Some of the looters disregarded the commands and fled with their loot. The police were commanded to open fire and shot dead a fleeing Black man and woman. llhl0 to 12h45: The police warned several groups of Black people to disperse. llh20: The accused in the case S v Elizabeth Molife, Johannesburg RC 41/03099/ 767, used words and the Black Power salute and slogan to incite rioters, who had previously been dispersed by the police, to re-form. She was convicted of incitement to public violence. Half of her sentence of three years' imprisonment was conditionally suspended. 11h55: About 200 Blacks and , possibly the same group who had attacked Green's shop an hour previously, stormed two shops in Vasco da Gama Avenue. One of these shops was gutted. The other belonged to an Indian, who lived at the back of the building with his family. The rioters surrounded the building. To gain access to the shop, they tore down the burglar-proofing and steel gates barring the front door. The family were trapped in the residential part of the building, where they barricaded themselves. The attackers threatened to kill them and were in the process of breaking down the barricades when the police arrived. The attackers and looters did not all heed the cautionary appeals and warning shots by the police. One woman fleeing with loot was shot dead, as were two men who were breaking in at one of the back windows. The police freed the family and arrested a number of rioters. 12h55: During the afternoon, the police received reports that Blacks travelling around Alexandra in motor vehicles were inciting others to violence. 13h00: A number of commercial vehicles, including Putco buses, were set on fire. 14h00: Several buildings were in flames. Most of these buildings belonged to Indians and Chinese.

15h45: A bottle store in 16th Avenue was burnt down. The safe of the shop was left in the street after attempts had been made to force it. 16h07: The Mimosa Cafd in London Street was looted and set on fire by youths. The police had to threaten the looters with rifle fire five times before they beat a retreat. A number of tsotsis were spotted here. The police vehicles in the street were pelted with stones. 16h23: A group of about 150 looters, who were giving the Black Power salute, taunted the police in Selborne Avenue. Four of them were arrested. They were found to be in possession of a dagger, a hatchet, a knife and a knob-kerrie. In the case S v Masala and others, Johannesburg RC 41/03058/76, five persons were charged with public violence committed in Alexandra that afternoon. All five were found guilty. A youth received strokes, and the other four were sentenced to three years' imprisonment each. This case relates to the events referred to in this paragraph or in the following paragraph. 16h34: Five looters among a group of youths looting a shop in Selborne Avenue were arrested by the police. 19h45: Rioters set fire to a bottle store in First Avenue. 20h45: Three Black men were arrested while breaking into a shop in First Avenue. This arrest presumably relates to the incident mentioned in the previous paragraph. 21h01: Three Black men were arrested on the corner of Selborne and 15th Avenues on charges of house-breaking and theft. 22h25: The Hi-Ho Lawnmower Factory in London Street was looted. Equipment, such as typewriters and calculators, was thrown from the first floor of the building.

Knox Senyatsi was the aggressive leader of a group of rioters who pelted the police and vehicles with stones during the events of that day. The rioters gave the Black Power salute and shouted the Black Power slogan. In the case S v Senyatsi, Johannesburg RC 41/03494/76, the accused was found guilty of public violence and sentenced to three years' imprisonment and six strokes. During the course of the day, a large lorry with goods for delivery was forced to stop on a road near Alexandra. The occupants were intimidated and robbed. The lorry was removed to a spot where a crowd pelted it with stones and set it on fire. Two persons were arrested in connection with this incident. S v Njetje and Hlongwane, Johannesburg RC 41/4318/76. One of the accused was discharged and the other was convicted of public violence and sentenced to three years' imprisonment. During the rioting, a motor car drove through the crowds in the streets, its occupants sounding the hooter and giving the Black Power salute. The motor car also stopped at groups of people, whobecame aggressive after speaking to the occupants. In the case S v Anna Petja and Louw, Johannesburg RC 41/2878/76, two of the occupants were convicted of incitement to public violence. They were both sentenced to three years' imprisonment, 18 months of which were suspended. A fire broke out during the day in the Ithute High School. At the hearing of the case S v Ben Kubeka, TPD (Springs) 211/77, the 17-year-old scholar who was being arraigned was found not guilty of arson. The accused in the case S v Ramothiba, Johannesburg RC 41/03400/76, was convicted of public violence committed during the course of the day. He was the leader of a group who had acted in an unruly manner and had pelted motor cars with stones. He had threatened others with a broken bottle. He had given the Black Power salute and shouted the Black Power slogan. He was sentenced to three years' imprisonment. Sporadic cases of arson occurred up to 23h00.

Twenty-nine persons were shot dead by the police (see Annexure F, pp. 109 to 115); five were wounded and later died (see pp. 109, ill, 114 and 115 of the same Annexure). Seven persons died in other circumstances (see pp. 116 and 117 of the same Annexure). West Rand: Benrose. 15h40: The George Goch Beer Hall was set on fire and about RI 100 was stolen from the WRAB, the owners of the beer hall. In this connection, three Black men employed as cashiers at the beer hall were subsequently arraigned on charges of arson and theft (S v Nightingale Kraai and two others, WLD 436/76). Only the first of the accused was convicted of setting fire to the beer hall. All three pleaded guilty to the charge of theft. Kraai was sentenced to seven years for arson and three years for theft, the sentences being concurrent. The other two accused were sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment each. The fire damage to the beer hall came to R5 567. West Rand: Chamdor, Kagiso, Krugersdorp and Munsiville. 00h30: Window- panes were smashed at the Entuthukweni Lower Primary School in Kagiso. The fire which had been started at the school was put out by the fire brigade. 02h15: The technical workshop, offices and furniture, tools and four lorries of the WRAB were destroyed by fire. 02h30: Looters stormed the beer hall in Kagiso. On their arrival, the police were pelted with stones. They wounded a number of rioters. 07h00: A lorry transporting bread was stopped in Kagiso, the bread was stolen and the lorry was set on fire. 07h30: A petrol tanker was attacked in Kagiso. An unsuccessful attempt was made to set the tanker on fire. 08h00: A group of looters tried to steal the remaining liquor at the Kagiso Beer Hall. They pelted the police with stones. In the shooting that followed, seven of the looters were wounded. lOhOO: A group of rioters attacked a police patrol in Kagiso. The police dispersed the group with two canisters of tear-gas. llhOO: Rioting youths were dispersed by the police at the clinic in Kagiso, which had meanwhile started burning again. 13h00: A large group of Black men looted the gutted McGregor Store in Chamdor. Two of the looters were shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 82 ), and four were wounded when they were fired on. 16h30: The McGregor Store was again looted. The group of looters; who were very aggressive according to witnesses, were dispersed with tear-gas. 17h20: Rioters in Kagiso threw burning torches at Greyhound buses. Three men were arrested in connection with this incident. 20h00: A police unit was forced to a halt by road-blocks while patrolling in Kagiso. The police were pelted with stones from the dark but warded off the attack by using batons. 22h00: The Munsiville Bottle Store was set on fire and destroyed. Two men were arrested and five were wounded. 23h00: The clinic in Munsiville was set on fire and destroyed. A rioter caught starting the fire was shot dead by the police. The deceased was presumably B.L. Ngoma (see Annexure F, p. 83). 23h30: Two motor cars belonging to residents of Munsiville were set on fire. 23h5O: The office of the principal of the Munsiville School was set on fire. The fire was put out by the fire brigade. The body of a Black man with a gunshot wound, P. Quntsu, was found in Munsiville. As far as can be ascertained, Quntsu did not die as a result of police action (see Annexure F, p. 84).

West Rand: Johannesburg. 12h00: Thirty students from the University of the Witwatersrand staged a demonstration with placards in Jan Smuts Avenue. The Rector of the University informed the students about the ban on open-air gatherings. The students were asked to meet in the university hall, where they listened to speeches. 21h00: A group of about 100 Blacks congregated in Robertsham, one of the southern suburbs of Johannesburg, where they stopped and threatened motorists. During an investigation by the police, a Black man, E. Xaba, was later killed when the police were confronted by suspected rioters (see Annexure F, p. 115). West Rand: Mothlakeng, Randfontein. 15h00: At the WRAB offices, the police addressed a group of rioters, who agreed to disperse. However, after the police had withdrawn, they attacked a bread delivery van, looted it and set it on fire. The returning police were pelted with stones. One Black man was shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 82), and three were wounded. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. 13h30: Black officials of the East Rand BAAB incited a group of scholars to hold protest marches, to go on the rampage and to burn down the BAAB buildings. They also appealled to scholars not to write examinations, especially not in subjects taught in Afrikaans. Three days later, two of these scholars played leading roles in a protest march from the Mabuya School to the local BAAB building. Criminal proceedings resulted from this incident. East Rand: Katlehong and Thokoza, Germiston. (These two black residential areas are contiguous) 07h30: A group of youthful tsotsis tried to intimidate the principal of the Tsabalala Primary School, Katlehong, into evacuating the school. Pupils smashed the windows of the school with stones. They also stoned the police, who had arrived in the interim, and gave the Black Power salute.

The police learnt that all the schools in Katlehong and Thokoza had been evacuated under similar circumstances. Municipal buses were pelted with stones by scholars. 09h00: Between 300 and 400 scholars attacked a local bottle store, the post office, the Standard, Barclays and Volkskas Banks and buildings of the local BAAB with stones. A BAAB ambulance was overturned and set on fire. The rioters were dispersed with tear-gas. 09h45: About 200 youths broke into the Wag-'n-bietjie Beer Hall and removed large quantities of liquor. A fire which was started was put out by the police. llhOO: The Thokoza Bottle Store and Beer Hall were attacked by about 1 000 youths, and large quantities of liquor were removed. The police guarding the complex were attacked with stones, a senior police officer being wounded. An inciter, M.S. Rapuleng, was shot by the police (see Annexure F, p. 20). 14h15: The police were again attacked by rioters at the Thokoza Beer Hall. They shot dead a nineteen-year-old leader (see Annexure F, p. 20). Thereafter, most of the liquor was removed in ten vehicles. 15h15: The police were attacked with stones at the Wag-'n-bietjie Beer Hall. Two of the rioters' ringleaders were wounded and arrested by the police. 17h00: The Thokoza Beer Hall was again looted by rioters, set on fire and gutted. The post office and community hall in Khumalo Street, Thokoza, were destroyed by looting and arson. The local BAAB offices and four dormitories for single Black men were set on fire about three hours later. 19h15: A funeral parlour and a store were set on fire. The Black owner visited the building and found six persons in the store.

A paraffin tap had been turned on to start the fire. The owner was stabbed with a sharp instrument. Damage totalled R126 000. The six accused in the case S v Ndlovu and others, WLD (Springs) 617/76, were convicted of housebreaking with the intent to start fires and of arson. They were sentenced to five years' imprisonment each. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. lOhOO: About 400 pupils from the Boitumelong Secondary School fell in with pupils from the Tembisa High School, who refused to attend classes. After the scholars had threatened the teachers, they began marching in the direction of the Leralla Bottle Store. According to witnesses, some of the protest marchers had at this stage already armed themselves with stones, staves, knives, etc. By the time the marchers reached the bottle store, their numbers had swollen to some 2 000 persons. Part of the crowd smashed the windows of the store and tried to set the place on fire. Thereafter, the marchers stormed the Umthambekai Bottle Store and damaged the complex. Because of the wind blowing at the time, tear-gas had no effect. The police dispersed the crowd by firing shots over their heads. The rioters re-formed into smaller groups and continued looting. 12h00: A group of rioters attacked a Portuguese's cafd at the Oakmoor Railway Station. The rioters also tried to set the owner's vehicle on fire. He and his assistant used their own firearms to fire at the attackers and are thought to have hit four of them. The bodies of C. Lekaba and L. Ntaphosa (see Annexure F, pp. 22 and 24) were found at the scene. C. Koza died in Olifantsfontein on the same day, and E. Mabye died the next day (p. 22 of the same Annexure). The Railway Police were informed of the rioting in Tembisa, and 15 minutes later three vehicles carrying ten armed Railway Policemen were sent to the Tembisa Railway Station. 13h00: A large crowd approached the Limendlela Railway Station. Trains were held back on the Tembisa and Leralla sections in order not to expose the trains and passengers to attacks.

14h00: Reinforcements arrived from Vosloorus. The police patrols were under constant attack with stones. It appears that, whenever shots were fired at the rioters, the wounded and dead were removed by their comrades. 14h15: Arrangements were made to get train traffic going again, because urban workers were beginning to mill around at the Isando and Kaalfontein Railway Stations. 15h45: A train was attacked with stones one kilometre from the Tembisa Railway Station. Some of the passengers jumped from the train. The Railway Police fired warning shots at the stone-throwers. 17h00: Several workers arriving in Tembisa were stopped and robbed by unruly groups. 17h45: The windows of the Oakmoor Railway Station building were smashed. The Railway Police wounded a rioter in the act of hurling a burning sack into the ticket-office. During the course of the evening, 16 vehicles which had been abandoned by their drivers were set on fire. Five persons were shot dead by the police during the day (see Annexure F, pp. 19 to 20). A sixth person, J.R. Monaheng, is also presumed to have been shot dead by the police; no details of the circumstances are known (see p. 19 of the same Annexure). Eleven persons, four of whom were presumably fatally wounded by the aforementioned caf6 owner, were killed by private idividuals (see Annexure F, pp. 22 to 25). East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. 05h45: A group of Black adults pelted Putco buses with stones and set them on fire. At the same time, a police hearse and other private vehicles were set alight.

06h00: L. Buthelezi, the leader of a group who were setting fire to Putco buses in M.C. Botha Avenue, was hit by police bullets. He died subsequently (see Annexure F, p. 18). 07h45: Two beer halls and a post office were set on fire. 09h30: A second attempt was made to burn down the local cinema. Schoolchildren joined the rioters. Pupils from ten schools in the neighbourhood boycotted classes. 10h15: The only secondary school in the neighbourhood was set on fire. A clinic was damaged. During the course of the day, a woman reporter from a local newspaper saw buildings being pelted with stones and buses being set on fire. She also saw two motor cars whose Black occupants failed to stop at a police road-block and then gave the police the Black Power salute. Two persons were killed by private individuals - one in faction fighting and the other while looting (see Annexure F, p. 23). Highveld: Witbank. The only reported incident of rioting in this area took place at the Empire Community Hall, where an attempt was made to set fire to the electrical transformers. Peninsula: Mowbray, Cape Town. 06h45: The police discovered that the Nassau High School in the White area in Mowbray had been broken into. Apparently, an attempt had been made to start a fire. Black Power slogans were written on the blackboards. 14h15: About 43 students, members of Students for Social Democracy, congregated on the grass embankment on the western side of Rhodes Avenue in front of the with long strips of white material and smaller placards. The material carried slogans such as:

"Soweto Bleeds"; "Solidarity with Soweto"; "End Bantu Education Now". The students dispersed after they had been warned by Col. D.L. Vos of the SAP. Port Natal: Durban. 15h45: A group of between 200 and 300 students from the Medical School at the King Edward Hospital marched along Sydney Road in the direction of the city centre. They handed out pamphlets to the public in which a meeting proposed for 20 June 1976 at Curries Fountain was announced. The students carried placards with, inter alia, the following inscriptions: "White pigs, bastards, snobs, murderers"; "Soweto is only the beginning"; "Down with Vorster and the pigs". Brig. G.E. Kruger, Divisional Inspector, and members of his forces dispersed the protestors in Sydney Road with a baton charge. During this incident, some Black bystanders assisted the police in making arrests. The police arrested 91 persons under the Riotous Assemblies Act. They all paid admission of guilt fines. Lebowa: Seshego. (Seshego, a Black residential area near Pietersburg, is situate in the Lebowa Homeland). The Mmadikoti College for Advanced Technical Education in Seshego was damaged by local students on Friday night. The windows of the building were smashed and the curtains, furniture and documents in the principal's and the viceprincipal's offices were set on fire. The fire was put out by a nightwatchman. Damage came to some R800. Lebowa: University of the North, Pietersburg. 07h00: About 800 students gathered on the football field at the University. They were armed with sticks, iron bars and stones. 07h15: It was ascertained that the telephone wires to the Sovenga Post Office, situate at the entrance to the University grounds, had been cut.

07h37: The students marched to the lecture halls and pelted the Geography complex with stones.. They assaulted and slightly injured one of the White lecturers. Slight damage was caused to the lecture hall. 08h18: The students began marching round the football field in columns. They then proceeded to the women's residences and the administrative offices of the University. During the march, they shouted Black Power slogans, gave the Black Power salute and brandished their weapons. Col. W.M. van Zyl, District Commandant stationed in Pietersburg, ordered the students to disperse in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act. The students ignored the order and marched back to the football field, where they listened to speeches. 09h08: The march was resumed and the students later returned to their residences. 10h55: The students again met on the football field, where they were addressed. 11h20: Rioting broke out on the campus. The community centre was set on fire. While the fire raged and the police were putting it out, students ran about or merely stood and watched, making no attempt to assist in the firefighting operations. Damage amounting to some R50 000 was caused. A police vehicle was pelted with stones on the campus. The Sovenga Post Office was set on fire. The seats of two caterpillar tractors borrowed from the Lebowa Government were damaged by fire. The wooden door of the Botany building was also damaged by fire. The police dispersed the students by using tear-gas and batons. No firearms were used. Twelve students were injured. During these events, one of the students jumped from the third floor of his residence and died (see Annexure F, p. 17). The police arrested 359 students, 166 of whom were charged. By direction of the Attorney-General, only four appeared in the regional court in

Pietersburg on charges of malicious injury to property. They were found not guilty and discharged, mainly through a lack of positive identification. The University was closed. That Friday night, the nearby Mpetu High School was set on fire. kwaZulu: University of Zululand, Mtunzini. 05h45: The Mtunzini and Empangeni police were informed by the vice-principal of the Dlangezwa High School that the students had decided at the aforementioned meeting to resort to violence. Two of the students informed him of this decision, which he in turn conveyed to a member of the lecturing staff living on the University campus. 06h00: The students began congregating at Freedom Square on the campus. They were armed with knob-kerries, stones and knives. Some students carried placards. In their speeches, student leaders made inflammatory remarks. Singing protesters marched to the women's residence. After they had been subjected to mild intimidation, a large number of women students joined the procession and marched back to Freedom Square. Here inflammatory speeches were made, but the students who were gathered there let it be known that they had assembled to commit violence and not to listen to speeches. At this stage, Constable H.A. Liversage of Empangeni called for police reinforcements from Richard's Bay. 07hOO Students attacked the local post office. However, the attack was discontinued because some of the students had deposited their money in the post office. Only slight damage was caused. 07h05: A member of the University staff summoned the police to the campus. 07h15: The students attacked university buildings and the White residential area. Women students who were merely watching the assault on the administration building were intimidated by a fellow student into taking part in the violence. Four White staff members were assaulted; two were seriously injured. Other White staff members fled the campus. Motor vehicles were damaged by stones. A number of buildings, including the Rector's office, the library, the church and the filling-station, were set on fire. The university roads were barricaded to prevent White staff members from leaving the campus. At this stage, a group of students marched on the Dlangezwa High School. However, the scholars of this school refused to take part in the rioting and violence. 07h30: Buildings were already on fire when the police arrived on the campus. Students surrounded the police and pelted them with all manner of objects. The police tried to avoid a confrontation. The students dispersed upon the arrival of police reinforcements. 08h00: The police began removing White staff members from the campus. 08h40: The Empangeni Fire Department began putting out the fires on the campus. A group of about 100 students taunted the police at the university residences. 09h20: Police reinforcements arrived from Eshowe. Stones and other objects were found in the burnt-out buildings. The police found a petrol bomb on the campus. Students were still moving about with placards, one of which was inscribed: "Kruger Your police bastards, why kill Abantwana?" Some of the dormitories had been doused with methylated spirits but had not been set on fire. Twenty students from the University of Zululand were charged in connection with the destruction of the buildings on the university campus. In the case S v Maduna and others, DCLD 37/77, the facts pertaining to this destruction were proved. The testimony of some 50 witnesses on these aspects was not challenged. However, the identities of the accused could not be proved, because the witnesses constantly changed their versions of the incidents and denied that their statements to the police were voluntary and correct. The accused were acquitted. lOhOO: The police patrolled the campus, and all was calm. llhOO: The students were notified to evacuate their residences. 12h00: The students began leaving the campus. No further incidents occurred. According to the Rector of the University, the damage came to R547 000. SATURDAY 19 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 02h00: Calm had settled over the residential area. No rioting occurred during the day. 16hO0: In Zola, the police found the bodies of four Blacks who had died from gunshot wounds. In three cases, the wounds had resulted from police action, probably during the previous day, because the police did not use firearms in that Saturday's rioting. The body of a Black woman was found near the library in Meadowlands - she was naked from the waist down, and there were indications that she had been raped. 23h50: At about midnight, a Black man who had smashed the windows of a store and a house in Dobsonville, was shot by the police. The bodies of five persons, who had presumably been killed by the police, were left at various police stations and hospitals (see Annexure F, pp. 36, 38, 39, 44 and 54). It could not be ascertained which one of them was killed in Dobsonville. One person was shot dead by an unknown private individual (see p. 74 of the same Annexure). Seven persons died from unnatural causes - their deaths are unconnected with the riots and were not caused by the police. West Rand: Alexandra. 07h25: Unknown persons set fire to Green's Fresh Meat Supplies. The Sandton fire brigade put out the fire.

09h05 to 09h50: The bodies of five Black men were found at various points in the residential area. Not one of these casualties resulted from police action. The Commission has no further details in this connection. 11h40: A stolen delivery van with a full load of bread from the Mono Bakery was returned to its owner by the police. A Black woman was caught in the vehicle by the police and arrested. 13h05: The window of a shop next to the Bergvlei Post Office was smashed. 14h40: About 50 Black men ransacked a bottle store in 17th Avenue. The police dispersed the bystanders with tear-gas and arrested four persons. 15h00 to 19h00: The police ordered several groups of rioters to disperse. During the afternoon they investigated various complaints, which turned out to be false. 18h00: A fire at the Alexandra School was put out by the Sandton fire brigade. The police who escorted the fire brigade were pelted with stones. 18h05: The police asked that the sale of large quantities of pataffin by a caf6 near the Bramley Police Station be stopped. 18h50: A crowd on Rautenbach Square, where the Putco buses offload their passengers, dispersed at the request of the police. Although the rioting in this area had subsided at this stage, the crowds were still hostile towards the police. West Rand: Chamdor, Kagiso, Krugersdorp and Munsiville. 07h00: A Black man who had stolen three bottles of liquor from a bottle store in Munsiville was arrested. West Rand: Johannesburg. 19h00: Blacks pelted motor cars with stones in Louis Botha Avenue.

West Rand: Mothlakeng, Randfontein. 21h10: A fire at a beer hall was put out by the fire brigade. The beer was removed and destroyed by the Assistant Regional Manager of the WRAB. East Rand; Tembisa, Boksburg. 05h30: The ticket-office at the Limendlela Railway Station was broken into. During the day, a Black dealer's shop was broken into. The thieves were arrested. One person was shot by the police during the day (see Annexure F, p. 19). Four persons died under other circumstances (see pp. 23 to 25 of the same Annexure). Central Transvaal: Pretoria. Discussions flowing from the meeting that had taken place in Soweto on June 18 were held at the head office of the Department of Bantu Administration and Development. The meeting was attended by the Minister of Bantu Administration and Development and of Bantu Education, the Chairman and officials of the WRAB, a deputation from the Urban Bantu Council and other Black leaders from Soweto. Among the subjects broached by Black speakers were the Bantu Council's unsuccessful attempts to have the use of Afrikaans as the medium of instruction in certain schools discontinued, and their abortive interviews with the Regional Director of Bantu Education in Soweto on June 14. The Minister explained the policy concerning the medium of instruction and announced that a meeting between the Secretary for Bantu Education and a deputation from Soweto would be held on 25 June 1976 to discuss educational problems and that a meeting between the Secretary for Bantu Administration and Development and a similar deputation would be held on 29 June 1976 to discuss matters falling outside the sphere of education. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. During the night of 19 to 20 June 1976, an attempt was made to set fire to the Zimasa Higher Primary School.

Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. During the same night, the Hlangisa School was destroyed by fire. Peninsula: University of the Western Cape, Cape Town. In a Press release, members of the teaching staff at the university came out in support of the residents of Soweto. Port Natal: Durban South. 02h30: A number of students from the King Edward Hospital Medical School in Durban South set fire to the Alan Taylor residence. An attempt was also made to burn down the library. The damage caused came to some R1 500. Lebowa: Seshego. In the early hours of the morning, two offices at the Mmadikoti College for Advanced Technical Education were set on fire. Damage totalled RI 000. An abusive note affixed to the door of the principal's office was highly insulting of the Afrikaans-speaking section of the population, against whom dire threats were made. 22h40i Documents were set on fire in the office of the principal of the Palakwane Technical School, damage totalling about R600 being caused. SUNDAY, 20 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Black motorists arriving at the police road-block in Booysens often gave the Black Power salute to bystanders. Two persons were killed by the police (see Annexure F, pp. 46 and 62). No evidence regarding the circumstances surrounding their deaths is available. A White woman, L.A. Scamotta, was injured on the Golden Highway by an unknown stone-thrower. She died of her injuries on 30 June 1976 in the General Hospital, Johannesburg (see Annexure F, p. 78).

West Rand: Alexandra. A Black man, K.V. Senatle, was shot dead by the police. No particulars of the circumstances are known (see Annexure F, p. 113). East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. During the course of the morning, the police received information that pupils from the local schools were going to hold demonstrations against the use of Afrikaans, and that Government buildings were to be set on fire. The police guarded the buildings. No fires were set. East Rand: Tembisa. A Black man, F. Mofokeng, was killed during the rioting by an unknown person (see Annexure F, p. 23). Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. Placards with slogans were spotted at several points in the residential area. Some of the slogans read as follows: "Viva Soweto"; "Don't shoot Afrikaans into us"; and "Wake up Azania Whitey is a step ahead in killing". Some of the placards were found at the Hofmeyr School. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. 02h00: The thatched roof of a welfare worker's house was set on fire. The fire was put out by the owner and the police; Damage was estimated at RI00. Vaal Triangle: Evaton. During the course of the morning, it was discovered that mattresses in a store- room in the girls' residence at the Wilberforce Institute in Evaton had been set on fire. The fire was put out by the residents. Damage was estimated at R60. Vaal Triangle: Residensia. 03h00: Sixteen class-rooms, including furniture and books, were destroyed in a fire at the Tshepo-Themba High School. Placards bearing the following slogans were found at the school;

"Black Power"; "Vorster with your people go back overseas"; "Away with Afrikaans"; "Give us freedom". No arrests were made. Damage was estimated at R145 000. Bophuthatswana: De Wildt. The recreation hall at the Hebron Training School, which belongs to the Bophuthatswana Government, was set on fire. When the police arrived, the fire was already out of control and the culprits had fled. Damage totalled about R58 388. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 19h30: The post office in Ga-Rankuwa was set on fire, but the fire was put out. The police arrested two Black men who were caught red-handed. Lebowa: Seshego. The thatched roof of the library of the Bysetatelwane Training School, approximately 20 kilometres from Pietersburg, was set on fire. Damage came to some R2 000. Venda: Sibasa. 20h00: The Mbeu Bookshop, owned by the Reformed Church, was set on fire. Damage to the building and books totalled about R22 000. Qwagwa. 00h01: A fire in the laboratory of the Tshiya Training School caused damage totalling R200. Thirteen men students were arrested. On 18 June 1976, a number of students had decided to burn down the Training School in token of their sympathy with those who had died at the hands of the police in Soweto. MONDAY, 21 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 05h00: The Putco bus services were resumed without any serious incidents. 18h30: Putco buses were pelted with stones at the Marabe Garage, but only slight damage was caused. 20h30: At a meeting of the SPA in White City, about 80 representatives of eleven associations decided to form the Black Parents' Association. Dr M. Buthelezi was elected chairman, and it was decided that the new association would, inter alia, administer funds raised for the riot victims and organise a mass funeral for those who had died as a result of police action. 21h30: The stage of the Community Centre was set on fire. In the course of the day, a person was fatally wounded by the police during anti- riot operations (see Annexure F, p. 52). West Rand: Alexandra. During the morning, the police received complaints that construction workers were being prevented from going to work. On closer investigation, it appeared that they were afraid to make use of the buses. An Indian killed a Black man, V. Manganyi, who was in the act of starting a fire (see Annexure F, p. 116). East Rand: Actonville, Benoni. (Actonville is an Indian residential area with a population of 12 342 persons and adjoins Wattville. These two residential areas are separated by a railway line). 09h15: The first signs of rioting appeared in Wattville. 10hO: A group of Black rioters from Wattville crossed the railway line to the Indian residential area, but were dispersed by the police in a baton charge.

11h15: A report was received by the police that Blacks were again invading the Indian residential area. About 600 Blacks gathered at the railway line and pelted the police with stones when they arrived. Because the wind made the use of tear- gas ineffective, the police decided to use firearms. It was subsequently established that one person was shot dead and six were injured (see Annexure F, p. 20). East Rand: Brakpan. 23h00: Damage amounting to R20 was caused by a fire at the local BAAB offices. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. 07h40: An inspector of the local BAAB removed four placards from the fence at the Mabuya School. The placards all referred to Afrikaans, except one, which read: "No entry or risk." 09h30: After the Mabuya School had been closed, the head prefect urged the boys at the school to march to the BAAB complex, to damage the buildings, to loot and to shout "Black Power". He and three other pupils led a march to the civic centre. Two of the pupils had been in the group which had been incited the previous Friday by Black officials of the East Rand BAAB to undertake marches and looting. Pupils from the Mandingoane and Dumehlezi High Schools joined them. The Black officials rode on ahead, shouting the Black Power slogan. The march proceeded to the Central Bottle Store, where the rioters looted the building and set it on fire. A vehicle was also burnt out. Damage totalled R1l3 000. Of the seven accused who stood trial in connection with this incident in the case S v Mathole and others, WLD (Springs) 644/76, four were scholars and three were East Rand BAAB-officials. One of the officials was acquitted and discharged. The other six accused were convicted and sentenced to five years' imprisonment each.

Upon their arrival at the scene of the rioting, the police were pelted with stones, one of them being injured. When fired on by the police, the crowd formed into smaller groups and dispersed in different directions. Chaos then broke out in Daveyton. One group of scholars looted the Vergenoeg Bottle Store and set it on fire. Another group went to the Cele Street Beer Depot. 12h00: There was severe rioting at the Central Bottle Store. The police opened fire on command and shot dead one of the inciters. His body was carried off by the crowd. At the same time, the police also fired on the crowd at the Vergenoeg Bottle Store. A baton charge was carried out at the Extension Bottle Store. 14h00: The police were attacked in Mocks Street and fired over the attackers' heads. The Cele Street Beer Depot was set on fire. The crowd prevented the fire brigade from putting out the fire at the Central Bottle Store. 14h05: The body of a Black man, probably shot dead during the rioting at the Vergenoeg Bottle Store, was found in Eiselen Street next to the golf-course. 15h15: Two Blacks repeatedly succeeded in rallying the rioters at the Central Bottle Store after the police had dispersed them with tear-gas or in baton charges. One of the leaders was wounded by the police. l9h00: A policeman was injured in an incident in Eiselen Street, when he was struck in the face by a brick. 19h15: Rioters rolled petrol drums in front of a police vehicle driven by a Black detective-sergeant. They also tried to put the vehicle out of commission. To escape, the sergeant had to fire at his assailants and to speed through a road-block of burning plastic crates.

19h50: An attempt was made to set fire to the shop next to the Cele Street Beer Depot. The body of a Black man was found in the vicinity of Eiselen Street, where the police had quelled rioting. 22h30: The Black owner of the Celo Store in Cele Street asked the police for protection. A policeman detailed to guard his store inflicted a shotgun wound on a person who broke in and threw burning objects through the window. Three persons were shot dead by the police during the course of the day (see Annexure F, pp. 18 and 19). East Rand: Duduza, Brakpan. 10h07: A Black youth addressed a crowd of between 3 000 and 4 000 Blacks on a vacant lot in Nala Street. The crowd thereupon began walking in the direction of the BAAB offices. Two White BAAB officials and three policemen were attacked with stones. A BAAB vehicle was set on fire. Scholars taking part in a protest march tried to force pupils from other schools to march with them by threatening them with pepper and kerries. During the march, they pelted a bread delivery van, a bus, a bottle store, the BAAB buildings, a clinic and the police with stones. Eleven persons appeared in the Supreme Court in connection with these incidents (S v Rakosa and others, TPD (Springs) 99/77). Seven of the accused, all of them scholars, were convicted of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. 10h30: The police were attacked with stones. The police fired eight shots with an automatic rifle and two shots with a shotgun. It is not known whether anyone was hit. The beer hall in Pitso Street was set on fire, and a beer hall in Mashinini Street was burgled.

10h50: The police tried to disperse a rioting crowd by using Police vehicles were pelted with stones, whereupon the police the use of firearms. llh00: The police found two wounded Blacks in Ndudula Street the BAAB building. One of the wounded later died in hospital p. 20). tear-gas. resorted to and three at (see Annexure F, 11h40: The police arrested three men inciting others in Nala Street. The church hall in Nala Street was also damaged by stones. 14h00: A patrol vehicle was pelted with stones. East Rand: Dunswart and Rangeview. 10h45: The Railway Police received reports that trains had been pelted with stones and that stones had been placed on the railway line. The necessary protective measures were taken by the police. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. 08h00: The pupils of the Tlakula High School marched in the direction of the BAAB building complex, carrying placards that read: "Weg met Vorster"; "We don't want to learn Afrikaans". The police dispersed them with tear-gas. 09h30: The windows of the BAAB buildings were smashed by a large crowd of rioters. During the course of the morning, the police were pelted with stones by crowds consisting mainly of scholars. Tear-gas was ineffective because strong cross- winds. large of Two members of the Bantu Advisory Council tried in vain to calm down the scholars.

12h40 to 13h00: A rioting crowd, consisting mainly of youths, again congregated on a vacant lot at the BAAB complex and pelted the police with stones. Because of the wind, tear-gas was ineffective. Two ringleaders, who had spent the entire morning inciting others, were identified. The police fired only two shots and wounded these two inciters. The crowd dispersed. One of the wounded was a 13- year-old Black youth, C. Dhlamini, who was taken to hospital by the police, where he died on 23 June 1976 (see Annexure F, p. 18). The other wounded inciter, 19-year-old D. Leboane, was later arrested. He and another youth of 15 were tried in the case S v Leboane and another, Springs, RC 2/493/76 and convicted of public violence. One of them was sentenced to two years' imprisonment and the other to six cuts with a light cane. 14h00: The No. I Beer Hall and Bottle Store were broken into. 18h00: Serious fire damage was caused to the No. 3 Beer Hall before the fire brigade could put out the fire. Between 18h00 and 20h00, sporadic incidents of stone-throwing at buses and private vehicles occurred at several places. 21h00: The No. 2 Beer Hall was broken into. 23h00: At the Ntokozweni Primary School, the fire brigade put out a fire that had been started in the principal's office. East Rand: Wattville, Benoni. 09h15: The principal of the Letsija High School reported that the school had been attacked with stones. The police dispersed the group of between 1 000 and 2 000 rioters by using tear-gas. Shots were also fired. 10h30: The local post office and eight businesses in its vicinity were looted.

The accused in the case S v Molema, Benoni RC 686/76, had been the leader of a 50 to 100-strong group who had given the Black Power salute and pelted the police and their vehicles with stones and bottles; they had also set the post office on fire. He was found guilty of incitement to public violence and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, one year of which was conditionally suspended. 18h00: A fire at a power substation was put out by the police. During the night, the body of Moses Vilakaz, a thirteen-year-old Black boy, was found at the post office. Earlier in the day, the police had been in action in the area during stone-throwing incidents. A post-mortem examination revealed that death had been caused by a gunshot wound in the back. The verdict at the inquest was that responsibility for the wound could not be determined from the evidence submitted (see Annexure F, p. 21). In the course of the next week, rioting subsided in this area; nevertheless, the police received a number of false reports of rioting. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. 07h00: Hofmeyr High School pupils left the school grounds and went to other schools to round up scholars for a demonstration. An abortive attempt was made to set fire to the office of the BAAB superintendent. 09h00: The Mpebatu Hotel was laid waste by a fire. Damage was estimated at R72 000. The following two criminal cases resulted from this incident: S v Morupe, TPD (Witbank) 518/76, in which the accused was found not guilty of arson. The evidence was unsatisfactory, and he had an alibi. S v Masilela, TPD (Witbank) 519/76, in which the accused was convicted of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. He had given petrol to scholars, knowing that they would commit arson. The poster on his vehicle read: "Vorster's dogs murder children". He was also found guilty of theft.

09h00: During the rioting, a bread delivery van was pelted with stones, overturned, stripped and gutted. In the case S v Makhubela and two others, TPD (Witbank) 515/76, the three accused scholars were found not guilty of the crimes with which they were charged. The Shibakabakeni Bottle Store was burnt down, the damage being estimated at R29 000. Three accused were convicted of sabotage in the resultant court case, S v Ramonyoga and others, TPD (Witbank) 520/76. These accused were not scholars and had headed the protest march by pupils which led to the arson; they also took part in the violence by smashing windows. The first accused was sentenced to five years' imprisonment while the other two were sentenced to seven years' imprisonment each. The police put out a fire which had broken out at the Venbe Beer Hall. A task force of the SAP, under the command of Col. H.O. Eksteen, arrived in Atteridgeville to lend assistance. The Atteridgeville Police Station is on the Buys- Mbata Circle. About 3 000 Blacks, including young scholars, youths and adults, gathered at the circle and shouted slogans such as "Amandla", "Power" and "Police Pigs". A group of youths tried to set fire to the bottle store at the northern end of the circle. A store-room at the back of the shop did in fact catch fire. The older women and younger children, who fled when the police went into action, were caught by youths, pinned to the ground and prevented from fleeing. Col. Eksteen fired warning shots in the air. The crowd was dispersed with tear-gas. The Mametsane Bottle Store, the post office and the curtains of the community hall were set on fire during the rioting. 12h50: Col. Eksteen ordered the members of his task force to patrol the area, having first explained to them under what circumstances they were to use their firearms.

13h10 to 14h00: The police and the fire brigade put out a fire at the Mohlakeng Bottle Store. Stones were hurled at the Saulsville Bottle Store and the Atteridgeville Hotel, and attempts were made to remove some of the liquor. An Excelsior Bakery lorry was set on fire. A Black man who pelted the police with stones was shot in the leg. 17h30: The police fired at rioters who threatened and surrounded them at a beer hall. 19h00: Arsonists set fire to the Mohlakeng Bottle Store. The police fired a number of shots at the culprits and after the incident found one wounded Black man at the scene. 20h00 to 23h00: During this period, the BAAB buildings, as well as the police on duty there, were pelted with stones; the bottle store opposite the police station, the local hotel and the post office were looted; and the Mapita Cash Store was burned down and looted. In S v Mogale and two others, TPD (Witbank) 516/76, one of the accused was found guilty of sabotage arising from these incidents and sentenced to five years' imprisonment, while the other two accused were convicted of theft and sentenced to one years' imprisonment each, conditionally suspended for three years. Two persons were shot dead by the police during the course of the day (see Annexure F, pp. 10 and 11). Bophuthatswana: Mabopane, Pretoria. (Mabopane West, a Black residential area, is situate in Bophuthatswana, while Mabopane East is on trust land controlled by the Department of Bantu Administration and Development. For the sake of convenience, the latter area is dealt with under Bophuthatswana for the purposes of the account that follows). 06h00: Rioting broke out at the Motlha bus stop. Between 800 and 900 Blacks pelted vehicles with stones. One bus was set on fire and another was damaged by being driven repeatedly into the burning bus. The police were also pelted with stones. The police opened fire and wounded two Black men, whom they arrested. In the case S v Justinus Mathibe, TPD (Witbank) 512/76, the accused was charged in connection with the burning of a bus belonging to the African Bus Service (Pretoria) (Pty) Ltd. Damage amounted to R30 000. The accused, who had been responsible for the arson, was convicted of sabotage and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. During the course of the morning, the offices of the Bophuthatswana Bus Service were set on fire. Thereafter, rioting broke out at several places in Mabopane. The ABS offices were attacked. Window-panes to the value of R150 were smashed. 06h30: The police fired on a crowd of about 300 persons attacking the offices of the Department of Bantu Administration and Development. One Black man was wounded and arrested. Damage was estimated at R6 303. 06h50: Two of the aforesaid Department's trucks were destroyed by a fire. Damage came to R5 600. 07h30: A bus belonging to the Bophuthatswana Bus Service was stolen and later found burnt out in Winterveld. Damage amounted to R24 500. An ABS bus was burnt out, the attendant damage coming to R30 000. 08hO: Rioters erected barricades in a street and hurled stones at vehicles that were forced to a halt. The police, who were stopped and attacked at this point, shot dead one person and wounded three. A Black man and woman were shot dead by the police at the Loate Stand, where the rioters hurled stones at and set fire to private vehicles. Damage to property totalled R3 755.

Arsonists caused R28 000 damage to the administrative offices of the Bophuthatswana Bus Service. The police wounded and arrested three Black men. An ABS bus was burnt out at the entrance to the bus company's grounds. Damage totalled R30 000. Black labourers went on strike at the Klipgat Waterworks but resumed work after being addressed by a magistrate. A vehicle belonging to the Excelsior Bakery was stolen and found in a damaged condition in Ga-Rankuwa. The damage came to R1 418. 09h00: The police shot dead two rioters after an ABS bus had been set on fire. Damage was estimated at Ri 200. Damage totalling R972 was caused during an attack on the beer hall in Block A. The police shot dead one Black man and wounded two Black men and a woman. A large crowd was milling around outside the Bophuthatswana Bus Service grounds. IIhOO: Fire damage, collectively estimated at R71 000, was caused to a number of buses on the bus route between Mabopane and Winterveld. 15h00: The police wounded a Black man who had stolen a bus in the vicinity of Block B. 18hlO: Two Black men attacked a bus with stones at Klipfontein, between Mapog and Madidi. They were arrested. 18h40: A Black man was wounded in the leg after he had set fire to a bus at the Mokgatho bus stop. The damage came to R500. 19h50: Stones were thrown at the house of a Black district surgeon, R40 damage being caused.

Three persons were shot dead by the police during the course of the day (see Annexure F, pp. 9, 14 and 15 under Mabopane); one was wounded and later died (see p. 13 of the same Annexure). Central Transvaal: Mamelodi. 08h05: At the Mamelodi Higher Technical School, pupils cornerned the White teachers in the school and pelted the building with stones. Between 500 and 600 pupils were involved. A police patrol dispersed them with tear-gas and freed the teachers. No one was injured, and damage was slight. Ten minutes later, the pupils regrouped and marched to the Mamelodi High School. The protest march was joined by pupils from this school and by adults. Several thousand rioters congregated. A Putco bus was stopped and set on fire. A truck, whose driver was sent packing, was then driven up against the burning bus. Both vehicles were gutted, damage estimated at R40 000 being caused. The police called on the crowd through loudhailers to disperse, but to no effect. They were pelted with stones and got away only by using teargas and firearms. The crowd swelled to between 5 000 and 6 000 persons, most of them adults. Scholars kept on giving the Black Power salute. Upon the arrival of police reinforcements, the crowd dispersed, only to re-form into smaller groups. 10h50 to 12h10: Violence erupted on a bigger scale and spread. The Mogosi Beer Hall was gutted, the damage totalling R8 000. A fire caused R2 000 damage at the BAAB offices, where two vehicles were also wrecked. About 600 rioters stopped two trucks on the Mamelodi-Cullinan Road, plundered them and set them on fire. The joint damage totalled RIO 000. In Mamelodi East, a BAAB truck was set on fire. Damage totalled R5 000. The Mazakele Beer Hall in the same area was damaged by fire. Damaged totalled R2 000. The crowd at the Matimalenyona Beer Hall in Mamelodi East became extremely aggressive after they had looted the complex and set it on fire. Damage here totalled R5 000. Upon being attacked with stones, the police fired into the crowd. Two persons were shot dead; one was an eight-year-old Black boy, who was hit by a ricochet shot (see Annexure F, p. 11). Two persons were wounded and 29 stone- throwers were arrested. In this incident, seven policemen were cut off from their companions and had to shoot their way out of danger. Vehicles on the Mamelodi-Cullinan Road were pelted with stones. The only vehicles left unscathed were taxis whose drivers gave the Black Power salute. Because of the riotous behaviour of people on the streets and in the shops, the shops in the Bavumile Shopping Centre were closed by eleven o'clock. 16hOO: Scholars threatened a taxi-driver with stones and got a can of petrol from him, which they used to burn down the centre, causing damage running to about R200 000. One person was killed. The three accused in the case S v Mashele and others, TPD 510/76, were found not guilty of starting the fire because their identities could not be proved beyond reasonable doubt. At the same time, a panel van in the vicinity of Maseko's Store was attacked with stones. The police fatally wounded the ringleader among the 40 rioters. 17h45: Police patrolled the entire area. During the night, a number of buildings were looted and burnt down. Darkness hampered the police in their attempts to bring the violence under control. They fired at unruly groups to prevent further damage. There was chaos at times. 18h20 to 22h30: In Mamelodi East, the library, including its contents, was gutted and the community hall was partly destroyed. Damage totalled R110 000. While breaking in and setting fire to the Vuma Bottle Store in Mamelodi East, two Black men were killed and five wounded by the police. Damage totalled R6 000. Here, as elsewhere, looters stormed the buildings, grabbed goods and fled. The Mutuseni Beer Hall was looted, RI 000 damage being caused. The police shot dead three persons and wounded four in the chaotic conditions that prevailed.

18h30; The Lulu Beer Hall near the police station was broken into and looted. The windows of the building were smashed. The rioters carried off liquor, chairs and other propterty. A BAAB vehicle was burnt out, the damage coming to R5 000. The police used firearms in their anti-riot operations; several persons were hit and arrested here. A number of vehicles were set on fire by rioters and burnt out. Two Black men were caught red-handed while breaking into and looting the Mamelodi butchery. Damage totalled RIO. Rioters broke into the Dhlamini Store and stripped it bare. Here two men were also caught red-handed and arrested. The police were pelted with stones at Sam's Cafd, which was badly damaged and looted. Crowds kept the police occupied while others looted the building. A number of persons were wounded here. The owner of the caf6, S. Mabunda, who was mistaken for a looter by the police, was shot dead by them (see Annexure F, p. 11). About 200 persons were milling around in front of the Masebe Meat Supply. The business was looted, damage totalling R500. Masemola's Cafd was looted and damaged by a fire. Damage totalled RI 000. Mobs were milling around here. Damage totalling Ri 000 was caused by burglars, looters and arsonists at theMatlala Restaurant. Damage totalling was caused by looting at Mordies Restaurant. A crowd of about 2 000 persons was milling around in front of Solomon's CafM. The business was looted and burnt down. Damage totalled R5 000. Two arsonists were arrested by the police.

19h00: The Jogan Trading Store was gutted by fire. Damage was estimated at R4 000. Two accused, a 32-year-old and an 18-year-old, were convicted of sabotage for setting fire to the store. They drew sentences of eight and six years' imprisonment, respectively (S v Mashaba and another, TPD (Witbank) 511/76). Nineteen Black men were arrested for throwing stones at the Mbogodo and Lefakong Beer Halls and hostels. Damage totalled about R5 000. Eighteen persons were shot dead by the police during the rioting (see Annexure F, pp. 10 and 11 to 16). Central Transvaal: Rietgat, Pretoria. A number of Mabopane residents attacked a White farmer at Rietgat. He, his family and servants were assaulted and robbed of R2 800. The attackers looted his small-holding and burnt down his house. They stole and slaughtered some of his small stock and chickens. Total damage was estimated at about R58 000. The police shot dead a Black man and a Black woman (see Annexure F, pp. 9 and' 15). Eleven of the attackers were later charged in connection with this incident. Three were convicted of theft and given suspended sentences (S v Chobe and ten others, TPD (Witbank) 3/77). Vaal Triangle: Bophelong, Vanderbijlpark. During the morning, it was ascertained that an attempt had been made over the week-end of 18 to 21 June to set fire to textbooks in a class-room at the Community School. Damage was estimated at R30. Vaal Triangle; Residensia. A crowd congregated at the Tshepo-Themba High School, where pupils pelted the buildings with stones. Western Transvaal: Jouberton, Klerksdorp. Two Greyhound buses were pelted with stones.

Northern Orange Free State: Bethlehem. During the night of 21 to 22 June, the words "Black Power" were painted on the blackboards at the Tiisetsang High School. The words "Khetsi jou hond" were painted in two places on an outside wall. These words referred to the local school principal. Northern Cape: Kimberley. A fire broke out at the Tidimalo Secondary School. The fire was started in the office of the school principal. The three accused in the case S v Diratsile, Motowane and another, Kimberley RC 221/76, were found guilty of attempted arson arising from this incident. Peninsula: Cape Town. A pamphlet titled "Death to the Murderous Oppressors!" was distributed by post from Cape Town but did not reach the Black public. The same pamphlet was handed in as an exhibit in the case S v Rabkin and two others, CPD 331/76. Accused I and 3 were found guilty of contravening the provisions of the Terrorism Act and the Internal Security Act. In passing sentence, the judge stated that "(a)ll these documents" (of which the above pamphlet was one) "thus emanate either directly or indirectly from one or other of these two militant and unlawful organisations" (i.e. the ANC and the SACP). Concerning the nature of this particular pamphlet, (supra) the judge had the following to say: "It is stuff which, in the hands of unthinking people, could lead to bloodshed and rioting." Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 19h40: The administrative building of the Ga-Rankuwa High School was set alight, R6 000 damage being caused. Sporadic stone-throwing at vehicles occurred during the course of the evening. 23h30: Damage totalling R300 was caused to the administrative offices of the Madiri School by a fire, which the police put out.

Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. OlhOO: The thatched roof of a waiting-room next to the Moretele Court was gutted. Damage came to Ri 000. 14h00: A fire in a laboratory and in the library of the Sekitla School caused damage totalling R2 000. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. During the early hous of the morning, the office of the principal of the Batswana Training School was broken into and an attempt was made to set it on fire. Later, an entry was forced into the tuck-shop. During the evening, five women students were raped in their dormitory. They were threatened that the building would be burnt down. Bophuthatswana: Winterveld. 09h00: A bus belonging to the Bophuthatswana Bus Service was hijacked. It was subsequently recovered in a damaged condition. The damage came to R5 000. A bus was set alight near Vuka's store, R25 000 damage being caused. During the rioting, a Black woman was shot and killed by the police, who also wounded one Black woman and three Black men. 15hOO: A Black man and his sister hijacked a bus at Big House. The police opened fire on the hijackers, who ignored their order to halt. The Black woman was killed, and her brother was wounded. He was subsequently convicted of theft and sentenced to seven cuts with a light cane. TUESDAY, 22 JUNE 1976. East Rand% Daveyton. 06h52: The police put out a fire in the Moravian Church. Damage was slight. 15h55: Rioters tried to break into the Vergenoeg Bottle Store, but the police dispersed them with tear-gas.

16h40: A Black police sergeant was assaulted by rioters at the Central Bottle Store. 20h18: A fire at the Daveyton Cinema was put out before it could cause any real damage. 20h20: The police fatally wounded a Black man during rioting at a liquor complex in Eisselen Street (see Annexure F, p. 19). 20h30: The consulting-room at a clinic was set on fire and its contents damaged. While the fire brigade was bringing a fire in the Vergenoeg Bottle Store under control, the police fired one round of shotgun fire over the rioters. It is not known whether anyone was hit. East Rand: Duduza, Brakpan. Arsonists tried to set fire to three schools. In all three cases, burning papers were thrown through windows. The only result was that the curtains in one class-room caught fire. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. The windows of the Lutheran Church were smashed during the night. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. Liquor stocks were removed from beer halls by BAAB officials during the course of the morning. 13h55 to 22h00: Attempts were made to burn down three beer halls. While the fire brigade was putting out the fires, rioters pelted the firemen with stones. 23h55: The front door of a Black detective-constable s house was doused with paraffin and set on fire. The fire was put out.

East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. 16h00: An attempt was made to set fire to the Illinge School. Only books were burned. Four youths were arrested. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. 14h00: Col. H.O. Eksteen of the SAP held discussions with members of the Atteridgeville Bantu Advisory Council, including the Chairman and Secretary, at the local police station. He is reported to have told the Advisory Council that the police did not want to shoot people, and especially not children, but that law and order had to be maintained at all costs. The Council members reportedly said that a small militant group were intimidating scholars to take part in the rioting. The meeting issued a joint statement in which an appeal was made to all parents to keep their children of f the streets and to tell their children that "certain undesirable elements were exploiting them". Attention was also drawn to the fact that the children were hindering the police in the execution of their duties. In the course of the evening, this appeal was broadcast three times on Radio Bantu. According to Col. Eksteen, it had already become apparent by early the next morning that there were very few children on the streets. That day, no incidents were reported either, and Col. Eksteen withdrew his task force from the area. During the rioting in the area, the Madibakwena Beer Hall was pelted with stones, broken into and looted. Five youths were arrested in connection with this incident and charged with public violence, house-breaking with intent to steal and theft. One was found guilty of stealing a polisher, the other four being discharged. The youthful witnesses deviated from their statements to the police (S v Ramotla and four others, Pretoria RC 18/812/76). 18hQO: The Madibakwena Beer Hall was again set on fire and gutted after an earlier attempt. Damage totalled R65 755. At the trial of S v Mawasha and another, TPD (Witbank) 517/76, one of the accused in the above incident was convicted of theft and given a suspended sentence. Five were found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment each.

From 19h50 onwards, a number of buildings were looted and set on fire. The Isaac Mar6 Primary School was slightly damaged by fire, but a local nursery school was extensively damaged. On four occasions during the night, including times when they came under attack, the police fired a number of rounds. It is not known whether there were any casualties. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. 10h15: A looter was shot and three were arrested while breaking into the Vuma Bottle Store. 10h20: Damage running to R200 was caused when books were burnt in the Methodist Church, which was being used as a school. 14h30: The police returned a truck and its load of furniture, which had been stolen from Phil's Furnishers, to the owners. 17h00: Three Black men were wounded and arrested during looting at the Mogosi Beer Hall. 17h10: The police wounded and arrested three Black men in connection with stone-throwing at the Mamelodi High School. 20h00: A looting Black man was shot at the Longtill business centre. Four persons were shot dead by the police during rioting that day (see Annexure F, pp. 11, 12 and 14); another person, who was wounded at the Vuma Bottle Store, later died (see p. 10 of the same Annexure). Vaal Triangle: Boipetong, Vereeniging. 09h15: Scholars congregated in front of the Nhlapo Primary School and pelted the buildings with stones. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 09h00: Pupils at the Ga-Rankuwa High School pelted the school buildings with stones and refused to attend classes. Two Black boys were arrested.

09h30: Two Bophuthatswana Government vehicles were stopped in Area No. 2.and set on fire. Damage totalled R3 000. M0hOO: The police escorted buses and official vehicles because stone-throwing was prevalent throughout the area. 20h00: A Black man, who pelted a Pitso bus with stones at the Uncle Nat's complex, was wounded and arrested by the police escorting the bus. Lebowa: Nebo. 16h00: A 19-year-old Black high school pupil gave evidence before the Commission in connection with an incident at the Aboo Restaurant in Nebo. Two motor cars and a Kombi, which hailed from Johannesburg and Pretoria with adults and youths as passengers, were parked in front of the restaurant. A Black man of about 24 years of age got out of the Kombi and approached the witness. They knew each other by sight. The man asked him to accompany them to Sekhukhuneland, where they intended to burn down schools and teachers' houses. He also showed him a firearm and assured him that he need not be afraid. Using the excuse that he had to make certain purchases, the witness entered a store and left it by another entrance. He reported the incident to a teacher and to the police. Qwaqwa: Makabelane HighSchool. A letter in which the principal and staff were threatened was found in the kitchen of the school hostel. The letter ended with the words: "The wind of revolt is blowing everywhere in the country so be careful of what you do or say". A document reading "We want to go home today on Tuesday, otherwise ! ... Trouble!!" was found in the principal's office. Venda: Sinthumule. A bookcase in the Sinthumule Secondary School was set on fire. Damage was estimated at R60.

KaNgwane: Ka Nyamazane. Students and teachers put out a fire which had broken out during the night in a store-room at the Ngwenya Training College for Swazis. Damage to the building and food supplies totalled R18 000. WEDNESDAY, 23 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Johannesburg. The WRAB Chairman and Directors discussed the riots with the Minister of and the Secretary for Bantu Administration and Development. East Rand: Brakpan. 10h00: Fires were started in the offices of the principals of the MamellongNqabeni High School and the Mthonjeni Primary School. In both cases, windows were smashed and paraffin was thrown into the offices. The fires went out by themselves, and only slight damage was caused. East Randt Daveyton, Benoni. During the night, an attempt was made to set the Dumehlezi High School on fire. Only the curtains in a class-room caught fire. 18h30: The Central Bottle Store was set ablaze, and three hours later the local clinic was set on fire. However, the fires were put out by the police and the fire brigade. During the three days of rioting in Daveyton, the Central Bottle Store was broken into and liquor was stolen, the police were attacked with stones, and the Black Power salute was given. The accused in the case S v Vilane, Germiston RC 2/474/76, had led a certain group on all three days and had incited Blacks against Whites. He was found guilty of inciting the group to public violence and sentenced to three years' imprisonment. East Rand: Heidelberg. 12h50: The outer door of the D.R. Missionary Church, Ratanda, in the Black residential area of Heidelberg was set on fire. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi East, Pretoria. The Anglican Church was set on fire. Damage came to about R600. The St Peters Church in the same area was pelted with stones, and windows were smashed. Highveld: Witbank. Pamphlets announcing a strike on 24 June were distributed in Witbank. Vaal Triangle: Sharpeville. Unsuccessful attempts at arson were made at four schools. Western Transvaal: Jouberton, Klerksdorp. 08h30 to 09h30: While some scholars were writing examinations, others held a demonstration in front of the Matlosane Secondary School. After discussions with the principal, the police officer in charge decided to chase 200 unruly pupils from the school grounds. The pupils were dispersed by baton-wielding police but re-formed in front of the BAAB offices. Here the youths set fire to a petrol storage tank. The police put out the fire and fired warning shots. The rioters also attacked two beer halls. 15h30: An aggressive crowd surrounded a police vehicle and pelted it with stones. A Black woman was wounded and arrested by the police during this incident. Western Transvaal: Stilfontein. During the night, the offices of the Mizizwe School were broken into and R60 was stolen. Arson was committed at the beer hall and the BAAB offices at Khuma, at the Boitumele School, the post office and the D.R. Missionary Church in the Black residential area. At some places, windows were also smashed. Venda: Tsihilisine. 21h00: The D.R. Missionary Church of Tsihilisine was gutted by fire. Damage was estimated at R50 000.

THURSDAY, 24 JUNE 1976. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. No serious rioting occurred in the area; placards with slogans were found in the residential area, and a number of telephone poles were cut down and pushed over. Vaal Triangle: Bophelong, Vereeniging. About 150 persons congregated in front of the BAAB administrative offices but were dispersed by the police. Cape Midlands: Grahamstown. A function to be held at 20h00 in St George's Rooms, Grahamstown, during which the play "The Trial" was to be performed, was prohibited for the period 17h00 on 24 June 1976 to 17h00 on 26 June 1976 throughout the District of Albany by the Chief Magistrate in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. Two BAAB officials were pelted with stones in their vehicle by a group of Blacks. This incident was investigated by riot squad police, whose vehicles were also pelted with stones. FRIDAY, 25 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Johannesburg. A deputation of Black urban leaders and educationists held discussions with the Secretary for Bantu Education and made submissions concerning educational matters. The Minister of Bantu Education later held discussions with three Black leaders. Vaal Triangle: Bophelong, Vereeniging. A large crowd was milling around in front of the local BAAB offices and stores.

SATURDAY, 26 JUNE 1976. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. A group of rioters looted the Zebra Bottle Store. The police fired at the culprits. One Black person was wounded and arrested. Vaal Triangle: Evaton. 04h40: The Tsogisetso School was set on fire. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. During the night, an attempt was made to set fire to the local post office. Fifty windows were smashed. On 30 June, five Black men were arrested in connection with this incident. SUNDAY, 27 JUNE 1976. East Rand: Duduza, Brakpan. Bibles and lectures was set on fire in the office of the school principal of the Thakgalang School. The police put out the fire. MONDAY, 28 JUNE 1976. Venda. During the night, the Patrick Romaru Secondary School was broken into and books in the principal's office were set on fire. The same night a radio, typewriter and other items were stolen from the principal's office at the Marimikwe School. The office was then set on fire. TUESDAY, 29 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Johannesburg. Discussions concerning the rioting and its causes were held between the Secretary for Bantu Administration and Development, WRAB members and three Black leaders. Western Transvaal: Jouberton, Klerksdorp. 19h30: A crowd consisting of Black men, women and children threw stones at the house of the principal of the Matlosane Secondary School.

WEDNESDAY, 30 JUNE 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 12h30: The only rioting during the day was sporadic stone-throwing at motor vehicles in three areas in Diepkloof. The gatherings that were to have been held at 19h30 that day and on 2 July 1976 in the Donaldson Orlando Communal Centre in Orlando East, during which the play "How Long" was to be performed, were prohibited by the Chief Magistrate of Johannesburg in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act. THURSDAY, 1 JULY 1976. No incidents were reported. FRIDAY, 2 JULY 1976. Eastern Transvaal: Nelspruit. 22h00: An office at a Junior Secondary School in the old Black residential area of Nelspruit was set on fire. Damage totalled R25. SATURDAY, 3 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. The Minister of Justice having prohibited the mass funeral planned by the BPA, a symbolic funeral for Hector Peterson, who was shot dead on 16 June 1976, was held instead. Thereafter a number of funerals were held. No rioting occurred. Northern Orange Free State: Bothaville. 20h30: A provincial traffic inspector and two police reservists stopped a film show for about three hundred Black persons in the Black residential area of Bothaville shortly before the end of the performance because the appropriate entertainment tax had not been paid. The cinema-goers became riotous and went to the BAAB offices and beer hall, which they pelted with stones and set on fire. The clinic was also damaged. Damage totalled aboute R16 456. The police fired two warning shots and arrested a number of rioters, who were later charged.

Prior to these events, no incidents other than wage strikes had taken place in this residential area. SUNDAY, 4 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. There were no significant incidents in this area, except that false complaints regarding arson at the Technical School and houses in Lenasia were made to the police. Documents and papers were set on fire at the Dlambula School in Moroka. MONDAY, 5 JULY 1976. Southern Transvaal: Driefontein, Evander. A threatening letter was pushed under the door of the Superintendent's office. This letter is apparently connected with a subsequent warning on 10 August 1976. The threatening letter read as follows: "MR SUPERINTEND WE ARE NOW HERE AROUND WE NEED YOUR HEAD IF THE HOUSED RENTS ARE NOT LOWERED ON THE 19TH OF THIS VERY COMING WEEK. WE BP ARE GOING TO FIX YOU UP WITH OUR NEW METHOD WE THINK YOU KNOW NOT YOUR OFFICE ONLY YOUR HOUSE TOO AND THAT IS NOT ALL YOU ARE THE GONNA TOO SO MAKE UP YOUR MIND. PLEASE DON'T KID YOURSELF ESCORTING WILL NOT HELP YOU.". Bophuthatswana: Holfontein. Holfontein lies in Bophuthatswana near Rustenburg. Most of the rioting in this area took place in the vicinity of Rustenburg. On this particular day, three Black men in Holfontein tried to persuade others to set a clinic on fire. On 24 August 1976, the three men were found guilty in the Regional Court at Rustenburg in connection with this incident and sentenced to three years' imprisonment each, suspended for three years (S v Jabisigo and others, Rustenburg RC 76.08.24).

TUESDAY, 6 JULY 1976. Drakensberg: Imnbali, Pietermaritzburg. 18h00: Two class-rooms at the Mehlokazulu Secondary School in the Black residential area of Imbali were set on fire with paraffin. WEDNESDAY, 7 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Stone-throwing at Putco buses took place in Area No. 3 of Diepkloof. Southern Transvaal: Bethal. 22h30: A fire was discovered at the BAAB offices in the Black residential area of Bethal. Damage was estimated at about RI 000. THURSDAY, 8 JULY 1976. Highveld: Middelburg. After rumours of rioting had gone the rounds for a week, the Labour Bureau was burnt down on this day. FRIDAY, 9 JULY 1976, TO SATURDAY, 10 JULY 1976. No incidents were reported. SUNDAY, 11 JULY 1976. Venda: Sentimule. The furnishings in the main hall of the court building were set on fire. MONDAY, 12 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 19h05: A store-room at the beer hall in Dube was set on fire. TUESDAY, 13 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 14h00: The meeting of the Institute of Black Studies, which was to have been held on 13 July at the YMCA centre in Dube, was prohibited by the Chief Magistrate of Johannesburg in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act.

17h25: Stone-throwing at motor vehicles occurred on the old Potchefstroom Road. WEDNESDAY, 14 JULY 1976. No incidents were reported. THURSDAY, 15 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 17h45: A fire was started in a class-room at the Chiawelo Secondary School. Eastern Transvaal: Kromkrans, Carolina. A class-room at the Sebonzeni School was set on fire, damage being estimated at R50. Ciskei: University of Fort Hare, Alice. A pamphlet urgently appealing to students not to attend classes was posted on the notice-board. FRIDAY, 16 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 23h50: The stoning of vehicles was reported. SATURDAY, 17 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 16h30 to 22h50: Stone- throwing at private vehicles and buses occurred at Central Jabavu, Xlipspruit, Tladi and Dobsonville. West Rand: Alexandra. 20h30: Three Putco buses were pelted with stones. The police removed the buses to a safe place because the drivers had fled. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. Rumours of violence spread through this residential area.

Lebowa: Mothlekeng Secondary School. Damage amounting to R50 was caused by a fire at this school, which is situated near Groblersdal. Ciskei: University of Fort Hare, Alice. 14h40: With the permission of the Rector, the students held a meeting in the Great Hall of the University to make arrangements for a day of prayer on the campus and to establish an emergency fund for the victims of the rioting on the Rand. It is not known what progress was made with these arrangements. 22h00: Students at the University and scholars in the neighbourhood tried to burn down the post office on the campus. 23h00: There were a number of unsuccessful attempts at arson at the administrative building and the emergency power generator on the campus. A delivery vehicle was set on fire and destroyed. SUNDAY, 18 JULY 1976. Highveld: Witbank. During the night, intimidating pamphlets were distributed and posted on buildings. They related mainly to a stay-away from classes. Some read: "This is the 2nd and the last. Nobody back to school - 20 July 1976. Black Power". A clenched fist appeared under these words. "Black Schools to stay closed. Burn. Black Power"; "You enter this school at your own risk. By SASO members. No School students and teachers, you will be fired"; "Those who go to school will suffer"; "If you are not with us then you are with the Boers". Ciskei: University of Fort Hare, Alice. Rioting continued, and at 14h00 the Rector had to call in police help to calm down the unruly students. 14h15: Fires were again started at the administration building, but a police unit soon put them out. About 500 men students pelted passing vehicles, the hostel and the police with stones. One policeman narrowly escaped serious injury.

16h00: A fire in the Great Hall was put out, but only after extensive damage had been caused to the stage. The authorities decided to suspend classes at the University and to send the students home. MONDAY, 19 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 12h30 to 21h30: There were two incidents of stone-throwing in various parts of Diepkloof. "The Trial" was to be performed at a function in the Donaldson Orlando Communal Centre, but the function was prohibited in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act. West Rand: Mothlakeng, Randfontein. 21h00: Fire damage was caused at the Mothlakeng Primary School. In two class-rooms, in which fires had been started with paraffin, desks and books were badly damaged. The fire brigade put out the fire. Eastern Transvaal: Hendrina. A Black school was set on fire. Six scholars were charged in the magistrate's court in this regard (S v Mahlangu and others, Middelburg, MC A1739/76). All were convicted of arson. The sentences of the two girls who led them were conditionally suspended for three years, while the others - four boys - were *sentenced to six strokes each with a light cane. Eastern Transvaal: Machadadorp. 20h55: An attempt was made to burn down a local school. The damage was slight. Northern Natal: Vryheid. A group of pupils from a local high school decided to burn down the school library. One pupil explained to the others how to make a petrol bomb with the use of a tennis ball. They wrote the words "Black Power" on one of the walls of a room. Drakensberg: Ladysmith. In the course of the evening, an argument arose between Schoolboys and their pref-ects -at the St Chad's High School. This led to rioting in which the boys forced the schoolgirls to take part. The pupils pelted the school buildings, teachers' motor cars and a teacher who tried to address them, with stones. Damage came to about R45. Northern Transvaal: Le Rouxville, Pietersburg. At the Khaiso Secondary School, the principal's office was damaged by fire. Venda: Sibasa. Fire damage estimated at R400 was done at the Madaheme Primary School. Ciskei: Lovedale. 02h20: In the early hours of the morning, a fire broke out at the administrative offices of the Lovedale Training College, about five kilometres from the University of Fort Hare. When the police arrived, the fire was already out of control and gutted the entire building. 04h00: Another fire broke out at the offices of the Regional Inspector of Schools. However, the police succeeded in putting the fire out and saving part of the complex. The area was patrolled, but no one was seen who could have been responsible for the fire. Damage was estimated at R80 000. TUESDAY, 20 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 20h45: Putco bus drivers were robbed by rioters in Jabulani. West Rand: Alexandra. 13h40: Youths pelted vehicles in Alexandra with stones. Highveld: Middelburg. The schools reopened. A group of scholars marched through the Black residential area, disturbing the peace. BAAB offices, a clinic and vehicles, including an ambulance, a bus and a police vehicle, were pelted with stones. They set fire to a train depot and a bus, and attacked four BAAB constables.

The SAP had to fire a number of warning shots. The rioters continuously gave the Black Power salute. In due course, pupils from the Sozama Secondary School were tried in the Supreme Court in Pretoria in connection with these incidents. Three were acquitted, while one was found guilty of malicious damage to property. He was sentenced to cuts with a light cane. The Court found that the accused, who had been let out on bail, had interfered with the witnesses (S v Khubo and others, TPD 77.02.19). In another criminal case, three accused, including the Secretary of a School Board, were arraigned in the Supreme Court in Witbank on charges arising from the burning down of four schools and a church in Middelburg. The State called seven schoolboys as witnesses. All three accused were acquitted and discharged (S v Mahlungu and two others, TPD Witbank, 76.10.28). Highveld: Witbank. 12h40: Youths gathered in groups in the Black residential area, and pupils at the Elukhanyisweni Secondary School refused to attend classes. 13h25 to 15h00: During this period, violence flared up with stone-throwing, especially at a police vehicle and the beer hall. 15h40: Rioters set fire to and looted the beer hall. The police fired at them. 16h05: Violence and rioting continued into the night, not only in the vicinity of the beer hall but also in the Indian residential area, where the police had used tear- gas earlier in the afternoon to disperse 1 000 youths who were attacking three Indian shops. Later, the crowd again attacked and set fire to the shops. They were dispersed with tear-gas. 19h30: Eight motorists on the expressway between Pretoria and Witbank were injured by stone-throwers. In the course of the night, the Elukhanyisweni Secondary School was set on fire. Residents put out the fire themselves.

One Black man was shot dead by the police during the rioting in Lynville (see Annexure F, p. 33). Eastern Transvaal: Hendrina. 19h00: In the course of the morning, a fire caused R3 000 damage at a local Black school. Southern Transvaal: Bethal. l9hOO: A fire in a class-room at the Libengani School caused something like R600 damage. Southern Transvaal: Madi-Sakhidi, Standerton. Here a fire also broke out in a class-room of a school in the Black residential area. Western Transvaal: Coligny. 20h00: A fire, which broke out in the Motlaki High School, was put out by the police. Damage totalled R50. Western Transvaal: Hartbeesfontein. 02h45: At the Tigane School, documents and furniture in the principal's office were set on fire. The occupants of nearby houses put out the flames. Western Transvaal: Khutsong, Carletonville. 09h00: Youths went on a protest march through the streets of Khutsong. One of them carried a placard with the words: "Black Power is Black Amandla". The group was dispersed by the police. 18h45 to 23h00: Rioters pelted private cars, BAAB vehicles and buses with stones. Stone-throwers also caused damage at the Hlangabeya, the Phororong, the Tsistsiboga and the Kamohelo Schools. Fires were started at a beer depot, at one of the aforementioned schools and at the Lutheran Church. The police and the fire brigade brought the fires and the violence under control.

Western Transvaal: Marikana. 20h00: Residents of the Black residential area at Marikana put out a fire in the Betania School. Damage was estimated at R500. Southern Orange Free State: Bloemfontein. Scholars at the Marang Higher Primary School in the Batho residential area returned from their winter holidays to find that they had not done too well in the subjects given in Afrikaans. They held a meeting to discuss the matter. Two outsiders attended the meeting. It was decided to burn down the school. Port Natal: Zulu Training College, Amanzimtoti. 19h30: Fires broke out in a lecture hall, the library, a toilet and the living quarters of the college. While the police were putting out the fires, some students became aggressive and pelted them with stones. Holidaying students from Soweto had decided the day before on their train journey to Durban to burn down the college in token of their solidarity with the people of Soweto. They wanted to set the train on fire at Pieterinaritzburg. Lebowa: Mahwelereng. 06h30: At the Nochimodi High School, a fire was started in the principal's office. Damage was estimated at R50. Three accused were tried for this offence and convicted of arson. One was sentenced to a fine of R150 or three months' imprisonment, and the others to 10 cuts each with a light cane. Venda: Chivhase Tribal Area. A desk was set on fire in a class-room at the Chivhase School. KaNgwane: Ka Nyamazane. 21h30: At the Thembeka Secondary School, posters with the following inscriptions were pasted to some of the walls of the hostel: "Away with Afrikaans"; "Away with Scandal. You are to be killed soon". ("Scandal" is the nickname of the house-father, Mr E. Shabungu); "Mr Shabungu is waiting to burnt alive. You go from hostel or you die"; "Why should we die because of Afrikaans".

WEDNESDAY, 21 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 19h30: A class-room at the Sipo School in Moroka was gutted. School desks were set on fire at a school in Mafolo. 21h55: A Putco bus was stolen in Kliptown and was later recovered undamaged. 22h40; An attempt was made to set the Magaret Gwele School on fire. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. Pupils refused to attend classes and gathered in groups in the residential area. There was no violence. Highveld: Mhluzi, Middelburg. 22h40: Attempts at arson were made at the Mhluzi Lower Primary School and the beer hall complex. The fire brigade put out the fire at the last-mentioned place. Highveld: Witbank. In the course of the afternoon, rioters gathered in the Black residential area, barricaded the streets with drums and burning tyres, threw stones and shouted "Black Power". During the rioting, fires broke out in the BAAB building and in the Akkerville, the Khayalethu and the Illakanya Schools. The police used tear- gas to restore order. Western Transvaal: Ikageng, Potchefstroom. 22h00: An attempt at arson was made at the Tlokwe Secondary School. Western Transvaal: Khutsong, Carletonville. 01h30: Stone-throwing rioters attacked the beer depot and started a fire, which was later put out by the police. 09h15: School attendance was poor. The police used tear-gas to disperse a group of 100 stone-throwing scholars. Southern Orange Free State: Bloemfontein. Pupils at the Marang Higher Primary School complained to their principal about Afrikaans as a medium of instruction. He addressed them on the matter. Nevertheless, they held a meeting and confirmed their previous decision to burn down the school. This meeting led to six youths being tried in the regional court, Bloemfontein, on 11 September (Case No. 260/76). Two nonschool going youths were convicted of incitement to arson and sentenced to fifteen months' imprisonment each. Four scholars were found guilty of conspiring to commit arson; two were sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment, and two to cuts with a light cane. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 19hOO to 21h00: There were a number of incidents in which stones were thrown at buses. One driver was injured, and windows were smashed. Fires were started at the BAAB offices and the Tlhopane School. Bophuthatswana: Mabopane, Pretoria. 20h00: A fire, which caused R200 damage and resulted in the arrest of two Black men, was started at the Bafetei Primary School. Bophuthatswana: Hoekfontein, De Wildt. 20h30: Books in a store-room of the Menopeng High School were set on fire. Bopthuthatswana: Thaba Nchu. During the night, a pupil tried to set fire to the workshop at the Moroka High School, a trade school run by the Methodist Church. He bored a hole in a gas bottle and ignited the gas. He was later convicted of sabotage and sentenced to 5 years' imprisonment (S v Ncube, OPD 168/76). Venda: Magisterial District of Sibasa. The Vhufuli Vegetable Market, the Lwenzhe High School and the Mutsha Primary School were damaged by fire. Total damage was estimated at Ri 400.

KaNgwane: Thandulwuzi Higher Primary School. At this school, which is situated near Nelspruit, fire damage amounting to R3 000 was caused to, inter alia, the library, a store-room and the principal's office. kwaZulu: Vuma. 06h00: The thatched roof of one of the two class-rooms at the Nhlinza Primary School was gutted. The dissatisfaction among parents regarding a contribution requested for earlier repair work is believed to have led to the fire. THURSDAY, 22 JULY 1976. West Rand: Culembeeck. 12h30: Vehicles were pelted with stones near Culembeeck, on the RoodepoortRandfontein Road. Ten youths were arrested. They were subsequently convicted of public violence. Their sentences were suspended for two years. Southern Transvaal: Greylingstad. There was an attempt at arson at a local Black school, damage amounting to RIO being caused. Vaal Triangle: Boipatong, Vereeniging. lOhOO: Schoolchildren who had congregated in front of the Nhlapo Primary School, pelted a police patrol with stones. The police dispersed them with tear-gas. 18h20 and 20h00: Groups of riotous youths and adults twice pelted Vaal Transport buses with stones. In both cases, the police used tear-gas to disperse the stone-throwers. During the period 22 July 1976 to 2 August 1976, stone-throwing occurred at seven schools, and in some cases attempts were also made to set fire to the schools. Western Transvaal: Khuma, Stilfontein. Iih40: Pupils from the Khuma Community School attacked pupils at the Noziywe School with stones to disrupt their classes.

Drakensberg: Camperdown. 19hOO: About 150 pupils stayed away from a study period and gathered in front of the hostel in token of their sympathy with pupils in Soweto. The meeting remained orderly. Bophuthatswana. O1hOO: Damage totalling R7 800 was caused by a fire at the Kutlwano Secondary School near Ventersdorp. The school principal summoned the police, who arrested five youths in connection with the incident. All five were convicted of public violence and sentenced to five years' imprisonment; in four cases, the sentence was suspended for three years. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. 20h00: Two persons were arrested while attempting to set fire to the library and class-rooms at the Kebalepile Secondary School. The attorney-general did not prosecute them. Bophuthatswana: Pankop. 01h30: Four pupils were arrested during a disturbance at the Ratlhahana Secondary School. The school was pelted with stones, and bottles of petrol were found in the grounds. Lebowa. During the night, fires were started at the Mafolo School in Motetema and at the Mothlekeng School. Venda: Magisterial District of Sibasa. A fire was started in a class-room at the Mogorarane Primary School, the resultant damage coming to R200. Venda: Tengwe Tribal Area. The library at the Tengwe High School was set on fire during the night, R120 damage being caused.

KaNgwane: Inkuzi Secondary School. It is presumed that youths tried to set fire to the principal's office and to a store-room at this school. Damage totalled R25. kwaZulu: Mpumalanga. 19h00: About 150 schoolboys at the Inchanga Secondary School missed prep out of sympathy with the people of Soweto. The police were called by the school principal the next day, but there were no incidents. Eight days later, 80 scholars responsible for the tension were sent home by the inspector. FRIDAY, 23 JULY 1976. East Rand: Brakpan. 10h40: At the Tsakana Higher Primary School, dynamite was used in an attempt to blow up the principal's office. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. 21h00: Damage totalling R800 was caused by a fire in the library of the Jameson Primary School. Vaal Triangle: Bophelong, Vereeniging. 19h00: About 100 rioters congregated in front of the post office and the adjacent BAAB complex, and smashed window- panes in these buildings. Up to and including 29 July, several fires were started at this post office and at the Community School. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng, Vereeniging. 08h00: There was an attempt to burn down the Qhoweng Community School. In one of the class-rooms, school desks and tables were piled on one another and papers were set alight under them. Vaal Triangle: Sharpeville. 07h40: Attempts at arson were discovered at the Mohlole Secondary School, the Itotsi Higher Primary School and the Tsoclopele Higher Primary School.

18h00: Four Vaal Transport buses were damaged by rioters. 22h00: A class-room at the Itotsi Higher Primary School was set on fire. Cape Midlands: Grahamstown. The play, "The Trial", was to be performed on 23 and 24 July in the St Phillips Missionary Church Hall, but the gatherings at which the performances were to have taken place were prohibited in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act. Bophuthatswana: Baphiring Secondary School, Rietfontein. In the case S v Moaluse and another, Rustenburg RC 76.09.23, two brothers were found guilty of committing arson at the aforementioned school on this day. A quantity of school- books were set on fire in a class-room, which resulted in desks being destroyed as well. The words "Black Power" were written on an outer wall of the class-room. One of the perpetrators of this crime was a schoolboy, who was sentenced to ten cuts with a light cane; the other culprit was sentenced to two years' imprisonment or a fine. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 17h30 to 19h15: About R300 damage was caused to buses in stone-throwing incidents. kwaZulu: Mpumalanga. The previous day, pupils at the Inchanga Secondary School had failed to do prep. The head prefect informed the principal that they had acted out of sympathy with the people of Soweto. About 80 boarders refused to carry on with their classes. The police were called in by a school inspector to keep an eye on the situation. The school was closed, the pupils being ordered to return to their homes and to come back to the school on the last day of the month. The only further incident was that the grass around the hostel was set on fire.

SATURDAY, 24 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 16h00: An attempt at arson was made at the Sithole School, Klipspruit. West Rand: Roodepoort. 16h15: Rioting broke out among a group of Blacks at a brickyard in Roodepoort. Members of the police force who investigated were pelted with stones by about fifty rioters. Four persons were arrested, the remainder being dispersed by police dogs. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. In the early hours of the morning, fires broke out at the Iqlakula High School and the Phulong High School, where R500 and R20 damage was caused, respectively. Vaal Triangle: Bophelong, Vereeniging. 00h45: After smashing window-panes in the post office, rioters tried to burn down the building. 02h15: Unknown persons smashed window-panes in the School Board Secretary's house. Vaal Triangle: Sharpeville. 23h30: At the Komgomotso School, two unknown persons tried to break into and set fire to the principal's office. Broken bottles and a cork smelling of petrol were found on the scene. The police fired warning shots. Drakensberg: Edendale. 04h45: One thousand rands' damage was caused by a fire at the Edendale Technical College. Bophuthatswana: Thaba Nchu. 00h30: Fires broke out outside a store-room and in a lecture hall at the Strydom Teachers' College. Damage totalled about R1 000. The Supreme Court found that a student at the institution was resp6nsible for the fires (S v Moen, OPD 170/76). For this act of sabotage, the student was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. kwaZulu: Msinga. 20h00: Schoolboys pelted the Msinga Secondary School with stones. A Government vehicle was also damaged. Fire damage totalling about RS0 000 was caused at two girls' and one boys' hostel. Six Blacks were injured by the stone- throwers. SUNDAY, 25 JULY 1976. West Rand: Mothlakeng, Randfontein. 22h10: A cupboard and the roof of a class- room at the Bulelani Higher Primary School were damaged by fire. Highveld: Middelburg. Two buses for Blacks were pelted with stones in separate incidents. Eastern Transvaal: Hendrina. In the course of the night, petrol bombs were used to set a class-room at the Hendrina School on fire. The class-room was partly destroyed, the damage being put at R300. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. 23h00: At the Skoonplaats-Irene School, slight fire damage was caused in the principal's office, while furniture to the value of R80 was destroyed by fire in a class-room at the Mogato School. Port Natal: Amanzimtoti. 07h00: A store-room at the Zulu Training College was set on fire, R550 damage being caused. Five students were arrested in connection with this incident. On 7 December 1976, the Supreme Court convicted all five of arson, the sentence in each case being three strokes, plus 12 months' imprisonment, suspended (S v Gulube and others, DCLD 418/76). Port Natal: Durban North. Two schoolgirls at the Montebello Roman Catholic School allegedly encouraged their fellow scholars not to continue with their studies and to set buildings on fire. The following were among their reasons for doing this: The poor quality of the food at the hostel; the opening and reading of private letters; the dirty condition of the dormitories, and the obligation to walk barefoot. Northern Natal: Vryheid. 18h00: The pupils of the Vryheid High School ran amok in the dining-hall of the hostel. They shouted "Black Power" and threw stones on the roof. A pupil tried to start a fire in the library with a tennis-ball full of petrol. Afterwards, the books were doused with petrol and set on fire. Damage totalled R6 403. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. 21h00: A group of pupils from the Boitsenape Commercial School smashed window-panes in the Batswana Training School with stones. Apparently, the reason for this was that pupils from the Training School had allegedly assaulted pupils of the Commercial School. During the night, window-panes in the offices of the principal and the viceprincipal of the Barolong High School were smashed. Ndebele: Valschfontein. A steel cabinet containing books and documents was destroyed by a fire at the Buhlebizule School, the damage totalling R120. Venda: Sibasa. During the course of the night, two class-rooms at the Ngodza Secondary School were destroyed by fire. The damage totalled R450. MONDAY, 26 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. I1hi0: A class-room at a school in Dube was damaged by fire. 20h45 to 23h00: Arson occurred at the Masekhene and Siwango Schools in Meadowlands and at the Sapdeso School in Orlando.

Northern Transvaal: Elim. During the night, a fire was started in the principal's office at the Lemana High School. Damage totalled some R2 000. Central Transvaal: Leeupoort, Warmbaths. Textbooks were set on fire in one of the class-rooms at the Tlou-Tora School during the course of the night. East Rand: Heidelberg. An attempt was made to set fire to a Black school on the farm Rietbult in the Balfour district. The fire went out by itself. A number of window-panes were smashed. East Rand: Vosloorus. In the early hours of the morning, an attempt was made to burn down the Tke Tke High School. A piece of furniture in the Hlabahlangeni School was set on fire during the night. Eastern Transvaal: Hendrina. 15h30: Eight youths were arrested in connection with arson at a local Black school. Vaal Triangle: Residensia. 04h20: A fire at the Irukesetse Primary School, in which the administrative office and one of the class-rooms were destroyed, caused damage estimated at R14 000. Southern Orange Free State: Batho and Bochabela, Bloemfontein. Two pupils at the Marang Higher Primary School were arrested in connection with a fire which caused R3 000 damage at the school during the night. In the case S v Ditheko, OPD 76.09.20, one of them was found guilty in connection with the matter and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. 0OhO1: An attempt was made to set fire to the principal's office at the Legae Bantu Community School, Bochabela.

Eastern Cape: Bhongweni, Kokstad. 19h00: Stones were hurled at the staff room of the Carl Malcomess High School. The following day, a fire was started in one of the class-rooms at I6hO. On 29 July, 22 pupils were convicted of malicious damage to property arising from these incidents, each being sentenced to six strokes. Peninsula: Bellville. Students at the University of the Western Cape held a mass meeting on the campus to draw up a plan of action for showing their sympathy with the people of Soweto. Up to this stage, no rioting connected with Soweto had taken place on the campus. Port Natal: Durban North. After the previous day's incitement by two pupils, who apparently came from the Rand and had recently spent their school holidays there, rioting broke out at the Montebello Roman Catholic School. Shouting "Black Power", the pupils caused R400 damage in their dormitories. The police, who arrived after the rioting had subsided, found a bottle of benzine and a container with 20 litres of used oil in the dormitories. Sixteen pupils were arrested; they signed admissions of guilt on a charge of malicious damage to property and paid a fine of R50 each. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. 07h05: The principal of the Barolong High School found signs of attempted arson in his office. Ndebele: Motshe. In the morning, it was discovered that a fire had done damage at the Mabusa Besala School. Equipment, including typewriters and sewing-machines valued at R5 000, were destroyed. The fire had been started with diesel oil.

Venda. Fires broke out at three schools in the area. At the Makwarani Primary School, Sibasa, damage totalled R250; at the Tsisimane Training School, Dzane, and the Muduloni Primary School damage was slight. TUESDAY, 27 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 20h10 to 22h00: Arson occurred at the WRAB offices in Dhlamini, the Orlando West High School and the Phiri School, Moroka. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 20h30: The Mosupatsela High School was set on fire. The arsonists stole drums of paraffin a shop and used these to start the fire. After that they went to another school, the Voso Kqastela School, where they even tried to set someone on fire. At the hearing of the case S v Morake and others, WLD 95/77, two scholars were convicted of sabotage and sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment. East Rand: Duduza, Brakpan. 07h40: Lectures and bibles were set on fire in the office of the principal of the Nagalang Primary School. The flames were put out by the police. 19h00: Youths made an attempt to set fire to the Duduza High School. Windowpanes in the school building were smashed during this incident. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. At the Sedibeng Primary School, an explosion in the principal's office smashed window-panes, destroyed documents and caused the walls to crack. The fire that broke out was put out by the caretaker. The cause of the explosion is unknown. East Rand: Thokoza, Germiston. The offices of the principals of the Setsing Higher Primary and Thoko-Thaba Secondary Schools were slightly damaged by fire during the night.

East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. An attempt was made to burn down the Naneng School. Damage was slight. Southern Orange Free State: Batho, Bloemfontein. 00hlO: A fire was started at the Marang Higher Primary School in which three class-rooms were gutted. Damage was estimated at Ri5 000. Four youths appeared in connection with this arson in the case S v Qithi and others, OPD 76.09.22. A 16-year-old youth was convicted of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. The other scholars were found guilty of arson. Their sentences were 15 months' imprisonment, six months of which were suspended. Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. A pupil removed a motor vehicle from the Hans Kekana High School without permission. The vehicle was involved in an accident, after which it was set on fire to disguise the damage. For this the accused in the case S v Raphiri, TPD Witbank 514/76, was convicted of furtum usus and malicious damage to property. He was sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment, suspended for three years. Qwawa. The office of the principal of the Itemoheleng Commercial School was set on fire with petrol. Damage totalled about R1 000. Thirteen pupils were arrested by the police (Bethlehem RCA 2/8/76). In the case S v Moeti and others, the accused were charged with arson. Moeti was found guilty in the Supreme Court, Bloemfontein, and sentenced to four years' imprisonment, two years of which were suspended. The second accused fled, and the case against the others was withdrawn. KaNgwane: Tonga. 06h00: Roughly RI 000 damage was caused by a fire at the Ngomanazi High School. 08h00: A fire in the library of the Mkamayi Secondary School caused damage estimated at R600. It was said that pupils had earlier been addressed by two Blacks who, according to the registration plates of their motor car, were from Witbank. kwaZulu: Mbono. 18h00: Two class-rooms at the Ntshishili School were destroyed by fire. WEDNESDAY, 28 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 00h02 to 02h15: Three class-rooms at the Elison School, Jabavu, were gutted, In Moroka, two pedestrians were wounded by unknown Black men with firearms. 20h20 to 22h35: Fires were started at a high school in Area 10, Meadowlands, the Moletsane Junior Primary School and the Zola Higher Primary School. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 08h00: Desks in a class-room at the Lengau High School were doused with paraffin and set on fire. The fire went out on its own. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. Slight damage was caused when an attempt was made during the night to burn down the Maintjibulo High School. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. An attempt was made to set fire to the Kwa- Thema Combined School. East Rand: Thokoza, Germiston. Slight fire damage was caused at the Siteng School, but the Phokaboka Secondary School was totally destroyed by fire. East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. 09h15: A hole was burnt in the carpet in the principal's office at the Nagang Primary School. Three scholars were arrested in connection with attempted arson at the Ntumkulu School.

Western Transvaal: Klerksdorp. The SAP, the Chief Bantu Affairs Commissioner and representatives of the Bantu Advisory Council met to discuss the causes of the unrest. Some of the representatives blamed the teachers, because they were supposed to control the scholars. Northern Natal: Uitval. During the night, R350 damage was caused by a fire at the Sigweze High School. Port Natal: Durban North. 18h00: Five unidentified men arrived in a motor vehicle at the Isibonelo High School, entered the building and threw textbooks out of a window. No damage was caused. Venda: Sibasa. At the Makwarani Primary School, damage in the vicinity of R250 was caused when a desk and stationery in the principal's office were set on fire. Lebowa. During the night slight damage was caused by a fire in the office of the principal of the Mamathe Secondary School. kwaZulu: Nyoni. 06h1S: A fire was discovered in the office of the principal and in a storeroom at the Sundumbili Secondary School. Books, curtains and a desk were burnt. THURSDAY, 29 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 08h05: The staff room at the Lebowa Higher Primary School was damaged by fire. lOhOO to 14h00: Five cases of stone-throwing, two of them at schools, were reported in Mafolo South, Dobsonville, Zondi, Naledi and Area No. 10, Meadowlands. Slogans such as "Black Power" and "The tree of liberty will be watered by blood" were found written on the walls of Maponya's Store.

16h40 to 23h10: Five cases of arson occurred at four schools and a shop in Zondi, Zola and Orlando East. West Rand: Chamdor, Krugersdorp. 03h00: A fire caused considerable damage at the Buffalo Salt and Spice Factory. No arrests were made. The fire brigade put out the flames. West Rand: Munsiville, Krugersdorp. 02h30: The fire brigade put out a fire at the beer hall. No arrests were made. East Rand: Thokoza, Germiston. 06h00: Considerable damage was caused by a further fire at the Thoko-Thaba Secondary School. Vaal Triangle: Bophelong, Vereeniging. Wooden partitions in two class-rooms at the Community School were partly destroyed by fire. An empty petrol container was found at the scene. Damage totalled R300. Peninsula: Bellville. The students at the University of the Western Cape decided to boycott lectures. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. Two Black men, who hailed from Johannesburg, obtained permission from the principal of the Barolong High School to take two girls to Johannesburg to attend a funeral arranged for two days later. This subsequently turned out to be a blind. They incited pupils and also gathered information on the resident staff at the hostel, the times when the lights were switched off and about certain installations. The principal asked them to leave. There were no further incidents.

Lebowa: Seshego. At the Polokwane Trade School, the offices of the principal and the viceprincipal were set on fire. The damage totalled about R1 000. FRIDAY, 30 JULY 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 07h00: Window-panes were smashed at the Emdeni Zulu Secondary School. Petrol was sprinkled in the building. 14h45: The library of the Ibhongo Secondary School was gutted by a fire. 15h30: Dr A.M. Mathlare's consulting-rooms were set on fire. 23h30: A bookcase was destroyed by a fire in a class-room at a high school in Orlando East. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. 07h15: The caretaker of the Tlakula Secondary School put out a fire in one of the class-rooms. Damage was estimated at about R500. East Rand: Thokoza, Germiston. Unknown persons broke into the Thokoza Primary School and set the principal's office on fire. Slight damage was caused. East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. 08h50: The police established that a scarf soaked in methylated spirits had been placed on a desk in a class-room at the Mthimkhulu Primary School and set on fire. "'Phantom was here" and "White eyes was here" was written on the notice-board. 23h45: While attempting to break into the Illinge Secondary School, a fourteen- year-old boy was shot in the stomach by the police guard. Peninsula: Bellville. The disruption of lectures at the University of the Western Cape began on 30 July 1976. The Rector officially suspended classes from 2 to 6 August.

Slogans such as "Unity is strength - Soweto", "Sympathy with Soweto" and '!The Revolution is coming" were written on the walls of the buildings. The words "Burn U.W.C." on the roof of one of the buildings could be clearly seen from Modderdam Road. During the week of the official suspension, the students were 'to have held a symposium on "UWC in the spotlight". Northern Natal: Vryheid. A group of Black pupils from the Vryheid High School came together and decided to cause further damage at the school. The next day, they smashed windowpanes in the library after a film-show. Port Natal: Durban. 20h10: Students at the Umlazi Trade School pelted policemen on watch at the school with stones. The rioters sang and gave the Black Power salute. Some of the students and supervisors at the hostels were under the influence of liquor. The situation returned to normal with the arrival of a police task force. No damage was caused. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. Two mattresses were set on fire in the girls' hostel at the Barolong High School. A plastic container with a mixture of various fuels was found on the scene. No arrests were made. Owaqwa. An anonymous threatening letter was found on the floor of the staff room at the Manthatisi Secondary School. The letter was headed "School Black Power" and contained various demands regarding school and hostel regulations. 16h00: The pupils at this. school became unruly during the afternoon when they noticed a police vehicle in the vicinity. They gave the Black Power salute and booed the police. There were no incidents.

SATURDAY, 31 JULY 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 19h10: An unknown person smashed the window of a police vehicle while the police were investigating alleged incidents of stone-throwing. West Rand: Chamdor, Krugersdorp. 03h30: The Republican Waste Paper Factory was set on fire. Considerable damage was caused in the paper storage section. An intoxicated Black nightwatchman was removed from the danger area by the police. The fire was put out by the fire brigade. West Rand: Florida. OlhOO: A fire was discovered in the basement of the Florida Park High School for Whites. The sports equipment in the basement was set on fire through a broken window and was completely destroyed. The flames were put out by a Black labourer, who claimed that he had seen two White boys run away from the school. No one was arrested. The Commission doubts whether this incident has any connection with the riots. East Rand: Vosloorus. Seven young children were arrested in connection with a fire at a local beer hall. Four of them were charged with arson (S v Phakade and others, Boksburg MC 1771/76), but found not guilty. Vaal Triangle: Evaton. 01h30: While two Black policemen were standing guard at the Boikago Higher Primary School, a motor vehicle with a TJ registration number and with Black occupants arrived at the school and asked the policemen why they were there. One of the occupants fired three shots with a firearm at the police, who returned the fire. The motor car sped off. No one was arrested. Northern Natal: Vryheid. Pupils at the Vryheid High School smashed 25 window-panes in the dining-hall of the hostel during the night.

Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. Two mattresses were set on fire in the Barolong High School hostel. Venda: Vewani. During the night, a store-room at the Tshakhuma Mission Store, Vewani, was set on fire, damage estimated at R200 being caused. SUNDAY, I AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. A public meeting of the BPA was held at the Regina Mundi Roman Catholic Church at which school principals, members of school committees and other leaders called on scholars to resume class attendance and to stop burning down schools. Tsietsi Mashinini mentioned that a meeting of the SSRC would be held at the Morris Isaacson High School the following day and that each school was to be represented by two scholars. A coach was set on fire at the Inhlazane Railway Station. Two youths, respectively 16 and 17 years old, were arrested. On 11 November 1976, they appeared in Springs on a charge of sabotage. Both were found guilty and sentenced to five years' imprisonment (S v Soga and Ntambela, TPD 680/76). A Black man, R. Mthembu, died from a stab wound sustained during faction fighting (see Annexure F, p. 77). Drakensberg: Edendale, Pietermaritzburg. 22h45: At the Edendale Technical College, where there had been a fire a week before, a class-room was set on fire with paraffin. Lebowa: Matoks, Magisterial District of Sekgosese. The staff room of the Xgarahara Secondary School was set on fire. Damage totalled R500. kwaZulu: Appelsbosch. 14h00: A rondawel, in which four Black girls from the Appelsbosch Training School were living, was set on fire. kwaZulu: Mapumulo. 21h00: A fire was started in the principal's office at the Umpumulo Primary School. No serious damage was caused. kwaZulu: Mtubatuba. A typewriter and a duplicator in the administrative offices of the Nkodibe Secondary School were set on fire with petrol. MONDAY, 2 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. At a meeting of the SSRC, it was decided to stage a second demonstration and to march to John Vorster Square in Johannesburg. The purpose of the demonstration was to demand the release of scholars being held and to hand over a memorandum setting out grievances to the Minister of Justice, Police and Prisons. The demonstration, as well as a strike by labourers, was to take place on 4 August 1976. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. A fire was started in a class-room at the Seshegamy Secondary School. Damage totalled R30. Vaal Triangle: Sharpeville. 08h00: The principal of the Assumpta Lower Primary School discovered that an attempt had been made to start a fire in his office. Peninsula: Bellville. A meeting at the University of the Western Cape, attended by about 1 000 students, decided to boycott classes for the next week. However, the lectures were suspended by the Rector of the University. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. The administrative offices of the Thlopane Primary School were set on fire. Damage totalled R700.

Lebowa: Tuinplaas. A fire broke out in the Kalkfontein Community Hall. Five persons later appeared in connection with this incident; they were all found guilty of arson. Two were sentenced to 10 strokes with a light cane and 3 months' imprisonment, conditionally suspended for three years; the other three were each sentenced to 8 strokes, and three months' imprisonment, also conditionally suspended. Qwaqwa: Makabelane Secondary School. 05h00: Two class-rooms and a store- room at the Makabelane Secondary School were set on fire. The fire, which was put out by pupils from the school, caused damage totalling RI00. Venda: Mphaphuli Tribal Area, Sibasa. The pupils of the Mphaphuli High School refused to write examinations. After discussions, they returned to their class- rooms. The police were called in to take action against 200 scholars who refused to disperse. Eight Black boys were injured during a baton charge by the police. TUESDAY, 3 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Tsietsi Mashinini ordered the pupils of the Morris Isaacson High School to attend a meeting outside the class-rooms. Meanwhile, pupils from the Thesele Secondary School had arrived and joined the crowd milling around in front of the school hall. Mashinini announced a strike for the next day and issued instructions in this connection. He said, inter alia, that car wrecks and stones should be placed on railway lines, that commercial vehicles should be robbed and that people should be prevented from going to work, even if force had to be used. 15h45: Scholars carrying placards in a protest march threw some stones in Area No. 3, Diepkloof. 17h25: At the Inhlazane Railway Station, a crowd of scholars intimidated passengers not to go to work the next day.

23h20: The Orlando West High School was broken into. It is not known whether anything was stolen or what the idea of the break-in was. During the night of 3 to 4 August 1976, the signals at the Mzimhlope Railway Station were damaged. This disrupted train services to such an extent that the service to and from Naledi came to a standstill. West Rand: Alexandra. 20h00: Slight fire damage was caused at the Alexandra Coloured School in Second Avenue. The occupants of nearby houses put out the fire. At the same time, there was an unsuccessful attempt at arson at a school in Third Avenue. East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. OlhOO: A group of Black men broke a window of the school principal's office at the Mthimkhulu School and threw a bundle of burning papers through it. The police put out the fire. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. llh00: The police held a pupil from the Tembisa Secondary School during the school break, but released him after questioning. The pupils at the said school did not return to their class-rooms but set out in groups. One of these groups went to the Moriting Primary School, where they spoke to the pupils. The groups, joined by others, swelled to about 1 000 scholars. They walked as far as the bridge behind the police station. 15h00: The scholars were under the impression that the detained pupil had been assaulted by the police. They demanded from the Station Commander that the policeman who had allegedly assaulted him be handed over to them. While the pupil concerned was lodging a complaint in connection with an alleged assault at the station, the complex was attacked with stones by scholars, who soon retreated, however. There were no injuries. One person was arrested.

Vaal Triangle: Sharpeville. 01h30: A person was arrested in a class-room of the Jabulani Lower Primary School, where he was starting a fire. Peninsula: Bellville. Students at the University of the Western Cape protested against the alleged irresponsibility and hostility of the White University Staff Association. A member of the Students' Council was arrested. Qwagwa: Manthatisi Secondary School 20h30 to 21h00: The pupils became riotous and threw stones at two policemen on guard-duty. One policeman was slightly injured. The police fired four warning shots. WEDNESDAY, 4 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 07h06: Schoolchildren went on protest marches in widely separated areas. Streets were barricaded with car wrecks, disrupting traffic. Moving vehicles were pelted with stones. The police used large quantities of tear- gas with limited success to disperse the crowds. 07h30: A protest march consisting of about 200 pupils from the Morris Isaacson High School, headed by Tsietsi Mashinini, set out from the school for John Vorster Square. Under his leadership, they later (at about l1h40) threw stones at two Black policemen's houses in Rockville and set them on fire. The houses were gutted. During this violence, some of the pupils yelled "Sellouts! Sell-outs!" From here, the group proceeded in the direction of Orlando West. Adults also fell in with the marchers. The protesters accosted workers on their way to work. 08h25: Thousands of schoolchildren were milling about in Orlando. Police action was limited to the use of tear-gas.

08h40 to 08h45: Motor vehicles were pelted with stones in Dube, and two Black traffic inspectors were attacked in Moroka. Their motor cycle was taken from them and burnt. 08h45: A procession of about 2 000 youths marched along the old Potchefstroom Road. The police dispersed them with tear-gas. 08h50: Youths set fire to a Black policeman's house. 09h20: Vehicles were pelted with stones on the Soweto Highway in Area 4, Diepkloof. Tear-gas was used by the police to disperse the crowd. 09h50: The crowd of scholars marched from Orlando to New Canada. l0h00: A Railway Police vehicle was pelted with stones in the vicinity of the Orlando Bottle Store. Eight rifle shots were fired by the police. 10h30: A police vehicle on patrol was pelted with stones by a group of residents. The Black Power salute was given, accompanied by shouts of "Black Power". The accused in the case S v Selepe, Soweto MC 43/1012/76, who had been the leader of this group, was convicted of incitement to commit public violence and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, one year of which was suspended. Meanwhile, the Divisional Commissioner, Brig. S.W. le Roux, held discussions in Soweto with members of the BPA, including Dr A.M. Mathlare, Dr M. Buthelezi, Mrs W. Mandela and two other persons, in connection with the protest march, the grievances and the views of the Black youths. The Divisional Commissioner requested the deputation to speak to the youths, which they undertook to do. llhOO: Between ten and fifteen thousand people had congregated at a knoll outside Noordgesicht, the Coloured residential area. Brig. Le Roux made a loudhailer available to one of the members of the deputation, at whose request he ordered the manned police vehicles to be kept at a distance. The deputation moved amongst the crowd to persuade them to disperse.

The talks failed. The youths demanded the release of the four accused arrested in connection with the murder of Dr Edelstein on 16 June. The police refused to meet this demand. Some of the demonstrators tried to slip through the police blockades and to reach Johannesburg by making their way between the mine dumps. The police made use of tear-gas and firearms during these incidents. Three leaders were wounded, but contrary to reports, no one was shot dead. Incidents of stone-throwing and arson, as well as pillaging, occurred up to about 13h00 in Orlando, Meadowlands, Klipspruit and Dobsonville. 13h00: The group that was led by Mashinini earlier in the morning could not join the group dispersed by the police in time and was confronted by the police in the vicinity of the Orlando East High School. The demonstrators were dispersed with the aid of tear-gas. 14h10 to 14h45: Two crowds, one in Noordgesicht, where 6 000 persons had gathered, and another at the Meadowlands Hostel, were dispersed by the police with tear-gas. 15h20 to 17h00: The violence continued. The police used firearms on several occasions. 17h00: A Black man, Stephen Sibeko, pointed out someone to the police who had stolen his motor car. The person who was pointed out tried to flee and was shot dead by the police in the vicinity of the Mzimhlope Hostel in Meadowlands. The deceased was identified as V. Thabete (see Annexure F, p. 64). 17h00: The house of the Chairman of the Urban Bantu Council in Kanyile Street, Central Western Jabavu, was attacked. Only a few articles of furniture were smashed, because the crowd dispersed when the police arrived. During the afternoon, a meeting was held at the house of Dr M. Buthelezi. This meeting was attended by members of the BPA and scholars, who discussed their grievances at the request of the Chairman. A pupil from the Morris

Isaacson High School stressed the detention of scholars, as well as certain aspects of police action and education. 21hOO: Mrs W. Mandela's house was attacked with stones. An unsuccessful attempt was made to set the house on fire with a petrol bomb. At the same time, a store-room at the Etsheni Beer Hall in Dobsonville was set on fire. A traffic officer on duty at a road-block in Commando Road, New Canada, was injured by a Black driver in a stolen vehicle. The officer, Mr J.H. Strydom, died on 6 August (see Annexure F, p. 79). West Rand: Alexandra. 07h00 to 09h00: Groups of rioters pelted Putco buses with stones and intimidated Black labourers on their way to work. The police were repeatedly pelted with stones. It was decided at this stage that the Putco bus service would operate only to the outskirts of Alexandra. llhOO to 13h00: Four separate incidents, in which private and commercial vehicles were attacked by rioters, were reported during the morning. The drivers all escaped, but in one case the vehicle was set on fire. 21h00: A group of about 250 rioters attacked a police task force in the vicinity of 16th Avenue and London Street. East Rand: Mothlakeng, Krugersdorp. 20h10: School desks in the Wigil Primary School were destroyed by fire. East Rand: Tembisa. JlhOO: A thousand placard-carrying scholars staged a protest march to the Moriting Primary School, where the police negotiated with them for half an hour. The scholars thereupon proceeded to the Tembisa High School, where they dispersed.

Western Transvaal: Khutsong, Carletonville. 06h45: The police received information that several thousand Black men and women were preventing vehicles from leaving the residential area and were stopping workers from going to work. 07h15: A police task force encountered about 6 000 persons at the entrance to Khutsong. Some of the crowd demanded to negotiate with the Director of the Greyhound Bus Service about the withdrawal of its transport services from the residential area. Because of the chaotic conditions, the exact reasons for the crowd's dissatisfaction could not be established. 10h00: A Black motorist who was trying to get out of the residential area knocked down five demonstrators. His motor car was pelted with stones and overturned. He was rescued by the police. During the morning, Greyhound buses were pelted with stones at the entrance to the residential area, and attempts were made to set them on fire. Two commercial vehicles were set on fire by the rioters. 21h00: Violence again broke out in the area. Police vehicles were pelted with stones by large crowds, who were dispersed with tear-gas. A store-room at a local beer hall was gutted. 22h00: Simultaneous attempts were made to burn down the Kamohelo, Tsitsiboga and Phororong Schools. Incidents of arson and stone-throwing continued late into the night. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. A fire caused R30 damage to the office of the principal of the Barareng Secondary School. Diamond Fields: Kimberley. A fire broke out in the Kimberley Main Post Office. The accused in S v Diratsile, Motowane and another, Kimberley RC 221/76, were convicted of attempted arson. One of the accused was also found guilty of starting a fire 114 about six weeks previously. The accused stated that they had read about fires in Johannesburg in The World. Peninsula: Bellville. The police were called to the campus of the University of the Western Cape in connection with the boycotting of lectures. Modderdam Road, a street abutting the campus, was barricaded by protesting students. The students were carrying placards inscribed "Identify with Soweto" and "Silence gives consent". After negotiations, the police left the scene and the students dispersed. Lebowa: Turf loop. Documents and furniture valued at R300 were set on fire in an office of the Kwiti High School. Venda: Magisterial District of Dzanane. During the night a school desk was set on fire in a class-room at the Mangomani Primary School. Qwagwa: Makabelane Secondary School. 08h00: A fire, which was put out by pupils, was started in a store-room at one of the hostels. Damage was slight. THURSDAY, 5 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. OlhlO: The library at the Naledi High School was damaged by fire. 02h45: A private motor car was set on fire in Klipspruit. 05h00: Bus services were resumed by Putco. 09h00: Tsietsi Mashinini addressed a crowd that had gathered at the Morris Isaacson High School. Barricades were set up by scholars in a street. The march which then started was dispersed by the police, who used batons and tear-gas. It appeared that, as on the previous day, scholars had intimidated workers to strike.

11h25: Machinery was damaged at the reservoir in Meadowlands. 14h00 to 16h00: During the afternoon, crowds congregated in Moroka, at the Morris Isaacson High School, and between the Merafe and Inhlazane Railway Stations, where an attempt was made to damage the railway line. The crowds were dispersed with tear-gas. A number of shotgun rounds were fired. 22h50: A motor car and a house were set on fire in Rockville. West Rand: Alexandra. 20h30 to 21h00: There were two attempts at arson, one at the Pholosho School and the other at the Gordon School. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. 08h30: The Tshabalala School had no sooner started than stone-throwing occurred outside the class-rooms. This was continued in the streets by the pupils, who also erected barricades. Shortly afterwards, pupils from most of the schools in Katlehong and Thokoza assembled in the streets. 09h00: The parents of the schoolchildren arrived at two of the schools in Katlehong and demanded that the children be sent home. They stated that they would burn down the schools themselves if this demand were not met. The schools were closed and the pupils were sent home. Violence then broke out in the residential area. Youths set two vehicles on fire. lOhOO: Three class-rooms at the Dukatola School were damaged. 10h15: The accused in the case S v Mila Jwill, Germiston MC 478/76, had incited about 60 person to give the Black Power salute and to pelt the police and vehicles with stones. The police had dispersed the rioters three times, only to find that the accused had incited them to rally again. She was convicted of public violence as the leader and inciter and was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, one year of which was suspended.

12h00: A fire at the Kalamazu Beer Hall was put out by the fire brigade. 14h35: A private motor car was pelted with stones by youths, who also gathered on bridges in the area and pelted passing trains with stones. The police used light plastic whips to disperse the youths. 16h45: A renewed attempt was made to set fire to the Kalamazu Beer Hall. 20h30: Youths stole a lorry from a Black driver, set it on fire and let it run into the wall of a class-room at the Tshabalala School. At the same time, another group attacked the Corner House Beer Hall and damaged some of the furniture. The police dispersed this group. 12h15: A shop in the Mlimbeke Section was burgled. A group of unknown persons entered class-rooms at the Etafeni School and wrote on the blackboards that the pupils should leave the school. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. lOhOO: About 500 pupils with placards marched from the Tembisa High School to Boitumelong. About an hour later the police dispersed them with batons after theyhad been informed of the illegality of the protest march. Some scholars ran to the houses of Black policemen and smashed the window-panes with stones. A large number of them were arrested during this incident. Twenty-seven youths appeared in the regional court in Tembisa on 4 October in connection with the above incident. Five of them were convicted of public violence and sentenced as follows: the sentence of accused number one was deferred; accused two and three received seven strokes each; accused four, and five received two and three years' imprisonment, respectively. Some of the accused were acquitted, while the charges against others were withdrawn. Some of the State witnesses committed perjury and others fled.

East Rand: Thokoza, Germiston. 10h00: Window-panes and furniture at the Thokoza School were damaged by rioters. East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. 08h45: Pupils tried to assault the principal of the Illinge School after they had demanded an explanation from him why a Black boy had been wounded by the police. (The youth in question was injured by the police on 30 July 1976 while breaking into the Illinge School). The principal was protected by about 50 schoolgirls, who accompanied him to his house. Police vehicles were pelted with stones, and pupils from several schools marched in the streets with placards. One group demonstrated in front of the police station and demanded an explanation from the police about the aforementioned wounding. 10h30: The scholars stoned and looted a shopping centre in M.C. Botha Avenue. Three youths were arrested; the others were dispersed with tear-gas. Western Transvaal: Khutsong, Carletonville. In the early hours of the morning, three private motor cars were destroyed by fire. The violence died down at about 03h00. Highveld: Belfast. Stone-throwing occurred in the area for three days running. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. A class-room was gutted at the Zominitulaku School. The damage was estimated at R50. Peninsula: Bellville. About 25 000 copies of an inflammatory pamphlet entitled "U.W.C. - Soweto", were printed by students at the University of the Western Cape and distributed in the Peninsula, the surrounding Boland towns and as far as Port Elizabeth.

04h25: Buildings of the Law Faculty of the University of the Western Cape were destroyed by fire. The damage came to some R70 000. During the next few days, a number of fires were started on the campus. Bophuthatswana. Two scholars were arrested in connection with attempted arson at the Mamothake High School. Qwac.W: Manthatisi High School. 22h00: Offices and a cold storage chamber were set on fire with petrol. The damage amounted to R400. Gazankulu: Malamublele. During the course of the night, books were set on fire in a class-room at the Mayeke Primary School. Damage was estimated at R200. FRIDAY, 6 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 04h50 to 07h00: Barricades were erected in the streets to prevent workers from being transported by bus. The police removed the barricades. 06h35 to 08h40: Several incidents in which buses, private vehicles and police vehicles were attacked with stones were reported. In Jabulani, a bus was destroyed by fire. The police used firearms in some of these incidents. 09h10 to 10h40: Two policemen's houses in Moroka and Mofolo were set on fire. The police used firearms during an attack by youths on Councillor Makhaya's house. 10h45: A group of about 250 rioters took part in rioting in Klipspruit, the Black Power salute being generally given. In the subsequent trial, S v Bukola Soweto MC 43/910/76, the accused, who had led the group, was convicted of incitement to public violence and sentenced to two years' imprisonment, one year of which was suspended for three years. l1h40 to 15h30: General rioting occurred in Dhlamini, Dobsonville, White City, Jabavu, Mofolo and Diepkloof, Roads were barricaded and vehicles attacked with stones. The police, who used firearms, arrested several rioters. A Black man committing a robbery in Area No. 6, Diepkloof, was wounded by the police. He died later. 20h50: Window-panes in the Community Hall, Dobsonville, were smashed. Four persons died of gunshot wounds during the day, while one was killed during stone-throwing in Orlando West and another during the aforementioned robbery (see Annexure F, pp. 57, 62, 64 and 69). Another person died of a knife wound sustained during faction fighting (p. 76 of the same Annexure). West Rand: Alexandra. The Putco bus service was withdrawn from Alexandra during the morning because of stone-throwing in the area. The stone-throwers then singled out police and commercial vehicles as targets and were dispersed several times with tear- gas. 22h00: Four Black policemen on duty at the Skeen Combined School were attacked, one of the weapons used being an axe. Two revolver shots were fired at the attackers. It is not known whether anyone was hit. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 14h30: The police encountered about 800 scholars on the corner of Otlega and Kagiso Avenues. One of the scholars was carrying a placard with the words "Release our Pupil". The detainee whose release was being demanded by the demonstrators was an eighteen-year-old who had reportedly been held since 13 July for attacking his father with a broken bottle. East Rand: Brakpan. During the afternoon, youths began rioting in Brakpan's Black residential area. About 50 scholars erected barricades of rubbish in Msimenye and Mogotsi Streets. Buses and private vehicles were forced to stop and were pelted with stones. The windows of three shops in Mogotsi Street were smashed.

19h30: Youths, who were looting a beer hall in the residential area, made off with liquor upon the arrival of the police, who found signs of attempted arson in the complex. One person was arrested. 20h40: A fire, which was started in the BAAB offices near the public swimming- baths, was put out by the fire brigade. Stone-throwing incidents were reported during the night. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. 11h45 to 14h50: Commercial vehicles and municipal buses were pelted with stones and damaged. In two incidents, a mineral water lorry and a butcher's van were stopped, the drivers being robbed of cash and their loads. East Rand: Wattville, Benoni. 08h00: An attempt was made to set a bus on fire. The fire was put out by the police. Highveld: Mhluzi, Middelburg. 03h00: Arson was committed at the Thusanang, Reatlegile and Manyano Schools in Mhluzi. The fires were put out by the police. The total damage amounted to R86 000. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Damage amounting to some R250 was caused by fires at three local primary schools. Eastern Cape: Matatiele. OlhOO: Pupils at the Mariazel Government School smashed the window-panes in ten class-rooms and tried to burn down several of the school buildings. Damage totalled R5 000. Ninety-three boys were arrested and tried for public violence. Peninsulaz Athlone. Fire damage was caused at the Hewat Training College.

Peninsula: Bellville. The boycott of classes by the students of the Universtiy of the Western Cape continued. Northern Natal: Vryheid. An attempt was made to burn down the hostel at the Vryheid High School for Black pupils. Damage totalled R400. Bophuthatswana: Thaba Nchu. 10h00: A large number of pupils from the Moroka Secondary School took part in a meeting at the local football field. Teachers were taunted and booed. llh15; A procession consisting of about half of the pupils at the school proceeded with placards to the nearby Strydom Training College. Some of the placards read "Release all detainees, we do not fight". A private vehicle and the police were pelted with stones along the way. Three constables, the driver of the private motor car and a number of scholars were slightly injured by stones. 13h45: A class-room at the school was gutted. The damage was estimated at R2 000. The accused in the case S v Matseke and two others, Bloemfontein RC 275/76, were charged with attending the meeting held by the 650 scholars and with taking part in the march. The meeting and march were illegal in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act. The accused were convicted and each sentenced to a fine of R100 or six months' imprisonment, suspended for three years. Bophuthatswana: Maretso High School, Thaba Nchu. Pupils at the Maretso High School refused to attend classes. Instead, they met on the playground to sing songs. They also gave the Black Power salute. Their dissatisfaction apparently stemmed from the fact that two pupils had been sent home the previous day for misconduct.

Venda: Tengwe High School, Sibasa. The pupils ofthe Tengwe High School staged a demonstration during the morning and pelted the school, the principal and the police with stones. Apparently, they demonstrated in a show of sympathy with 200 pupils from the Mphaphuli High School, who were expelled on 2 August. Damage totalled R250. The police detained 48 scholars. SATURDAY, 7 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: \$oweto. O2hO: Thirty-one Black men and a Black woman were arrested during stonethrowing in Dobsonville. One person was wounded. 09h00 and 13h30: Two attempts were made to set fire to a shopping centre in Klipspruit and a house in Dube. 18h10: A shop in Dube was broken into. Stone-throwing started. A WRAB official and a Black constable used firearms. One of the rioters was lightly wounded. 20h15: A private motor car was set on fire at Baragwanath. West Rand: Alexandra. 20h20 to 23h20: There were four incidents in which rioters attacked policemen on patrol or guard duty. In one of these incidents, a constable in a patrol vehicle was hit by a stone. A police guard at the Entokzweni Primary School was attacked by two assailants, one of whom was armed with an axe and the other with a butcher's knife. They attacked with shouts of "Black Power". The guard fired one round with a shotgun and wounded one of his attackers. The wounded man was arrested; the other man fled. There were two attacks on police guards at the Skeen Combined School. First there was a man on his own, who asked: "Why don't you join the Black Power?" He refused to leave when asked to do so, came closer and was eventually driven off by a revolver shot. Barely half an hour later, twenty rioters arrived and overpowered a watchman. The other watchman fired three shots, fatally wounding one of the attackers, J.E. Sebeela (see Annexure F, p. 113) and seriously wounding another. These two had been armed with a stone and a dagger.

East Rand: Brakpan. 19h00 to 23h00: Buses and police vehicles were pelted with stones from time to time. Passengers were injured in some of these incidents. 20h15: A group of youths congregated at the local swimming-pool. A fire, which broke out in a nearby store-room, was put out by the fire brigade. One person was arrested in connection with this fire. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. 02h30: Three men were arrested for attempted arson at a private house in Ngema, Katlehong. East Rand; Tembisa, Boksburg. 19h20 to 22h45: During the night's disturbances, rioters barricaded Ntabela Street with stones, while police vehicles came under attack with stones in Matabeka. The police used firearms to quell the rioting and inflicted an arm wound on one of about 50 stone-throwing youths, who were looting a shop. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. A fire that was started in a section of the Kudu Cinema caused RIO damage. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. A fire was started in the office of the principal of the Popolobogeng School. Damage totalled about R100. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 21h30; A boxing tournament was held in the Centenary Hall, New Brighton. In the past, scholars and others were admitted to such tournaments at reduced admission fees later in the evening. On this particular night it was announced that this practice would not be followed. The crowd outside became riotous and pelted the hall, the police and vehicles with stones. Two vehicles were set on fire. Four Black men sustained gunshot wounds and nine policemen were injured. Damage totalled R9 000. From there the rioters went to the New Brighton Higher Primary School, which they set on fire. Six classrooms at the school were gutted. The arsonists were between 21 and 24 years old and were not pupils from this school. As a result of their actions, seven of them were convicted on two counts of sabotage each. Their sentences ranged from five to eight years' imprisonment on each count (S v Martinis and others, ECPD 5/77). South-Western Cape: Struisbaai. A white motor car with a CY registration plate was noticed in the Coloured residential area the previous night. On this day, the Struisbaai Primary School was destroyed by fire. The damage amounted to RI5 000. Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. Unidentified vehicles from other towns were noticed at the Sekitla Secondary School, but the police, who were called in by the school principal, were too late to investigate the matter. Two prefects spoke of arson and school boycotts. Pupils were warned not to remain aloof from such activities. The school was set on fire the next day at 18h00. Bophuthatswana: Odi. 00h45: The administrative office of the Odi Secondary School was gutted, R500 damage being caused. kwaZulu: Mobhela. Textbooks valued at R400 were burnt at the Gabigabi Secondary School. SUNDAY, 8 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Munsiville, Krugersdorp. 00h40: Books and a duplicating machine were destroyed by fire in a store-room at the Phatudi Primary School, Munsiville. East Rand: Brakpan. 08h00: An eleven-year-old Black boy was arrested after throwing stones at a bus.

East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. 01h40: Seven persons, one of whom was apprehended, pelted a police vehicle with stones. 22h00: School desks and books were set on fire in a class-room at the Samson School. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. In the early hours of the morning, books and documents were destroyed by a fire in a class-room at the Moriting School. Highveld: Belfast. 05h00: Window-panes in the local high and primary schools in the Black residential area were smashed the previous night. Highveld: Middelburg. 03h00: Youths, who used petrol to start the fire, burnt down the African Methodist Episcopal Church. A number of arrests were made. Northern Orange Free State: Bothaville. 00h80: The main door of the D.R. Church in the Black residential area was slightly damaged by fire. Similar damage was caused to a door of the Methodist Church. Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. Olh3O A fire was started at the Kwazakele High School but was put out by the police. 02h30: Fire damage totalling R30 was caused at the Mnqophiso Higher Primary School. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 05h00: A wing of the New Brighton High School was gutted by fire. The damage totalled R6 000. Port Natal: kwaMashu, Durban North. 21h30: A group of schoolchildren smashed the window-panes in the principal's office at the Phumelelo Higher Primary School. Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. 01h30: Slight damage was caused by a fire in a class-room at the Gempapa School in Mathibestat. 18h00: Pupils at the Sekitla High School damaged their. institution and set it on fire. Damage totalled R10 000. After that, they marched seven kilometres to the Nchaupe School. Along the road they caused considerable damage to vehicles and a caf6. Nchaupe's pupils fell in with them. One hundred and eighty pupils were arrested. At the trial, S v Kotzoe and 179 others, Hammanskraal RC 1/76, 70 were discharged and the remainder was convicted after pleading guilty to public violence. The two leaders were sentenced to three years each; 56 received suspended sentences; the sentences of 21 were deferred; 25 were sentenced to strokes; and six were cautioned. Bophuthatswana: Mabopane. 11h30: A class-room at the Bana Community School was set on fire. Damage totalled R200. Bophuthatswana; Montshiwa, Molopo. 17h00 to 20h00: Pupils from the Barolong High School went to three other institutions, where they incited youths to join them in setting fires. Students from the Batswana Training School fell in with them, as did pupils from the Kebalepile Secondary School. Outside the Boitsenape Commercial School, a schoolgirl addressed them and urged them to conduct themselves as Blacks and to express sympathy with the youths of Soweto. The Boitsenape students were not prepared to take part in rioting. During the night, general rioting broke out in Montshiwa. A police vehicle was ambushed at the Barolong High School and attacked with stones. The police fired a number of shots into the air. A White policeman, who was hit by a stone and taken to hospital, later died of a heart attack (see Annexure F, p. 8). The vehicle was destroyed by fire, damage totalling R2 000. Rioting continued throughout the night. Lebowa: Rooikoppen, Tuinplaas. A class-room at the Loding High School was set on fire, but the principal extinguished the flames. At the same time, a teacher's car was pelted with stones. The fire caused R160 damage. Fourteen persons were arrested, all of whom were subsequently convicted of attempted arson and malicious damage to property. The charges were dealt with as one for purposes of sentence. Two of the accused were sentenced to three months' imprisonment each, four to eight strokes each plus three months conditionally suspended, and eight to eight strokes each with a light cane. It appeared that the pupils' reason for rioting was their dissatisfaction with the food they received. MONDAY, 9 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 03h30: A store-room and the principal's office at a school in Chiawelo were set on fire. 04h30: Layabouts stopped workers at the Chiawelo Railway Station and prevented them from going to work. The police fired 15 shots. 07h00: Signs of arson were discovered at the Magistrate's Court, Meadowlands. 07h45: Youths intimidated workers at the Midway Railway Station. 09h05: It was reported that an attempt at arson had been made at the Chiawelo Post Office during the previous night. 09h15 to 14h35: Eight incidents of riotous assemblies and stone-throwing occurred at Diepkloof and Baragwanath. The police, who used tear-gas and firearms, wounded two persons.

West Rand; Alexandra. 06h30: Rioting was rife throughout the residential area. Buses and police vehicles were pelted with stones; rioters erected barricades in the streets; intimidation of workers was general. 14h00: The Alexandra High School was set on fire. 20h50: The Kadide School in Twelfth Avenue was completely destroyed by fire. On several occasions during the day, the police dispersed the rioters with tear-gas and batons. They arrested a number of persons and wounded several. In quelling the rioting, they shot dead one person, L. Serobe, (see Annexure F, p. 113). A body with a stab wound was found in the riot area (see Annexure F, p. 117). West Rand: Bekkersdal, Westonaria. 21h00: Rioters pelted a Greyhound bus and two motor cars with stones. No one was arrested. West Rand: Mothlakeng, Krugersdorp. 09h30: About 500 scholars gathered at the Mothlakeng School and smashed window-panes at the school with stones. The stone-throwing was continued at the WRAB building in the same street. A vehicle was set on fire in the street. The police fired six tear-gas grenades among the rioters but without effect. Four rounds were fired with a shotgun. No one was injured or arrested. 09h45: A fire, which had meanwhile broken out at the cinema hall, was put out by the police. llh15 to 12h30: Rioters, mainly youths, attacked a police vehicle with a petrol bomb and stones, pelted the beer depot with stones and set the Mothlakeng School on fire. While their vehicle was being stoned, the police fired eight shots at the 500 attackers, two of whom were wounded, one seriously. l1h40: A seventeen-year-old Black boy reported to the police that, while he was walking in a street in Mothlakeng, an unknown Black man shot him in the left shoulder from a passing vehicle. The wound appeared to have been caused by a small-calibre weapon. No one was arrested. 17h35 to 20h40: During the night, cases of stone-throwing occurred. A private motor car was stoned, and two policemen on guard duty at the Bulelani High School were pelted with stones by about 50 assailants, one of whom was wounded by the police. West Rand: Noordgesicht. 12h05: A rioting crowd of Coloured residents were dispersed with tear-gas. East Rand: Daveyton. 19h30: Five buses were pelted with stones. East Rand: Duduza, Brakpan. 09h00 to 09h50: Pupils at nine local schools quit the school buildings. After stealing mineral water from a commercial vehicle, a group of them congregated in front of the Community Hall in Nala Street. They were dispersed with tear-gas. 10h30: The Community Hall was set on fire, but the fire was put out by the police. 14h00: During the afternoon, the youths threw stones at vehicles and erected barriers in the streets. East Rand: Xatlehong, Germiston. 13h30: A Germiston municipal bus transporting pupils to the Izibuko Primary School was pelted with stones. One window-pane was smashed, but no one was seriously injured. No arrests were made.

East Rand: Kwa Thema, Springs. 09h40: Twelve scholars, some of whom were from the Phulong Secondary School, smashed window-panes in the Masimini Primary School. Two rioters were arrested. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. 19h30 to 20h50: Two attempts at arson were made at the Khatlamping and Umfuyaneni Schools. The fires were put out by Tembisa residents and by one of the principals. East Rand: Thokoza, Germiston. 12h45: Seven layabouts, who threatened scholars at the Thokoza School with violence if they failed to go home, were driven off by pupils and teachers. East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. The pupils of the Illinge Secondary School walked out of their class-rooms at 09h00 and assembled on the school grounds until they were requested by the police to disperse. Northern Transvaal: Le Rouxville, Pietersburg. Pupils at the Khaiso Secondary School refused to attend classes and staged a demonstration, during which they smashed a number of window-panes in the school building. The demonstration stemmed from their dissatisfaction about the payment for sports and other facilities. Southern Transvaal: Driefontein, Standerton. 08h3O: Slight damage was caused during an attempt to set the Madi Higher Primary School on fire. Western Transvaal: Jouberton, Klerksdorp. 08h30: The police wounded a Black man in the course of disturbances, during which about 1 000 scholars hurled stones at the Iterele Higher Primary School. The parents of some of the demonstrating scholars dragged their children away and thrashed them. 12h00: The library of the Iterele Higher Primary School and a nearby beer depot were set on fire. Road barriers were erected by youths. The police arrested three persons. 20h30: The principal's office and a staff room at the Matlosane Secondary School were destroyed by a fire, which caused R5 000 damage. Northern Orange Free State: Bothaville. An attempt was made to set fire to school desks in one of the class-rooms of a local Black primary school. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. Two of the local traffic department's vehicles were damaged by fire. The damage totalled RI 800. Peninsula: Bellville, Cape Town. A group of students at the University of the Western Cape marched to the administrative offices of the University and handed a document to the Rector in which their demands were set forth. This document opened with the words "Students are no longer prepared to be rational". Among the students' demands were that the University be opened to all students, that one of their fellowstudents who was being detained be given a fair trial, that the list of banned works be revised, that students be represented on the University Council and the Senate, and that a Black lecturer should receive the same salary as his White colleague. One of their grievances concerned the payment of the socalled "inconvenience subsidy". The authorities later denied that such a subsidy existed. A police unit that arrived on the campus was requested by the Rector to leave the grounds. Two class-rooms were gutted by a fire at the Good Hope Primary School. Coloureds who were at the scene helped the police to extinguish the fire. Damage totalled RI6 000. Four persons - a post office official, a law student and two theology students at the University of the Western Cape - were convicted of sabotage in the case S v Consalves and others, CPD 367/76, which related to this fire. They also stood trial in connection with a fire in the

Kasselsvlei Post Office. The first two accused were sentenced to six years' imprisonment, the other two drawing sentences of five years each. Peninsula: Guguletu and Langa, Cape Town. Students from the University of the Western Cape distributed pamphlets in the Black residential areas. Port biatal: University of Durban-Westville, Durban. 10h40 to llh4O: About two thousand students gathered in the University cafeteria to listen to addresses in connection with the rioting. They remained calm, and there was no rioting. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 09h00 : About 350 scholars marched from the Lowe High School to the Rantailane Secondary School. During the march, they gave the Black Power salute, assaulted a member of the public and smashed window-panes at the latter school. The police made 23 arrests. In S v Mogoloane and others, Ga-Rankuwa MC A863/76, twenty-two persons were convicted of public violence. Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. IOhOO: The principal of the Sekitla Secondary School found the following slogans written on some of the walls of the school building: "Reality is the key to freedom"; "Release all detainees"; "Power Awake"; "We are all involved"; "Away with Bantu Education". Two pupils were arrested in connection with this incident and sentenced to six months' imprisonment each, conditionally suspended. Bophuthatswana: Mabopane. 22h00 : At the Dr Molapo School, the door to the principal's office was forced and a fire was started that caused R480 damage.

Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. OlhOO: The previous night's rioting was continued. The Bophuthatswana Houses of Parliament and the offices of the superintendent of the residential area were burnt down. Eight Government vehicles were also destroyed by fire. Nineteen arrests were made in connection with these incidents. Later, the beer hall in Montshiwa was set on fire. In the criminal proceedings that arose from these incidents, S v More and six others, NCD 206/76, four scholars were convicted of arson and three of malicious injury to property. Four of the accused were sentenced to six years' imprisonment, half of which was suspended, and three drew three-year sentences, half of which was also suspended. In another case, S v Lenkwati and four others, NCD 205/76, which also resulted from the aforementioned incidents, all the accused pleaded guilty to a charge of malicious injury to property that related to one of the vehicles. They were all convicted, four being sentenced to five strokes each and twelve months' imprisonment suspended, and the fifth to six strokes with a light cane. lOhOO to 12h00: Two vehicles were stopped by youths and set on fire. The driver of one of the vehicles had to receive hospital treatment for his injuries. 17h00: Rioting youths were dispersed by the police. Bophuthatswana: Pankop, Pienaars River. 08h00: Slight damage was caused by stone-throwing at the Ratlhahana Secondary School. 15h30: Pupils assaulted one of the teachers at the school.

Bophuthatswana: Waaikraal, Rustenburg. 21h30: A fire was started in the principal's office at the Madikwe Secondary School. Three youths were arrested and charged with arson, convicted and sentenced to eight strokes each (S v Monareng and others, Odi MC A420/77). Lebowa: Mamabola. During the night, the offices of the school principal and staff at the PhiriKolobe Secondary School were set on fire. The damage totalled R2 000. Ten scholars were found guilty of arson. The case against one scholar was withdrawn (S v Mushi and others, TPD 77.05.11). Lebowa: Nebo. 00h05: Eight pupils at the Arabie Agricultural School smashed the windowpanes in the principal's house. Lebowa. A thatched roof class-room at the Setotolwane Teachers' College near Pietersburg was set on fire, damage totalling R2 000 being caused. Venda: Sibasa. Three class-rooms were set on fire at the Miawzi School. The damage came to about R1 800. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 02h00: A fire was started at the Mzomhle Secondary School. The police fired at the arsonists. Four Black men were arrested. 02h45: The Hlokoma Secondary School was set on fire by the same four persons. Damage totalled R500. TUESDAY, 10 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. There were rumours that pupils were beginning to return to school and that workers were allowed to carry weapons such as knob-kerries and sticks to protect themselves against intimidators.

03h50: A bus was pelted with stones in Diepkloof. West Rand: Alexandra. 07h00 to 22h35: The rioting followed the pattern of the previous day. More than 13 serious incidents occurred. These included motor car thefts, intimidation of workers, stone-throwing and the erection of road barriers. In some cases the police used batons, tear-gas and firearms, especially shotguns, to put a stop to the rioting. In the case of S v Nkuta, Johannesburg RC 41/03840/76, the accused was convicted of public violence because he had led and incited a group of youths taking part in the general rioting. His sentence of two years' imprisonment was suspended, but he was given six strokes. In a similar case, S v Letswalo, Johannesburg RC 41/03841/76, the accused was sentenced to three years' imprisonment for incitement to public violence. According to witnesses, he incited rioters to pelt the police wi;h stones. The police were taunted and the Black Power salute was continuously given. West Rand: Bekkersdal, Westonaria. 08h10: About 300 stone-throwing scholars were dispersed by the police with tear- gas and revolver shots at the Maputle School. West Rand: Munsiville, Krugersdorp. 10h15: A local beer hall was destroyed by fire. The beer hall had been closed down about two weeks previously on account of a fire. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. 13h30: Youths pelted a bus with stones. 13h35: Seven youths first tried to persuade and then intimidated pupils at the Thokoza Community School to boycott classes. A teacher and pupils drove off the seven youths, one of whom they caught and handed over to the police.

Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. Pupils at the Hofmeyr Secondary School refused to attend classes. Upon being asked by the principal to leave the grounds, they pelted the school building with stones. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. 12h00: The Vlakfontein Technical High School was burnt down after threats to the principal had been written on a blackboard and the door of the White teachers' staff room had been chopped to pieces and set on fire. The three accused in the case S v Mashinini and others, TPD 154/77, were convicted of sabotage and sentenced to six, seven and five years' imprisonment, respectively. Southern Transvaal: Driefontein, Evander. 02h00: A bus was set on fire, and an attempt at arson was made at the BAAB offices. A threatening letter addressed to the local superintendent was found during the investigation; this matter has already been dealt with. Western Transvaal: Lichtenburg. 20h30: The Magistrate's Court for the Itsoseng district, the Sedibeng Secondary School (situated in Bophuthatswana), the Ditsobotla Post Office, other offices and four Bophuthatswana Government vehicles were set on fire. The local beer hall was also damaged. Damage to buildings totalled R332 729. Peninsula: Athlone, Cape Town. 02h00: The library of the Hewat Training College was set on fire. A building of the Peninsula College for Advanced Technical Education for Coloureds was destroyed by fire. South-Western Cape: Worcester. Senior pupils at the Esselen Park Coloured High School held a meeting to discuss class boycotts and demonstrations. Port Natal: University of Durban-Westville, Durban. 09h40: Students staged a demonstration on the campus in which they carried placards with the following slogans:

"Soweto need you"; "Identify yourselves"; "Yesterday Sharpeville; Today Soweto; Tomorrow where?" Bophuthatswana: Makapaanstat, Hammanskraal. A laboratory at the Nchaupe Secondary School was gutted. Damage came to R30 000. BO2huthatswana: Kgabalatsane. 18h30: Two Pitso buses were pelted with stones. Lebowa: Mankweng. A class-room at the Hwiti Secondary School was set on fire during the night; six scholars were arrested, three of whom were sentenced to three years' imprisonment. Lebowa: Seshego. During the night, the office of the principal of the Mohlakaneng High School was set on fire. kwaZulu: Nqutu. 22h00: A cupboard containing financial statements, books and furniture was destroyed by a fire in the office of the principal of the Halandu School. Ciskei: Zwelitsha. 08h00 to 09h00: The pupils of the Thembalabantu Secondary School marched to the Nompendulo Secondary School and the Zwelethemba Industrial School. Stonethrowing occurred at the first-mentioned two schools. The scholars were apparently protesting at the death of a person who had died while in custody. Tear-gas was used to disperse the scholars. Damage totalled R230. WEDNESDAY, 11 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 14h05 to 16h00: Damage was caused by fires at the Kazankula School, Chiawelo, the Samuel Mangale Higher Primary School, Dobsonville, and the Disisi Primary School, Diepkloof.

16h12: A Putco bus was pelted with stones in Dobsonville. West Rand: Alexandra. 17h20 to 22h00: The police fired at rioters who were trying to erect road barriers and to break into the Entokzweni Primary School, and who were pelting the police with stones. At least six persons were wounded by the police. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 08h30 to Ilh30: Groups of scholars assembled in the streets of Kagiso. The pupils of the Mosupatsela Secondary School were incited by a Black woman. The police arrested her and dispersed the crowd with tear-gas. Youths meanwhile barricaded the streets and pelted the police with stones. A further 48 Black men and 25 Black women, aged between 14 and 26 years, were arrested. The Black men and women as well as 12 youths were charged with public violence. Eighteen were acquitted and the charges against the rest were withdrawn (Krugersdorp MC B1889/76). During the rioting, the windows of a beer depot in Thembisa Street were smashed. A seventeen-year-old boy was wounded in the arm. 19h00: A fire in a class-room at the Sandile Primary School was put out by the police. East Rand: Heidelberg. lOhOO: Four Black youths at the head of a group of 60 youths tried to persuade the pupils of the Ratanda Primary School to leave their classes. They pelted the school with stones. The police dispersed a crowd of youths and adults with two tear-gas grenades. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. 1Ohl5 to 10h30: Youths turned up at the BAAB offices and smashed nine windowpanes in the buildings with stones. They were dispersed twice by the police. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. During the course of the morning, scholars from Tembisa drove the pupils of the Umthambeka and Sipiwe Secondary Schools from their class-rooms. The scholars erected road barriers, hijacked two vehicles and set fire to a bus and a commercial vehicle. The ages of the rioters ranged from 9 to 19 years. A number of scholars were arrested in connection with these incidents. Nine youths appeared in the Regional Court in Tembisa on 1 October on a charge of public violence in connection with the stealing and burning of vehicles. Five of the accused were acquitted because some of the witnesses committed perjury; of the four who were convicted, three were sentenced to five strokes and one to eight strokes. In another case resulting from the rioting, six Black boys were also charged, convicted and sentenced to strokes (Tembisa RCA 95/8/76). Southern Transvaal: Driefontein, Standerton. 06h00: Two doors and a school bench at the Madi Higher Primary School were damaged by fire. Damage was estimated at R50. Vaal Triangle: Evaton. Window-panes were smashed during the day at two schools, a post office, a bottle store and the BAAB offices in the Black residential area. Vaal Triangle: Residensia. 09h45: Stone-throwing occurred at the Tlholo Higher Primary School. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng, Vereeniging. Rioting broke out in Sebokeng after a number of pupils at the Sevusi School refused to undergo punishment for a noise they had made. The pupils ran to the nearby Tlholo Higher Primary School, where stone-throwing occurred. Loafers fell in with the scholars, and general stone- throwing at vehicles and a beer hall in Area No. 7 occurred. The violence spread through the residential area. The Vaal Transport Company temporarily suspended transport services to the public of Sebokeng during the afternoon, but these were resumed the following day. lOhOO to 19h00: There were eight incidents in which police patrols were attacked with stones. Ten police vehicles were damaged. Two Black policemen were assaulted by rioters at different places and times. In some of these incidents, the police used firearms and also arrested a number of persons. l0h15: While a police patrol was preventing the looting of a beer hall in Area 7, stone-throwers were incited to concentrate on the patrol. In this fight, a 17-year- old was shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 82). 12h30: Stones were thrown at motor cars on the Golden Highway. A similar incident occurred shortly before midnight. The occupants of one motor car were slightly injured. The local post office, the offices of the BAAB and four schools were pelted with stones. There was a raid on a bottle store in Area 13. A BAAB truck and a private motor car were set on fire. A truck burned out on the Golden Highway. In the chaos and violence there was arson at the following buildings: The Golden Stores and Ismael Cash Store, both of which belonged to Indians; bottle stores and the BAAB offices. Peninsula: Athlone, Cape Town. 01h30: The Kasselsvlei Post Office was set on fire, the damage coming to about RI 800. Initially, three students from the University of the Western Cape were detained in connection with this fire and with the distribution of certain pamphlets the previous day. Four persons were subsequently tried on a charge of sabotage arising from this fire and from the one at the Good Hope Primary School two days previously (S v Consalves and three others, CPD 367/76). The outcome of this case has already been reported under the incidents of 9 August. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. Scholars and adults were particularly active in all the Black residential areas.

09h45: About 500 scholars marched to the police station, apparently in a show of sympathy with the residents of Soweto. The police warned the crowd to disperse, but the protesters took no notice. The police then fired five teargas grenades and arrested 19 scholars. 13h30: With the object of securing the release of these 19 detainees, about 5 000 persons - both adults and scholars - marched to the police station. The police stopped the marchers, whom they found to be hostile. Stones were thrown at the police. Tear-gas and dogs were used to stop the rioting. The leaders then asked for the release of the 19 scholars who had been detained earlier on. This request was met and the crowd left, except for about 400 scholars. 14h20: These scholars threw stones at passing vehicles and were dispersed with tear-gas. 14h45: Police patrols and fire brigade units were pelted with stones, a fireman being injured. Liquor store No. 1 in the residential area was looted, and about two hours later the same shop and a BAAB building were set on fire and totally destroyed. 19h10: Two hundred rioters trapped five policemen in a BAAB building and pelted them with stones. Looting continued. The police used firearms to quell the rioting. On this day, five persons died in Guguletu as a result of police action (see Annexure F, pp. 93, 94, 98, 99 and 101). A number of persons were wounded and arrested. Eight persons wounded by the police later died (see Annexure F, pp. 90, 92, 96, 98, 99, 101 and 103). Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. Iih30: Having refused to attend classes a few hours before, pupils from the Langa High School marched in a group of 500 to the business centre of Langa. They sang and gave the Black Power salute. Loafers and others fell in with the marchers. Eventually, a crowd of 2 000 gathered on a vacant lot next to the BAAB offices. There they were requested by the police to disperse. When they refused to do so, the police fired tear-gas grenades and carried out a baton charge. At about 16h00, groups of rioters began to commit public violence in the residential area. Bottle stores and other shops were looted, police vehicles and private vehicles were pelted with stones, and arson was the order of the day. 16h00 to 22h30: Thirteen cases of public violence were reported. The following places were the targets of arsonists and looters: Bottle stores Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Langa, the Recreation Hall in Lenetrie Road, the civic centre and post office in Lerotholi Street, the BAAB offices and the business centre in Washington Street, which comprised 29 shops. These complexes were set on fire with various inflammable agents. The police seized petrol bombs. They arrested a number of persons and used firearms. Several persons were wounded and seven were shot dead during the violence (see Annexure F, pp. 93 to 96, 98 to 99). One of the persons wounded by the police died the next day (Annexure F, p. 89). A charred body was removed from the rubble of the business centre on 12 August (see Annexure F, p. 108). Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. 10h00: A group of scholars marched in the direction of the police station with a blackboard on which was written: "This is a peaceful demonstration". 15h05: During stone-throwing by youths, the police fired shots from a patrol vehicle. 19h00: Two bottle stores were set on fire. 20h20: During the night, fires broke out on three occasions in the BAAB offices and clinic. Two of the Board's motor vehicles were totally destroyed by fire. 24h00: Slight fire damage was caused at the Hlengisa School in Nyanga East.

South-Western Cape: Worcester. Students from the University of the Western Cape distributed about 3 000 inflammatory pamphlets among Coloured scholars and in the Coloured residential area. South-Western Cape: . A fire broke out in the Macassar Coloured School. Damage, which came to R200, was caused mainly to the floor and ceiling. Port Natal: University of Durban-Westville. 08h40: Students at this institution held a protest march on the campus, after which they proceeded to the cafeteria, where they were addressed by some of their community leaders. Bophuthatswana: Hoekfontein. 19h30: A container with paraffin was found outside the administrative offices of the Tlhopane High School after a fire had caused damage totalling R90. Bophuthatswana: De Wildt. 23h45: Arson occurred at the Rantailane Secondary School, RI00 damage being caused. Bophuthatswana. 06h00: A fire broke out in the basement of the Tlhabane Teachers' College near Rustenburg. Damage totalled R500. The police, who wanted to take steps to prevent further incidents, left the site because of the students' dissatisfaction with their presence. llh30: The pupils of the Bafokeng Secondary School at Rustenburg gathered in front of the School. Apparently, local grievances were the reason for the gathering. An inspector and two teachers were assaulted by the scholars, and the staff room was pelted with stones. The scholars dispersed at the request of the police. A pupil who started a fire in a laboratory at the Moruleng Secondary School in Pilanesberg was arrested and later convicted of arson.

Lebowa: Matlala. General stone-throwing occurred at the Lpopeng and Karabi Secondary Schools. Qwaqwa. 02h00: Two offices at the Dikwena Secondary School were gutted. Damage totalled R4 000. Ciskei: Zwelitsha. 18h30: A group of 40 Black men threw stones at the Themabalabantu Secondary School and made an unsuccessful attempt to set the school on fire with petrol bombs. At the subsequent trial, S v Skelenge and ten others, King William's Town RC 341/76, all the accused were discharged. THURSDAY, 12 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 16h00: A WRAB vehicle was pelted with stones in Naledi. A hall in the area was set on fire. The police fired several shots at rioters. 19h00: A truck was stripped of empty mineral water bottles on the old Roodepoort Road, White City. East Rand: Brakpan. 17h30: Three Black men were arrested in connection with a fire in the Lutheran Church. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. 08h00: One hundred scholars gathered near the Bata-Bata School and threatened the teachers and pupils of the school to discontinue their activities. The youths were, however, dispersed with the aid of batons and patrol dogs. iih20: The police arrested 136 scholars who were demonstrating near the Daveyton Police Station. The scholars all came from the Mabuya High School. As they marched along Eiselen Street, they carried a placard reading: "We are not fighting. Peace'. The scholars were found guilty and sentenced to strokes with a light cane.

13h35: Loafers pelted a municipal bus with stones. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. About 500 pupils from the Katlehong Secondary School marched to the police station to demand the release of scholars who were detained the week before during rioting. They carried placards that intimated that their actions were peaceable, but some of the inscriptions on the placards were also threatening in regard to the release of the detainees. The police refused their demand and asked the crowd to disperse. At a later stage, the police found it necessary to use tear- gas. This caused the crowd to disperse, but led to large-scale rioting and violence. BAAB buildings were pelted with stones and then burnt down. Two commercial vehicles and two private motor cars were stopped and set on fire when their drivers fled. The damage was estimated at R145 000. Thirteen scholars were charged in connection with these incidents in the case S v Radebe, WLD (Springs) 228/76. Nine of them were discharged and four were convicted of sabotage. One was sentenced to six years' imprisonment and the other three to five years each. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. 13h10: About 200 scholars stopped vehicles near the Dr W.F. Nkomo High School and pelted them with stones. They also threw stones at the police when they appeared on the scene and greeted them with the Black Power salute. Two policemen were injured and four scholars were wounded by police rifle fire. One of the wounded, a schoolgirl, died from her wound in hospital a few weeks later (see Annexure F, p. 14). Vaal Triangle: Meyerton. 14h00: A class-room was set on fire at the Springfield Junior Secondary School. Slogans such as "Away with Afrikaans" and "Black Power up" were written on one of the walls of the room. Damage was estimated at R50.

Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng, Vereeniging. i0h15: Youths and adults erected road barriers in the area and threw stones at vehicles that were forced to stop. Thirty youths were arrested. 14h15: The police wounded a 16-year-old Black boy among a group of stonethrowers in Area 7. Two police vehicles were damaged. At the same time, a policeman was attacked by a group of rioters while he was carrying out an investigation at the beer hall in Area 13. He fired three shots, fatally wounding a twenty-year-old Black man (see Annexure F, p. 82). On the Potchefstroom Road, motor cars were attacked with stones. Western Transvaal: Coligny. A notice calling for a boycott of classes on 17 August was pushed under the door of the office of the Bethal School principal. Western Transvaal: Ikageng, Potchefstroom. 22h30: The police put out a fire at the Basupi School. Western Transvaal: Lichtenburg. 19h30: Stones were thrown at vehicles at the Phenolephele School. When they arrived on the scene, the police found two class-rooms ablaze. Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. 23h50: The police put out a fire at the Kwazakele High School. Unknown persons doused the furniture in the staff room with inflammable fuel and set it on fire. Peninsula: Bellville. Students at the University of the Western Cape held a mass rally, apparently with the consent of the Rector. Rioting broke out upon the arrival of the security police. 13h15: Motor vehicles were pelted with stones in Modderdam Road. The police used tear-gas and batons to disperse the rioters. In the case S v van Wyk and ten others, Bellville RC 48/76, which resulted from these incidents, eight of the accused were convicted of public violence and sentenced to three years' imprisonment each; one was convicted of assault and sentenced to a fine of R50 or 50 days' imprisonment; two were acquitted. The convicted persons have appealed in the meantime (see CPA 12/77). During the day, protest marches were held from the University and the Bellville Training College. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 10hO to 24h00: The violence continued in this Black residential area. Several incidents of stone-throwing were reported, a private vehicle was gutted, and buildings were set on fire. Seven of the rioters were fatally wounded by the police (see Annexure F, pp. 90, 92, 93, 94 and 97). Peninsula: Cape Town. In a pamphlet titled "Now Cape Town", a mass rally on the campus of the University of Cape Town was announced. According to the pamphlet, Guguletu and Langa were ablaze, and some people had resorted to violence. The pamphlet was also critical of the Bantu education system. After a mass rally during the afternoon, about 80 placard-carrying students from the University took part in a protest march. The students protested against the way in which the Government was handling the situation in Soweto. After the prohibition on gatherings had been read out to the crowd, those present were ordered to disperse. This the students did. The police seized three placards with the following inscriptions: "Soweto Bleeds"; "Solidarity with Soweto" and "End Bantu Ed Now". Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 00h45: The previous night's looting continued until the early hours of the morning. A looter was fatally wounded at a shopping centre (see Annexure F, p. 101). During the morning, a procession made its way to the police station. llh3O: Youths hurled bottles and stones at the police station. A youth, E.X. Mosie, was shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 96). 14h30: Another procession went to the police station, where the release of detainees was demanded. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. 00h35: The St Mary's School in Nyanga East was set on fire. 02h00: A fire was started at a clinic. 05h30: A crowd placed drums across the road and in this way prevented workers from going to work. Workers Were also addressed and asked to go home. While on his way to work, a person who subsequently testified before the Commission was wounded in the leg by the police, who fired three shots over the heads of the crowd. The police took him to hospital. 12h15: A large crowd of rioters, consisting of adult men and women, took part in stone-throwing in Lansdowne Road. They were incited to violence by five inciters and progressed to within 30 metres of the police. Three men were wounded by the police; one of them later died (see Annexure F, p. 94). 15h00: Three private vehicles at a hospital were destroyed by a fire, which seriously damaged one of the hospital buildings. 16h45: A train departing from Nyanga was pelted with stones by 50 youths. 22h00: The civic centre was set on fire. Peninsula: Philippi, Cape Town. 12h00: A mass protest march proceeded down Lansdowne Road, Philippi. The police arrested two persons and wounded three.

Peninsula: Salt River, Cape Town. 15h45: White students marched down Klipfontein Road in the direction of the Black residential area. Someone at the head of the march carried a banner with the words "We Oppose!'. Eighty students were arrested without offering resistance and charged with participation in an unlawful demonstration. The charge against two were withdrawn, eight paid admission of guilt fines of R100 each and 70 paid R50 each (S v Carpentier and others, Wynberg MC D766/76). South-Western Cape: . Inflammatory pamphlets were still being confiscated by the police from Coloured scholars and residents of Paarl. Window-panes in the Paulus Joubert School were smashed, and two class-rooms were damaged at the School for Blacks. South-Western Cape: Robertson. A petrol bomb, which caused only minor damage, was thrown through the window of a laboratory at the Langeberg School. South-Western Cape: Somerset West. The security police seized inflammatory pamphlets that had been distributed by students from the University of the Western Cape. South-Western Cape: Wellington. 17h00: A goods train was pelted with stones between Mbekweni and Wellington Station. No one was injured. South-Western Cape; Worcester. A prayer-meeting was held in the hall of the Esselen Park Coloured High School. However, this meeting developed into one at which those present were addressed on Government policy. Pupils attended the meeting, the arrangements for which had been made without interference by members of the staff. About 1 600 pupils from this high school staged a demonstration in the grounds of the school. Among their banners was one reading: "Soweto we mourn". Following negotiations with the principal, classes that had been boycotted were resumed. A document in which the pupils expressed their solidarity with the students of the University of the Western Cape was handed to the school principal. Drakensberg: Noodkamp, Weenen. A twenty-one-year-old Black man incited the public at a beer hall to take part in the rioting. He was subsequently arrested, tried and sentenced in connection with this incident. Between 12 and 17 August, arson was committed at a local water pumping station, a school and a beer hall. A BAAB vehicle was also destroyed by fire. Bophuthatswana: Thaba Nchu. 22h35: A fire which broke out at the Strydom Training College was put out by the police, who did not receive any help from the students. Lebowa: Zebediela. 08h00: Day scholars and boarders at the Matladi Secondary School pelted one another with stones. The pupils dispersed at the request of the Bantu Affairs Commissioner. Eastern Cape: East London. The pupils of the John Bissiker Coloured High School boycotted their classes but resumed attendance after the principal had addressed them. FRIDAY, 13 AUGUST 1976. East Rand: Brakpan. 08h30: Pupils at the Merelong Secondary School left the school building as a result of a dispute concerning the writing of examinations at the end of the year. 23h30: Arsonists were again active at the buildings near the public swimmingbath. East Rand: Tsakane. llh00: A crowd of youths who had gathered at the Tsakane Beer Hall were dispersed with tear-gas. Some of them returned later and damaged the beer hall with picks. One was wounded by the police.

East Rand: Wattville, Benoni. 12h30: The windows of a bus were smashed. Vaal Triangle: Evaton. Damage totalling R9 000 was caused by a fire at the Itereleng Supply Store in the early hours of the morning. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng, Vereeniging. 23h30: A police patrol vehicle was stopped by two Black men in Area 14. They gave the Black Power salute and pelted the vehicle with stones. Both attackers were wounded. Vaal Triangle: Vereeniging. OlhOO: The uninhabited house of a White woman in Lucas Strachen Street was found to be on fire. Two Black men were seen at the house when the fire was discovered. The house was gutted. Western Transvaal: Ikageng, Potchefstroom. O9hO to 23h30: During the course of the day and night, youths and adults hurled stones at buses, police vehicles and private vehicles, a hostel and a shop. The Basupi and Tlokwe Schools, a library and a cinema were set on fire. The police used tear-gas in some of these incidents to quell the rioting. 23h00: Two liquor depots were broken into; liquor was poured out and also removed. Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. llh00: A fire was started with a petrol bomb in the local School Board Offices. Damage was put at R50. Cape Midlands: Walmer, Port Elizabeth. 20h45: A petrol bomb caused fire damage totalling R200 at the Walmer Primary School. Twenty-five persons were arrested in connection with the incident. They were subsequently charged in connection with this incident and with other offences committed later. Eighteen of them were convicted on various charges (see Walmer RCA 132/9/76).

21h40: Stones were thrown at a private vehicle, R150 damage being caused. Peninsula: Athlone, Bellville, , Heathfield, and Lansdowne, Cape Town. 07h30 to 10h30: From this Friday onwards, the unrest amongst the youths in the Coloured residential areas became particularly noticeable. In Lansdowne, Black Power slogans were written on the walls of the Belthorne Primary School; the pupils of the Livingstone School refused to attend classes; and in the grounds of the Oaklands School the pupils sang "freedoms songs", gave the Black Power salute and carried placards. Arson, caused mainly by petrol bombs, occurred at different times at the Belgravia Primary School, Athlone, the women's residence on the University campus, Bellville, the high school in Dissel Road, Bonteheuwel, and the School in Kuils River. 23h06: Coloured men threw stones at a train at the Heathfield Station. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. 13h30 to 14h00: The recreation hall in Nyanga East and the clinic in NY 78 were set on fire. The fire brigade and the police put out the fire. 20h30: A wood and iron building belonging to the Oslo construction company was extensively damaged by fire. South-Western Cape: Worcester. The Esselen Park Coloured High School was closed by the principal after the pupils had refused to attend classes. During the period 13 August to 9 September, a group of senior pupils met several times to discuss ways and means of fomenting local unrest. Port Natal: University of Durban-Westville, Durban. 09h00: The students met in the University cafeteria following the detention of three student leaders earlier that morning. Four White students addressed the Indian students and pleaded for solidarity and moral support. lOh3O: The students staged a demonstration on the campus and distributed a pamphlet "Free our leaders". 16h50: Afterwards, a private vehicle was damaged by the students. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 09h30: The police used batons to disperse a meeting of pupils of the Modini and Rantailane Secondary Schools. The scholars, 14 of whom were arrested, were carrying placards with slogans. Bophuthatswana: Mathibestad, Hammanskraal. 16h30: School desks were destroyed by a fire in a class-room at the Gempapa School. Bophuthatswana: Pilanesberg. 08h35: About 400 pupils at the Moruleng Secondary School demonstrated with placards for the release of scholars detained in connection with arson. However, they dispersed at the request of the police. Lebowa: Bolubedu, Seshego and Zebediela. During the morning, students at the Mmadikoti College for Advanced Technical Education in Seshego stated their grievances to the principal of the College. While the principal was negotiating with them, a temporary building went up in flames. Damage totalled R8 000. The water supply had been sabotaged beforehand. The students carried arms at these negotiations. The police arrived and took away 19 students for questioning. 09h00: The day scholars at the Matladi Secondary School in Zebediela staged a demonstration to air their grievances against the boarders. About 80 girls left the hostel because they were afraid of being assaulted. During the night, a fire was started at the Mashahlanato High School in Bolubedu. Damage totalled R300.

Ciskei: Mdantsane. l0h50: Scholars from the Mzomhle Secondary School held a demonstration. Placards with the slogans "Blood for Soweto" and "Soweto Blood" were spotted during the demonstration. Fourty-one persons appeared in the Regional Court on charges of having attended an illegal gathering. They were all acquitted on 2 December. SATURDAY, 14 AUGUST 1976. East Rand: Brakpan. 01h30 to 03h30: A private vehicle was stoned, and a fire was started at the Schapensrust Post Office. East Rand: Daveyton. A second attempt was made during the night to set fire to the Dumehlezi High School. Eastern Transvaal: Burgersfort. 20h30: There was an attempt at arson at the Lealo School, where the doormats were set on fire. Western Transvaal: Ikageng, Potchefstroom. Sporadic incidents of stone-throwing occurred in this residential area. Western Transvaal: Kunana, Lichtenburg. 08h50: About 350 window-panes were smashed in a Black school in Kunana. Northern Natal: Vryheid. Scholars at the Vryheid High School set fire to mattresses and built-in cupboards. Damage was estimated at R262. Peninsula. A few cases of fire were reported in the residential areas. 13h20: A train was stoned between and .

Bophuthatswana: Pilanesberg. 02h00: Unknown persons set fire to the office of the principal of the Itumeleng High School, Pilanesberg. The office was completely destroyed. 1.0h00: Police who were investigating the fire found Black Power slogans on the walls of the school. A fire was started in the office of the principal of the Bogatshu Primary School near Swartruggens. Lebowa: Seshego. During the night, a class-room at the Gakgopane Primary School and a workshop at the Polokwane Trade School, Seshego, were set on fire. Damage totalled R20 and R2 000, respectively. Eastern Cape: East London. 19h00: Damage totalling R5 375 was caused at the John Bisseker High School, when two class-rooms were set on fire. SUNDAY, 15 AUGUST 1976. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. 17h05: Youths attacked a municipal bus in the streets of Katlehong with stones and smashed all the windows. The driver, who raced away in the bus, was injured slightly. Eastern Transvaal: Winkelhaak. 20h30: A fire at the Winkelhaak Primary School gutted two class-rooms and slightly damaged two others. Damage was estimated at R2 000. The school building belonged to the D.R.C. Vaal Triangle: Evaton. 05h15: In a two-kilometre chase of a motor car that had been spotted in suspicious circumstances at the BAAB offices in Evaton, the police fired several shots and fatally wounded a passenger, a Black woman (see Annexure F, p. 83).

Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. 22h45: A Black man who was trying to set fire to a local high school was wounded by a policeman. Cape Midlands: Missionvale. A wood and iron building, Seedat's Supply Store, was set on fire, presumably with paraffin. Damage totalled R5 000. Cape Midlands: Walmer, Port Elizabeth. 00h35: A church building in Walmer was burnt down. Damage resulting from the fire totalled R5 000. It appeared that the same persons who had started the fire two days earlier at the Walmer Primary School were also at work here (see Walmer RCA 132/9/76 supra). 18h00: A police vehicle was pelted with stones. Peninsula: Hanover Park, Philippi, Cape Town. 23h00: The Coloured housing office was set on fire, but the police put out the fire. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 23h30: One of the rooms in the community hall in Lerotholi Street was gutted by a fire. Bophuthatswana: Mabopane. 20h45: The house of a Black shopkeeper was burnt down. Damage totalled Ri 600. Three Black men were arrested in connection with this incident. Bophuthatswana: Rustenburg area. 13h00: Black Power slogans and threats to burn down the school were written on the blackboards in ten class-rooms at the Gamanyane Primary School. The possibility of attempted arson was investigated. Bophuthatswana: Temba, Hammanskraal. 23h00: A school desk was damaged in an attempted fire at the Kgetseyatsie Secondary School.

In the case S v Motoa and seven others, Temba MC B796/76, the eight accused were convicted of attempted arson and sentenced to three years' imprisonment each, two years of which were conditionally suspended. Lebowa: University of the North, Turfloop. An attempt was made during the night to set fire to the dining-hall of the University. MONDAY, 16 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 20h00: Two class-rooms at the Vukayumbe School, Mofolo, were damaged by a fire. East Rand: Daveyton. 08hOO: The principal of the Mabuya High School, Mr Mkwalo, found signs that attempts at arson had been made the night before in the staff room of the school. A shelf with books, an adding machine and a typewriter were damaged. The following had been written in white chalk on the floor of the veranda: "We are coming for you Mkwalo - Looters of Joh'burg". Eastern Cape: Alice. A fire was started in the principal's office at the Alice Secondary School for Whites. The damage to some of the furniture was estimated at R850. Cape Midlands: Uitenhage. Three Coloured matriculants arranged a demonstration for 20 August at the local high school. In a memorandum, it was stated that the purpose of the demonstration was to secure the release of all detainees and to show solidarity with the scholars of Soweto. These pupils were charged with contravening the Riotous Assemblies Act. They. paid admission of guilt fines of R40 each. Cape Midlands: West End, Port Elizabeth. Coloured students boycotted classes at the Dower College and held a mass rally on the campus. Their reasons were reported to be a feeling of solidarity with

Black students killed during the rioting. They allegedly also objected to the constitutional limitations on the Rector's powers. Peninsula. No serious rioting occurred in the Peninsula area. Demonstrations were held by pupils from the Alexander Sinton, Trafalgar, Belgravia and High Schools. Students from the UWC marched to the Bellville Magistrate's Office, where 15 students were to be tried for various offences. A sixteen-year-old Coloured boy was wounded by the police during the looting of a shop in Bonteheuwel. He died on 25 August (see Annexure F, p. 86). Three Coloured youths placed ballast stones on the railway line between Bonteheuwel and Netreg. They were detained but were released the following day. In Langa, the wood and iron building of the Oslo Construction Company was again set on fire and totally destroyed. South-Western Cape: Paarl. 08h30: Two hundred pupils at the Noorder Paarl High School protested in the school grounds but returned to their classes after negotiations with the principal. Port Natal: University of Durban-Westville, Durban. The Rector circulated a pamphlet in which students were warned to attend classes, failing which disciplinary steps would be taken. At 09h00 the students held a demonstration on the campus. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 20h30: Arsonists caused damage totalling R100 at the Tswelelang Higher Primary School.

Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. 16h00: The police went to the Xgetslatse Junior Secondary School to investigate an attempt at arson that had been made the previous day. A number of pupils were detained. The police vehicle was thereupon pelted with stones, as was the school, which was subsequently burnt down. Damage was estimated at R20 842. In the case S v Banda and eleven others, TPD .76.12.10, eleven scholars stood trial on charges relating to events at the school. The twelfth accused was a teacher; the State's case against him was that he had incited the scholars to commit the offences. All 12 accused were acquitted and discharged. Bophuthatswana: Lerothodi Secondary School. At the Lerothodi Secondary School near Marikana, a fire was started in the office of the principal. Only slight damage was caused. When a scholar was detained in this connection, other scholars demanded his release. To prevent violence, the police released the detainee. Lebowa: Mothapo. A fire, which caused R100 damage, was started at the Tlebela High School. Lebowa: Zebediela. During the night, boys in the hostel at the Matladi Secondary School slashed mattresses, smashed globes and knocked holes in the walls. The tribal chief, who did not want police intervention, handled the matter himself. The school was closed. Ciskei: Mdantsane. During the morning break at the Wongalethu Secondary School, 200 pupils left the school grounds and marched through Mdantsane. They tried to involve other scholars in the march, were unarmed and caused no damage. In the subsequent trial, S v Potwana and 25 others, East London RC 618/76, their defence was that unknown Black men had intimidated them to march and also to attend a meeting to collect money for the defence of detainees. Eleven were acquitted and the other 15 were convicted of attending an unlawful gathering; they were sentenced to a fine of R50 and suspended jail sentences.

TUESDAY, 17 AUGUST 1976. Cape Midlands: Kwazakele and New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. lIhOO: The pupils of the Kwazakele High School held a meeting at which they sang "freedom songs" and gave the Black Power salute. They then marched to Nyoli Street. 22h15: A night-watchman put out the flames at a bottle store in New Brighton. Petrol was used to set the building on fire. Cape Midlands: West End, Port Elizabeth. MOhO0: Two hundred placard- carrying Coloured students from Dower College marched in procession between the College and Gelvandale. Their purpose was to express their solidarity with Soweto and the UWC. Upon being stopped by the police, they returned to the College. Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. Burning rags soaked in oil were thrown through the window of the Healdtown High School principal's office. Staff members put out the fire. Peninsula: Bellville and Bonteheuwel. 17h55: A train was pelted with stones between Ruils River and Bellville. During the course of the day, a motor car was set on fire in Bonteheuwel, and an attempt was made to burn down the Arcadia High School in the same area. Port Natal: University of Durban-Westville, Durban. 09h00: The students gathered in the cafeteria on the campus and sang songs such as "Nkosi Sikilele Afrika". Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. 17h40: A Bophuthatswana Government bus was pelted with stones. Bophuthatswana: Tempostat. Fifteen scholars were responsible for stone-throwing, as a result of which 488 window-panes in the Morare Secondary School were smashed. They were later convicted of public violence.

Gazankulu: Giyani. The Giyani Trade School was set on fire, but only two doors of a workshop were damaged. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 12h00: About 60 youths and adults at the Mdantsane bus stop threw stones at passing vehicles. Two adults were arrested but were later acquitted of malicious injury to property. WEDNESDAY, 18 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 20h00: Six class-rooms, a laboratory and a store-room at the Orlando High School, Mookie Street, were gutted by fire. The night-watchman was chased away by youths before the buildings were set on fire. West Rand: Mothlakeng. llh00: About 300 pupils from the Pahama School marched to the police station to demand the release of two scholars detained earlier on charges of public violence. Through the mediation of the school principal, the leaders of the march held discussions with the police, after which the group dispersed. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Fires were started at two local schools. On the Cullinan Road, vehicles were pelted with stones and a Putco bus was set on fire. Damage totalled R30 000. Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. llh00: The pupils of the Kwazakele High School marched to Nyoli Street. Inquisitive persons joined them. After the police had used tear-gas to disperse the crowd, full-scale rioting broke out. Police vehicles and other vehicles were pelted with stones. 14h15 to 22h30: There were nine cases of arson during the afternoon and night. These were at the Salamantu Bottle Store, a private house in Seyisi Street, the Ezikweni School, the post office, the Matomela Bottle Store, a clinic, the Ben Nyati School and two shops. BAAB vehicles were also set on fire.

Stone-throwing, house-breaking and cases of malicious injury to property occurred. Damage ran to thousands of rand. Legal steps were later taken against 40 of the rioters: 24 persons were convicted on various charges; five persons were acquitted and discharged; the charges against six were withdrawn; the result of the trial of five persons was not known when this Report was written (see Kwazakele RCA Nos. 254/8, 312/8, 11/9, 647/10, 253/8 and 84/11 of 1976). In quelling the rioting, the police shot dead four persons (see Annexure F, pp. 28, 29 and 30); one was wounded and later died (see p. 28 of the same Annexure). One person died from a knife wound inflicted by a private person (see p. 31 of the said Annexure). Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 14h20 to 16h00: Rioting also broke out on a large scale in New Brighton. Windows of new houses being built in Mati Road were smashed. Eight cases of arson occurred at two bottle stores, the market building, the Johnson Marwonqa School, a post office, the BAAB's rent collection offices, the Barclays Bank building and the Pononas Store. In this area, damage totalling thousands of rand was caused. The police made a number of arrests and fatally wounded four persons (see Annexure F, pp. 26 and 28). One person died from stab wounds inflicted by a private person (see p. 32 of the said Annexure). In the case S v Cossie, ECD 77.04.02, a 22-year-old man stood trial on charges of attacking the police and setting fire to a motor vehicle. He was acquitted and discharged. A further 78 persons were found guilty of various charges arising from that day's rioting (see New Brighton RCA Nos. .10/9, 199/8, 201/8, 194/8, 188/8, 217/11, 262/8, 144/11, 378/10, 3/9, 129/8, 165/10, 27/9, 200/8 and 223/8 of 1976). Cape Midlands: Veeplaas. Fires were started at the BAAB complex in Johnson Road and at the Kruisman Bottle Store. Two Black men were arrested in connection with the latter incident. Two days later, the body of a 16-year-old Black boy was found in the vicinity of a bottle store. He was presumably shot dead during police action on 18 August (see Annexure F, p. 27).

Peninsula: Bellville and , Cape Town. 01h47: During the early hours of the morning, a motor car was set on fire in Netreg Road, Bishop Lavis Township. 1lh05: A protest march by placard-carrying scholars from a Bellville South High School terminated upon the arrival of the police. 15h12: UWC students disrupted classes with sticks, pipes and hoses. A Coloured laboratory assistant was hit on the back with a pipe and was later treated in hospital. Bophuthatswana: Hoekfontein. 07h00: The office of the principal of the Mmakau Moemse High School was set on fire. Damage totalled R200. Bophuthatswana. 07h00: A fire was started in the office of the principal of the Herman Thebe Secondary School. Lebowa: Sekgapo. During the night, the door of a class-room at the Motshendi Secondary School was doused with petrol and set on fire. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 09h50: Schools were closed by the Ciskei Government. Pupils at the Hlokoma Secondary School who refused to leave the school grounds were dispersed by baton-wielding police. 12h45: Scholars at the Nkwenkwezi Secondary School pelted passing vehicles with stones. THURSDAY, 19 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. During the night, there were several cases of arson, namely at the Mothlareng Junior Secondary School in Moroka, the Tsunologa School in Meadowlands and the Wiketlo Cinema in Dobsonville.

East Rand: Duduza. 20h30: Tar and paper were used to set fire to bookcases and books in two class- rooms at the Mmuso Primary School. The fire was put out by the police. HLhveld: Middelburg. 10h00: A report was received by the police that a group of Blacks were marching along Market Street to the White township area. The group, who had congregated in front of a shopping centre, immediately dispersed when the police arrived. About 12 youths pelted a police vehicle with stones, however. After this, there were no further incidents in this area. 21h41: A class-room at the Mhluzi Primary School in the Black residential area was completely gutted. The fire was started with motor car tyres. Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. llh00 to 24h00: The violence that had taken place on Thursday continued. Nine cases of arson occurred at various places: four Black schools, the Phillip Nikiwe, Masebabani, Mnqophiso and Ebongweni Schools; the Ylngayo Creche; two shops; the Methodist and the Catholic Churches. At some of these and other places considerable damage was caused. Eighty-two persons later appeared on charges resulting from the rioting; 73 were found guilty on various charges; the charges against six were withdrawn; by the time this Report was completed, the Commission had not yet been advised of the result of the trials of three persons (see Kwazakele RCA Nos. 12/9, 314/8, 22/9, 48/9, 47/9, 312/8, 250/10, 173/9, 21/9 and RCI 489/9 of 1976). Three persons were shot dead (see Annexure F, pp. 28 to 30). One person died from a stab wound inflicted by a private person (p. 32 of the same Annexure). Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 01h00 to 20h30: More than R60 000 damage was caused by rioters, who started fires at and looted four shops. Fires caused damage at local schools, namely the Arthur Nyoba School, the Pedla Primary School and the Ernest Skozana School. At a group of BAAB buildings, fire damage came to some R19 000. Rioters also tried to set fire to a tractor and a private motor car. In the course of their anti-riot action, the police put out fires, guarded buildings and arrested rioters. Ninety-two rioters were convicted on various charges arising from the rioting (see New Brighton RCA Nos. 184/10, 6/9, 201/8, 194/8, 2/9, 193/10, 361/10, 271/9, 197/9, 202/8, 193/8, 255/8, 299/11, 279/11, 4/9, 253/8 and 5/9 of 1976). Eight persons were shot dead by the police during the rioting (see Annexure F, pp. 26, 27 and 29). A Black man was shot dead by a private person while looting a shop (see p. 32 of the said Annexure). Cape Midlands: Zwide, Port Elizabeth. 02h30: A fire broke out at the "Cabs" Supermarket and another at the Zwide Beer Hall. Damage in the first case was estimated at R1 000 and in the second at R5 000. Fourteen persons were arrested during the course of the day, and two were shot dead while inciting others to commit violence and looting (see Annexure F, pp. 26 and 28). Eastern Cape: Duncan Village, East London. 14h20: Pupils from the Ebenezer Mayombosi High School gathered at the school and pelted the building and bystanders with stones. Peninsula: Bellville South and Fairways, Cape Town. Pupils at the Bellville South High School left their class-rooms but went inside when the police arrived. The gathering of UWC students and members of the public, which was to have been held at 19h30 in Fairways, was prohibited under the Riotous Assemblies Act. Peninsula: Guguletu, Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. No serious incidents were reported in the Black residential areas. Crowds of youths in Langa and Nyanga dispersed after warnings by the police. At 17h58, a number of youths threw stones at vehicles in Langa.

South-Western Cape: Somerset West. 09h00: Scholars at the Gordon High Coloured School staged a demonstration in the school grounds and damaged desks and other property valued at R5 000. They were objecting to the fact that White teachers did not use the same facilities as Coloured teachers and that they received bigger salaries. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. An attempt was made during the night to set fire to class-rooms at the Memonal Primary School. kwaZulu: Ekuthuteni. 07h55: The principal of the Entembeni Secondary School reported a fire in which a class-room and the principal's office were partially damaged. The damage came to R200. kwaZulu: Nqutu. 12h00: Thirteen beds with bedding and clothing were burnt in a boys' hostel at the St Augustine Secondary School. Qwagwa. A fire, which was discovered in the roof of the boys' hostel at the Manthatisi High School, was put out. Ciskei: Keiskammahoek. 16h00: About 90 women students threw stones at the principal's house at the St Matthews Training College. 19h00: A group of students threw stones and damaged furniture at the Training College. The police arrived and dispersed the students. The rioting started when one of the lecturers allegedly beat a woman student. FRIDAY, 20 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 07h35: The driver of a Putco bus was stopped in Emdeni by loafers, who assaulted and robbed him of his money. His bus was also taken and driven into another vehicle. Two persons were arrested in connection with this incident.

One person, F. Moshiane, was shot dead by the police while throwing stones at the public and buses in Meadowlands (see Annexure F, p. 51). Another person, N. Makhumtsha, died from knife wounds sustained in faction fighting (p. 73 of the said Annexure). West Rand: Alexandra. The SSRC distributed pamphlets in Alexandra calling on workers not to go to work from 23 to 25 August. East Rand: Brakpan. 20h45: The driver of a municipal bus reported that his bus had been pelted with stones near the Black residential area. East Rand: Tsakane. 18h50: In Tsakane, a White policeman was hit on the head by a stone. 20h30: A number of books were burnt by youths in the library of the Tsakane High School. Southern Orange Free State: Bloemfontein. 17h45: Class-rooms at the Ihobe Higher Primary School were set on fire by youths. One person was later convicted of sabotage and three of arson. It was established that the pupils were dissatisfied about the presence of both "secondary" and "primary" pupils in the same school. Cape Midlands: Alexandra. A blanket was placed against the door of the administrative building and set on fire during a cinema show at the primary school in Paterson. Damage was slight. Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. 18h15: The staff discovered a fire at the Healdtown High School. The police tried to put out the fire, but ten class-rooms, three offices and a store-room were damaged. Damage was estimated at R250 000.

Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, New Brighton and Zwide, Port Elizabeth. 18h00 to 23h50: Violence abated in the Black residential areas. A counter was set on fire in the Chitinga Trading Store, Kwazakele. The arsonist was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment for this offence (see Kwazakele RCA 142/10/76). In New Brighton, a Black man tried to set a taxi on fire but was arrested by the driver. He was later found guilty and sentenced to preventive detention (see New Brighton RCA 224/8/76). Two class-rooms at the Ben Senuka Primary School were gutted by a fire. Damage came to R2 000. The Regent Trading Store was set on fire. The extent of the damage is not known. During the day's rioting, a Black man was shot dead by the police while looting at the BAAB market in New Brighton (see Annexure F, p. 26). Cape Midlands: Uitenhage. 09h00: The demonstration planned and arranged on 16 August by the pupils of the Coloured High School took place in the school grounds. About 300 pupils demonstrated with placards. The police merely took photographs and did not take action. During the night, an unsuccessful attempt was made to burn down the Mtonjeni High School in Kwa-Nobuhle. No damage was caused. Peninsula: Athlone, Cape Town. 08h00: Handbills with the title "You and the Police" were found in Athlone. These pamphlets, in which the powers of the police were set out, were being distributed by students from the University of Cape Town and were not inflammatory. 23h40: Petrol was thrown through the window of a room at the Thornton Coloured Primary School and ignited. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 17h05: About 15 youths pelted a bus in Bunga Street with stones. The police made three arrests. Qwawa. 15h20: A boarder's bed was set on fire in the boys' hostel at the Makabelane School in Qwaqwa. Ciskei: Zele. 23h30: Three scholars tried to set the Izeleni Secondary School on fire by sprinkling the floor with phosphorus. Slight damage was caused. In the case S v Masa and two others, King William's Town MC 325/76, they were convicted of arson. Their sentences were a fine of R200 (or 200 days) and suspended gaol sentences of 12 months. They submitted that they had been incited. SATURDAY, 21 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto and Johannesburg. 07h35: A Putco bus driver was robbed by vagrants in Soweto. Two persons were arrested in connection with this incident. A Black man was arrested while distributing pamphlets in Commissioner Street, Johannesburg. He was charged in connection with this incident, found guilty and sentenced (S v Mahalobela, TPD 240/76). East Rand: Brakpan. 02h00: The Lutheran Church in Brakpan, which had already been damaged in an earlier fire, was gutted. 18h40: An unknown person telephoned the police and informed them that the Mthonjeni Primary School was on fiv. As a result of the timely warning, the fire brigade could still put out the fire. Highveld: Middelburg. 18h30: The driver of a Greyhound bus was injured in a stone attack on the bus.

Southern Orange Free State: Welkom. During May and June 1976, a citizen of Lesotho, a certain Mothibe, met and associated with Mokete Rocks Mashinini in Johannesburg. Mashinini, a confirmed radical, was at that stage a student at the Mmadikoti Technical College, Pietersburg, and was involved in the unrest and rioting stirred up at the College on 13 August. At a later date, Mashinini wrote a particularly inflammatory letter to Mothibe, who was residing temporarily in Welkom. Mothibe's reply to this letter, written on 21 August, was the reason for his appearance in the Orange Free State Supreme Court on a charge, inter alia, of contravening the provisions of the Internal Security Act. He pleaded not guilty at first, but after his confession had been admitted, he changed his plea to one of guilty. In his confession he conceded that Mashinini's letter was inflammatory and Marxistic and that his own letter was revolutionary and threatened the security of the State. He was convicted and sentenced to four years' imprisonment. The Appeal Court reduced this period to 18 months (S v Mothibe, 1977 (3) SA 823 (A)). Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. 0hOS: Two class-rooms, a staff room and a store-room at the Lawson School were gutted by a fire. Damage totalled R8 000. Cape Midlands: Kwa-Nobuhle, Uitenhage. During the night, four Black men broke two windows in the western wing of the Mtonjeni High School, threw petrol through the broken windows and ignited it. Slight damage was caused. The culprits could not be traced. During the same night, the local D.R.C. was also set on fire. Damage was estimated at R5 000. Peninsula: Ravensmead, Cape Town. 03h15: A bookcase, table and chairs were set on fire in a class-room at the Florida Coloured High School.

Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 09h30: The family of Ezekiel Mosie, who was killed in rioting on 12 August, applied to the authorities to advance the time of his funeral with a view to obviating demonstrations that had been planned. Their request was granted, and there were no incidents at the funeral. 13h00: About 200 scholars gathered in Brinton Street for the funeral of Ezekiel Mosie, which was to have taken place at 15h30. The scholars refused to disperse. The police dispersed the crowds with tear-gas and firearms. No injuries were reported. 18h45: A Black man, who was inciting bystanders to violence, was arrested by the police in front of the local police station. South-Western Cape: Wellington. 16h32: Coloured youths hurled stones at a goods train between Wellington and Mbekweni. Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. A class-room at the Hans Kekana Secondary School, Leeukraal East, was set on fire during the night. Damage totalled R1 000. SUNDAY, 22 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 04h40: The Boet Dan Shop, Dobsonville, was broken into; the burglars set a store-room on fire. During the week-end, the SSRC arranged for the house-to-house distribution of ANC Pamphlets in Soweto, in which an appeal was made for a general three-day strike. West Rand: Alexandra. 08h15: Near Alexandra, a stone was thrown at a motor car driven by a White woman.

Highveld: Middelburg. 04h40: A class-room at the Reatlekgale School in the Black residential area was destroyed by a fire, the flames consuming all the furniture as well. During the course of the night, there was a renewed attempt to set fire to the school. 21h30: Books were burnt in a class-room of the Sozane School. Highveld: Mooifontein, Nebo. During the night, three windows were smashed at the Bopedi Bapedi High School. Eastern Transvaal: Witgatboom, Burgersfort. 22h00: Youths started a fire in the Umdeni School. Six youths were charged in the case S v Maimela and five others, Lydenburg MC 310/76. Three were discharged; the three who were convicted of arson were sentenced to five months' imprisonment, four months' imprisonment and a fine of RI00 or 120 days' imprisonment, respectively. These three alledged that they had been bribed by a Black man to burn down the school. Cape Midlands: Walmer, Port Elizabeth. 05h45: A fire caused R2 000 damage at the Methodist Church. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 21h00: A brick was thrown at a police vehicle; an 18-year-old Black man was detained in connection with this incident. Bophuthatswana: Tlabane. Someone wrote on the blackboard in a class-room at the Marwane Shupeng Secondary School: "Rioting will begin today really". The next day's disturbance at the school was caused by an investigation into this announcement. MONDAY, 23 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Because a strike was supposed to begin on this day, intimidators ordered workers at the week-end not to make use of public transport services. Wouldbe passengers were assaulted at a number of stations. Trains and station buildings were pelted with stones, and barricades were placed on railway lines. 08h00 to 08h45: In Meadowlands, Orlando and near the Baragwanath Hospital there were six incidents in which stones were thrown at vehicles and the police. In Orlando East a Black man, D.P. Nkosi, who was inciting a crowd, was shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 56). 12h00: A group of youths stormed a woman selling chickens at the Chiawelo bus stop and shouted "Black Power". She fled in terror, and they stole her chickens. Two young men of 21 and 19 years were convicted of theft and sentenced to six months' imprisonment each (S v Ngwenya and another, Kliptown MC 187/8/76). 15h50 to 22h00: There were seven incidents in which private as well as police vehicles were pelted with stones. In Senaoane, the police came upon persons who were stripping a vehicle. Workers were intimidated in Orlando and at the Ikwezi and Phefeni Railway Stations. In Dobsonville, a crowd of about 5 000 pelted workers and their houses with stones. Car tyres were set alight in the streets of Meadowlands. Fires were started at a substation at Inlawezi and at the Dikwankwetla School in Moletsane and the Mzimvubu School in Meadowlands. The police arrested a number of persons in an attempt to restore order. Two more persons were shot dead by the police during the day. A Black woman, M. Seleke, was shot dead by the police after an incident in "Taxi Road", Mapetla Extension (see Annexure F, p. 61). A Black man, S. Ntuli, was wounded by the police during a stone-throwing incident and died later (see p. 58 of the said Annexure). Two other persons died in faction fighting during the day (see pp. 73 and 76 of the said Annexure). West Rand: Alexandra. Attempts were made to prevent workers from going to work. The Putco buses, however, continued with their services unhindered. The police patrolled the area intensively and had good co-operation from the residents of Alexandra. Members of the public went about their business as usual. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. The police established that arsonists had tried to burn down the Watton Jameson School the previous night. Only slight damage was caused. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. A fire was started in the library of the local Technical High School, and a BAAB lorry was set on fire in the school grounds. *A Putco bus was burnt out on the Cullinan freeway. A Black man, D. Kolonga, was wounded by the police while throwing stones at vehicles travelling along this road. He later died in the Kalafong Hospital, Atteridgeville (see Annexure F, p. 10). Southern Orange Free State: Bloemfontein. 08h45: Five pupils from the Ihobe Secondary School were held by the police for questioning. 09h00 to 10h45: Pupils who were boycotting classes smashed window-panes in the school building with stones. A policeman was slightly injured during the stone-throwing. Five persons were later convicted of public violence in connection with this incident (S v Ndayi and four others, Bloemfontein RC 266/76). Peninsula: Bonteheuwel, Cape Town. 09h20 to 10h05: Demonstrations were held at the Bonteheuwel and Modderdam High Schools. It appeared that, at the latter school, teachers were standing among the pupils and not exercising any control. The police used seven teargas canisters to put an end to the demonstration. South-Western Cape: Bredasdorp. 08h00: Pupils at the Albert Myburgh High School for Coloureds demonstrated on the school grounds but returned to their classes after the principal had negotiated with them. A list of grievances concerning White teachers, school funds and corporal punishment was handed to the principal.

Bophuthatswana: Klipgat, Mabopane. A class-room at the Mafunla School caugt fire, damage estimated at R165 being caused. Bophuthatswana: Tlabane. 08h00: Two members of the Security Police went to investigate an announcement that appeared on a blackboard at the Marwane Shupeng Secondary School. This triggered stone-throwing at the school building. The police dispersed the rioting pupils with tear-gas. TUESDAY, 24 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Workers continued to go to work, notwithstanding an intimidation campaign to force them out on strike. 04h30 to 05h30: In Dobsonville, two dwellings were burnt down. 08h00 to 09h00: In Meadowlands, Diepkloof and Dobsonville, there were four incidents in which the police were attacked with stones. In the lastmentioned area, about 200 rioters stopped workers and pelted them with stones. A fire was started in the Good Luck Trading Store, White City. 11h55: The police were pelted with stones by about 400 rioters in Area 1, Meadowlands. The police used firearms and fired 124 shots, 86 of which were from shot-guns. One person was wounded by the police and taken to hospital. 13h00: Rioters barricaded streets in Meadowlands, Area 7, and hurled stones at the police. 14h00: Three hundred youthful rioters pelted the police-with stones at the Malopo workshops, while others burnt a private vehicle in Area 5, Meadowlands. 14h10: About 100 Blacks arrived at the Meadowlands Hostel and informed the Zulu residents that their fellow residents were being attacked at the station. This information was false and was used as a ruse to lure the residents away from the hostel. After the residents had set out to help their friends, three wings of the hostel were burned down. The returning Zulus, still armed with sticks, pursued the firebrands responsible for the fire and attacked and wounded them. When the police arrived to stop the rioting, they were attacked. They fired eleven shot-gun rounds at their assailants. One of the leaders of the group, D. Koalane, who had led the assault on the hostel residents and had attacked a policeman with a chopper, was shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 38). 15h22: In Mzimhlope, rioters doused a Zulu man with petrol and set him on fire. He was taken to hospital for treatment. 16h00 to 16h40: In the general disorder that followed in the wake of the hostel residents' entry into the residential area, windows of houses were smashed, men were assaulted and a number of women were raped. At the Phomolong Railway Station, the police fired on a crowd of about 200 Black men who were assaulting and robbing returning workers. A crowd of 150 persons attacked labourers who were working in Mofolo South; WRAB officials fired at the attackers with firearms. In Meadowlands and at the Merafe Railway Station, the police were pelted with stones. The police fired at the stone-throwers. Meanwhile, Zulus from the Mzimhlope Hostel were taken to the Dube Hostel to stay there overnight. A large crowd marched from Area 1, Meadowlands, to the local police station; they asked to be allowed to stay at the police station overnight because they feared an attack from the Zulus. The Divisional Commissioner of Police addressed them and persuaded them to go home. 17h00: Road-blocks were erected by rioters in Meadowlands, in Mofolo and at the Merafe Railway Station. Policemen were posted to railway stations to protect returning workers. The police and the workers were pelted with stones on five occasions in Merafe, Naledi and Ndlozana. The police fired a number of shots at the attackers. A Black man was shot dead at the Merafe Railway Station.

17h25: A unit and four empty carriages were derailed between Ikwezi and Inhlazane Railway Stations after a metal pipe had been placed between the tracks by miscreants. 18h00: Workers were attacked on two occasions at the Dube Railway Station. Five incidents of stone-throwing at the police were reported. The police used firearms in all these incidents. 19h00: Stones were thrown at the police and members of the public at the Kliptown and Dhlamini Railway Stations on at least five occasions. 20h00: The stone-throwing continued till about 21h00. Window-panes were smashed at the Dobsonville Higher Primary School, which was also set on fire. During most incidents, the-police used firearms. Five persons were shot dead by the police; two were wounded and later died (see Annexure F, pp. 38, 40, 41, 47, 56 and 63). Seven persons died through the action of private persons (see pp. 73 to 75 and 78 of the same Annexure). Highveld: Middelburg. 17h00: Black youths pelted a delivery vehicle with stones and caused damage totalling R200. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Stones were thrown at vehicles on the Cullinan bypass. One person was shot dead by the police (see Annexure F, p. 10). Northern Orange Free State: Kroonstad. 21h00: A group of about 80 pupils congregated at the Bodibeng Secondary School. The pupils gave the Black Power salute, shouted "Power Amandla" and damaged a bus with stones.

Eastern Cape: Duncan Village, East London. Eight Black persons were arrested for throwing stones at the Junior Secondary School. Five were later found guilty of malicious injury to property and given three cuts each; the other three were acquitted and discharged. Peninsula: Bonteheuwel, Cape Town. 08h50: A demonstration with placards was held on the grounds of the Bonteheuwel High School. After an unsuccessful attempt by the principal to control the pupils, the police fired six tear-gas canisters and two revolver shots. At 09h45, the scholars staged a further demonstration that followed the same course. Besides using tear-gas and firing revolver shots, the police also baton-charged the scholars. A constable was slightly injured. 20h20: A large crowd of Coloured youths disrupted a church meeting in the D.R.C. Hall. Upon their arrival at the scene, the police were pelted with stones, and the crowd milled around their vehicles. Two City Tramways buses, privately- owned and police vehicles were pelted with stones. Tear-gas was used, and a number of Coloured men were wounded by bird-shot. The Blue Tavern and a cafd were set on fire. Several other buildings were pelted with stones. The police used tear-gas and fired five rounds of birdshot. Two members of the public were injured by the stone-throwers. Sporadic stone- throwing continued till early the next morning. Peninsula: Ocean View, Cape Town. 17h45: A teacher put out a fire at the Kleinberg Primary School. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 10hl: A large number of Black youths threw stones at a City Tramways bus. After using tear-gas and thunder flashes and firing their rifles, the police carried out a baton charge to put an end to the violence. Lebowa: University of the North, Turfloop. Placards ordering a class boycott were put up in the dining-hall during the day. However, lectures proceeded as usual. kwaZulu: Utshongweni. 05h00: Pupils at the St Albini School discovered a fire in one of the classrooms and put it out themselves. Damage came to R90. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 13h15: Twelve Black youths threw stones at the Hlokoma Secondary School. 20h15: A fire was started at one of the local authority buildings. Ciskei: University of Fort Hare, Alice. 17h30 to 22h05: A piano and curtains were consumed by fire after an attempt had been made to set a hall alight. Later, the ceiling of the Tyali Residence was set on fire. WEDNESDAY, 25 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 06h20: The fighting between Zulu hostel residents and other residents of Soweto continued. In Mofolo South, rioters stopped workers on their way to work. 08h55: Rioters attacked women and children at the Mzimhlope Railway Station. Stones were repeatedly hurled at the police, who fired rifle-shots to quell the disturbances. 09h45: Stones were placed on the points on the railway line near the Dube Railway Station. When a Black constable tried to stop and apprehend the offender, he was attacked and obliged to shoot his assailant. In the case S v Sekopane, WLD 720/76, the 20-year-old offender was convicted of sabotage and assault with intent to do grievous bodily harm. He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. 13h50: Rioting was going on mainly in Mzimhlope, Meadowlands and Dhlamini. Further road-blocks were set up by the rioters. In at least 20 incidents, stones were hurled at the police and in five others at members of the Black public. Returning workers were attacked, inter alia, at the Merafe, Phefeni and Nancefield Railway Stations. 17h25: Some 200 rioters marched on the Meadowlands Hostel but were driven off by the police with firearms. On this day, about 34 incidents of stone-throwing were reported, the last iicident occurring at about 22h40. During the day's rioting, the police shot dead 15 persons; four were wounded and later died (see Annexure F, pp. 36, 40, 42 to 43, 48, 50 to 55, 59, 67 and 61). Other persons were responsible for five deaths (see pp. 73 and 75 to 77 of the same Annexure). West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 18h30: A 16-year-old was arrested after a Greyhound bus had been attacked with stones in Mesidi Street. 21h30: The school principal and pupils of the Lengau High School put out a fire in one of the class-rooms. East Rand: Tembisa. llh00: Placards were found in the grounds of the Tshepisa and Sedibeng High Schools. They read: "No school till the accused are released" and "Last chance Magaswa or we will celebrate your body". Eastern Cape: Duncan Village, East London. 12h30: The principal of the Nkwenkwezi High School received a letter from pupils demanding the release of fellow-pupils who had been held after a protest march. 'Local grievances, such as the abuse of liquor by teachers and improper punishment, were also aired in this letter. Peninsula: Bellville, Bishop Lavis, Bonteheuwel, Claremont, Welcome Estate, Cape Town. 08h35: A train was pelted with stones by Coloured children near the Bellville Station.

09h35: In Bonteheuwel, public violence was general. A demonstration in the grounds of the Arcadia High School led to a confrontation with the police. Tear- gas grenades as well as rifle-shots were fired. Five persons were held on charges of public violence. 10h00: Pupils of the in Claremont staged a demonstration in the school grounds with placards. J1h00: Stone-throwing scholars stopped and attacked four members of the SAp in a vehicle in Juniper Street, Bonteheuwel. Two attackers were arrested and a fifteen-year-old Coloured boy was wounded by the police. He died on 31 August (see Annexure F, p. 102). 12h10: A hundred Coloured youths rained stones on the Day Hospital in Bluegum Road, Bonteheuwel. The police were also attacked upon their arrival. The rioters were dispersed with tear-gas. Older Coloureds on the scene deplored the behaviour of the younger ones. 19h45: Police who guarded a damaged business centre in Bonteheuwel were attacked by 200 Coloured youths with stones. The police opened fire and wounded two of the attackers. 20h15: In an attempt to burn down the Bonteheuwel Post Office with a petrol bomb, windows in the building were smashed. The police were pelted with stones. A Coloured man involved in the rioting was shot dead by the police (see Annexure F, p. 87). 21h15: Twenty Coloured youths and adults tried to burn down the G.R. Bazaars. The fire brigade soon put out the fire. The main damage was done to the contents of the building. 21h35: The Cathkin High School for Coloureds in Welcome Estate was set alight. The police put out the fire. 22h00: In an incident in which the Junction Store was set on fire and looted, the police shot dead one person (see Annexure F, p. 89).

22h10: Groups of Coloured youths pelted passing vehicles in Vanguard Drive, Bonteheuwel, with stones. The police used bird-shot to put a stop to the attacks. 22h50: A police pick-up van was stoned in Bonteheuwel Avenue. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 09h50: Demonstrations were organised by the pupils of the Mkize and Viyane Schools. Later, the police had to use firearms and batons at the I.D. Mkize Secondary School because the rioting and stone-throwing crowd would not disperse. A White policeman was injured by a stone. 12h55: The police again had to use tear-gas and firearms to control a violent crowd of 200, who were throwing stones and fire-bombs at vehicles. Twelve persons were arrested and one was wounded. Lebowa: University of the North, Turfloop. The lecture hall for classical languages was set on fire during the night. Ciskei: University of Fort Hare, Alice. 01h00: A fire was started in the Z.K. Mathews Residence at the University of Fort Hare. The flames were put out, but damage estimated at about R25 000 was caused. Although the University reopened on this day, the University Council closed it for the second time. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 12h55: Scholars pelted the Mzomhle Secondary School with stones. THURSDAY, 26 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Fights between Black hostel residents and other residents of Soweto continued. There were 35 incidents in which stones were thrown at the police, mainly in Mzimhlope and Meadowlands, but also in Zondi, Naledi, Jabavu, Dube and Chiawelo. Rioters were still erecting road-blocks. A number of persons were arrested for public violence. Five Black men were held for pointing firearms at residents of the Mzimhlope Hostel. The police also took possession of two 0,38 revolvers. 17h00: There was an attempt to burn down the Ntanzana School, Meadowlands. Petrol bombs and dangerous weapons were found in one of the class-rooms. Two persons were arrested in connection with this incident. During the course of the day, the Chief Minister of kwaZulu addressed workers, mainly those living in the hostels. 18h30: Discussions aimed at restoring peace, which had been arranged earlier in the day by the police, were held at the Orlando Police Station between the police and spokesmen for the Zulus and the other local inhabitants. In restoring order, the police shot dead 14 persons and wounded five, who died subsequently (see Annexure F, pp. 34 to 37, 44, 48, 50, 51, 60 to 66). One person died in faction fighting and another after someone had fired at him from a vehicle (pp. 75 and 77 of the same Annexure). West Rand: Alexandra. 07h30: Rioters tried to set a Putco bus on fire with a petrol bomb, while other buses were pelted with stones. The police caught a group of layabouts in the act of intimidating and assaulting workers. West Rand: Roodepoort. 16h00: The windscreen of a motor car, driven by a White woman, was smashed on the Roodepoort-Randfontein Road by the Black occupants of a light van. No one was injured in this incident. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. The windows of an ABS bus were smashed near one of the local schools. Damage totalled R500.

Southern Orange Free State: Bloemfontein. Equipment at a school in the Black residential area was damaged by fire. Three Std 8 pupils were charged in connection with this incident. One was discharged. Another was found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. The third, a girl, was found guilty of malicious injury to property and given a one-year suspended sentence (S v Diba and two others, OPD 208/76). Eastern Cape: Nuwerus, Queenstown. 07h30: Pupils at the Maria Louw Secondary School for Coloureds smashed 58 window-panes in the school building. This violence apparently related to the arrest of a Coloured clerical leader. Peninsula: Bonteheuwel, Cape Town. llh00 to 22h40: The police intervened in six demonstrations in which stones were thrown., Some of the disorderly participants were arrested, and according to a witness, a Coloured man was shot in one incident. No further information could be obtained in regard to this incident. During the course of the evening, rioters tried to burn down the Boundary Coloured High School. The fire brigade put out the fire. Peninsula: Kensington, Cape Town. 21h50: Goods trains were delayed when a sleeper was placed across the railway line near Kensington. No trains were derailed. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 1lh30: The police fired a warning round during public violence by Black youths at the I.D. Mkize Secondary School. Lebowa: University of the North, Turfloop. During the night, three doors of lecture halls were set on fire. Ciskei: Mdantsane and other places. Near Alice, an unsuccessful attempt was made to burn down the Jabavu Secondary School.

Three Black men, who tried to set fire to the Donnington Secondary School during the course of the night, were later convicted of arson and were each sentenced to a fine of R200 or 200 days' imprisonment, a further 12 months' imprisonment being conditionally suspended. 20h30: Youths pelted the Wongalethu High School and the Nkwenkwezi Secondary School near East London with stones. 20h45: A fire was started at the Nyameko Junior Secondary School, and an attempt at arson was made at the Hlokoma Junior Secondary School. Two scholars confessed to their complicity, along with a group of scholars, idlers and adults, in the arson at the former school. The reason put forwagrd "y them was that they wished to show their solidarity with detained scho±ars. They also burnt down a shop. They were convicted of arson and fined R50, besides being given a suspended sentence (S v Swartbooi and another, East London RC 622/76). FRIDAY, 27 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 01h30: According to a witness, the police shot dead a person involved in a stone- throwing incident in White City, Jabavu, but no further information is available. Although the rioting in Soweto was dying down, there was still faction fighting between hostel residents and township inhabitants. 18h15: There was stone-throwing and fighting with knob-kerries between inmates of the Dube Hostel and residents of Meadowlands. A private vehicle was gutted. The police took action. 19h30: At the Dube Hostel, rioters were milling around and throwing stones. 22h05 to 22h30: A disorderly crowd carried out three attacks with stones on the Mapetla Hostel. Residents were assaulted with sticks. 23h45: The house of a Black constable in Mapetla came under attack. Windows were smashed, but the inhabitants were not injured.

A Black man, S. Maphalala, died from a gunshot wound after he had driven his vehicle into a police vehicle in an attempt to force it off the road (see Annexure F, p. 43). Two persons died under other circumstances: one was killed by an unknown person while he was on night-watch duty in Dube (see p. 79 of the said Annexure), and the second was killed in faction fighting in Orlando West (see p. 78 of the same Annexure). Highveld: Middelburg. 07h45: An attempt at arson failed at the Reatlegile School. Only school books and two desks were destroyed. During the night, a vehicle in the Black residential area was damaged by stone- throwers. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Rioters stopped a vehicle driven by a Black constable and pelted it with stones. He had to flee from the attack, in which his arm was broken and he inflicted an abdominal wound on one of the stone- throwers with his revolver. Northern Orange Free State: Kroonstad. 17h00: A beer depot, the office of the school board, a bus and a motor vehicle were pelted with stones in the Seisoville residential area by scholars from the Bodibeng Secondary School. A woman teacher from the school was charged with having incited the scholars to riot. Because of the inadequate testimony of the 12 scholars who gave evidence, she was found not guilty and discharged (S v Morailane, OPD 222/76). Cape Midlands: Port Elizabeth. The police received information that workers were to be intimidated into striking from 1 September. Special police patrols were arranged from 30 August, and the Black public was assured over loudhailers that they would be protected against intimidators. No incidents of intimidation occurred on 1 September, and work attendance was normal. Peninsula: Bellville, Bonteheuwel and Kensington, Cape Town. Lectures were disrupted at the University of the Western Cape. During the evening, there was stone-throwing at vehicles in Bonteheuwel and at a train near Kensington. South-Western Cape: Wellington. 18h45: Bergrivier High School pupils refused to retire to their dormitories because of a set-to in the dining-hall between one of them and the Coloured matron. Idlers fell in with the pupils, and the principal was obliged to call in the police. When the police arrived, a single stone was thrown, after which everything quietened down. Lebowa: Mooifontein, Nebo. 23h00: The principal and pupils of the Bopedi Bapedi Secondary School put out a fire in one of the class-rooms. Damage came to R250. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 00h45: Three persons tried to set the Nonulama Cash Store on fire with burning motor car tyres. Damage totalled R100. Ciskei: Middeldrift. 08h00: A group of 150 pupils, who had refused to attend classes the previous day, again refused to do so and pelted the local school building with stones. Window- panes were smashed. When the police arrived on the scene, pupils picked up stones, but before anyone could be hurt, they were dispersed with tear-gas. One hundred and fifty boys were detained. SATURDAY, 28 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 01h45: Rioters threw stones at the Naledi Hall. The police dispersed them with firearms. 02h50: Stone-throwing occurred in Mapetla.

21h00: About 20 Black men threw stones at vehicles and at the police in Samson Street, Orlando West. Shots were fired by the police. Two persons were killed in rioting during the day, but not because of police action (see Annexure F, pp. 73 and 79). West Rand: Alexandra. 01h45: Three Black men trying to set a school in Third Avenue on fire were wounded by the police. East Rand: Edenvale. 20h45: The police found a Black person carrying a pamphlet with the title "Voice of Soweto Residents", in which residents of Soweto were roused against the Zulu contract labourers and the Government. Vaal Trianglez Sharpeville. 19h20: After female choir members had left the Kgotlong Church, they were molested by eight men in the church grounds. The girls fled into the church building, whereupon the men pelted the building with stones, smashing a number of windows. The minister's car was slightly damaged. The police, who restored order, were also pelted with stones. Karoo: Noupoort. 21h00: Two Black youths broke into the BAAB offices and tried to start a fire. They were charged in connection with this incident, were found guilty of house- breaking with intent to commit arson and were sentenced, one to two years' imprisonment and the other to cuts (S v Schoeman and another, Middelburg RC 88/76). Bophuthatswana. Window-panes were smashed at the Phokeng Secondary School near Rustenburg. During the night of 28 to 29 August, a fire was started in an office at the Hebron Secondary School near De Wildt.

Lebowa: University of the North, Turfloop. A lift in one of the men's residences was set on fire, causing damage totalling R3. 000. Three persons were suspected of complicity; two fled? one was charged in the Supreme Court and was let out on bail. After testifying, he fled before judgment could be given (S v Selele, TPD (Witbank) 199/77). SUNDAY, 29 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 08h45: A petrol bomb was thrown through the window of a dwelling in Dube. No damage or injuries were caused. 16h25: Fifteen youths and adults attacked a police patrol with stones in Klipspruit. One threatened the police with a knife. He was shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 56). 18h30: A member of a police patrol, which was pelted with stones at the Mzimhlope Hostel, was injured. Five rounds were fired with shot-guns. 20h30: Near Mzimhlope, the bodies of two persons killed with unknown objects and burnt, were found. During the day, four persons were killed by private persons (see Annexure F, pp. 71, 76 and 79); another was injured and later died (see p. 72 of the said Annexure). Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Four youths were arrested for damaging windows at the Bohlabatsatsi Primary School. Peninsula: Bonteheuwel, Cape Town. Unknown persons placed objects on the section of the railway line between Bonteheuwel and Lavistown. No derailments or damage was caused. Peninsula: Guguletu and Nyanga, Cape Town. Stone-throwing occurred during the afternoon in Lansdowne Road, Guguletu, and in the vicinity of Settlers Road near Nyanga.

Ciskei: Fort Cox. 02h30: Attempts were made to burn down the administrative offices of the Fort Cox Agricultural College. Damage was slight. However, a galvanised iron shed containing 3 000 bales of lucerne was totally destroyed; damage was estimated at R6 600. As there was no rebelliousness or unrest among the College students, the arsonists are presumed to have been outsiders. MONDAY, 30 AUGUST 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 00h55 to 01h30: Stone-throwing occurred on three occasions in Diepkloof and Orlando. Two persons were shot dead by the police during the disturbances (see Annexure F, pp. 48 and 69). Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. 08h30z The pupils of the Lawson Secondary School refused to attend classes and congregated on the school grounds. The police arrived on the scene. After one of the ringleaders had been pointed out, the police were stormed by the crowd. Tear- gas was used to bring the rebellious pupils under control. No-one was injured. Peninsula: Athlone, Cape Town. 11h35: About 500 scholars demonstrated in front of the Alexander Sinton High School, but moved off when the police arrived. Peninsula: Bellville, Cape Town. In the early hours of the morning, a women's residence at the UWC was set on fire. This happened after a mass meeting on the campus at which grievances were voiced. The reason for the arson may have been to force the Rector to close the University. In the resultant case, S v Vincent and three others, CPD 403/76, four post-graduate female students were acquitted of complicity. South-Western Cape: , . Paper was set on fire in a motor car tyre in the community hall in the Black residential area. No material damage was caused.

Bophuthatswana: Kafferskraal. 19h00: Damage totalling about R2 000 was caused to two buses of the Pitso Bus Service when they were set on fire at the bus stop. TUESDAY, 31 AUGUST 1976. East Rand: Tembisa. During the night, fires broke out at the Kopanong and Umfuyaneni Primary Schools. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. OlhOO: At the Tswana Primary School, pupils pelted their teachers with stones. Two Putco buses were also pelted with stones in the residential area. Southern Transvaal: Daggakraal, Amersfoort. Text-books valued at about R50 were burned in the school grounds of the Seme Secondary School. Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. A fire, which had died out by itself, was discovered at the Illinge School. Karoo: Kraanvale, Graaff-Reinet. 08h15: A procession consisting of Coloured youths marched from the Coloured residential area to the Black residential area, carrying placards on which the following demands were inscribed: "Where is Maqetula"; "We demand Hendricks"; and "We demand free and compulsory education". About 20 Black youths had meanwhile fallen in with the marchers. The police used tear-gas to bring the procession to a halt. "Hendricks" was a detained clerical and Coloured leader. Peninsula: Athlone, Bellville, Bridgetown and , Cape Town. OhOO: A fire broke out in the Housing Office, Bellville South. 13h50: Coloured youths staged a sit-down protest in Klipfontein Road, Athlone. The police used tear-gas and fired shots to disperse the crowd.

21h00: The Cathkin Coloured High School was set on fire by pouring petrol down the chimney. Floors and books were damaged. 21h20: A fire was also started at the Bridgetown Primary School for Coloureds. Peninsula: Guguletu and Nyanga, Cape Town. One case of stone-throwing at a private vehicle was reported in Guguletu at 18h20, while a crowd gathered in Nyanga during the afternoon, but no rioting erupted. South-Western Cape: Genadendal. About 300 pupils at the Emil Weder High School refused to attend classes and demonstrated in the street with placards. The placards were inscribed: "Black Power"; "Soweto"; "Weg met Vorster" and "We don't want White creatures for teachers". The pupils dispersed after the police had negotiated with them. The school has no White teachers. The pupils enumerated local grievances to the police. Ciskei: Mathole. The Emgwali Secondary School was pelted with stones and partly burnt down. Eleven scholars were charged in connection with these incidents and were found guilty of arson, public violence and attending an unlawful gathering. The accused gave various reasons for their actions, including a letter that had been received from the Freemantle School in Lady Frere inciting the scholars to burn down their school; they also had local reasons, such as fares for transport to a rugby match. Sentences ranged from 18 months' imprisonment (suspended) to six cuts with a light cane (S v Bolana and ten others, King William's Town RC 327/76). Ciskei: Mdantsane. Pamphlets titled "Azikhwelwa on Wednesday" appeared in Mdantsane, just outside East London. The pamphlets called on the public not to use the buses the next day. A strike was also planned in Port Elizabeth for the same day.

08h30: Pupils at the Mgwali Missionary School smashed 560 window-panes at the institution. Three class-rooms were also set on fire, and an attempt was made to force a safe. The pupils armed themselves with sticks and stones, but after negotiations with the police they laid down their arms. Some were arrested. WEDNESDAY, I SEPTEMBER 1976. East Rand: Brakpan. 21h00: An 18-year-old Black man started a fire in a class-room at the Thabong Primary School; the ceiling of the room was damaged. The arsonist was later convicted and sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment, suspended for three years, and six cuts with a light cane (Brakpan RCI 10/9/76). Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. 22h40: Damage totalling R8 000 was caused by a fire at the Hillside School. School desks were piled on top of one another and set on fire; two classrooms were destroyed. Cape Midlands: Port Elizabeth. There was no intimidation in connection with the strike planned for that day. Work attendance was normal. Karoo: Graaff-Reinet. 02h20: A person who had sustained burns in an attempt at arson at the local beer hall was arrested by the police. 08h30 to ]OhOO: A crowd of scholars, who had gathered at Inqeba Secondary School and had been joined by adults, became riotous. The crowd threatened to assault teachers and stormed the police upon their arrival. The hall in the school grounds was set on fire, but the fire was put out by the police. The police used tear-gas to disperse the crowd. All open-air gatherings were banned in terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act for the period 1 to 4 September. peninsula: Athlone, Cape Town. During the morning, two processions were staged in Athlone. Members of the public congregated at various places, and two incidents of stone-throwing were reported. 15h08: While quelling public violence in Klipfontein Road, the police wounded a number of persons. These included a girl, Sandra Peters, who was on her way to a shop. She was hit in the head and died in hospital two days later (see Annexure F, p. 101). Peninsula: Bellville South, Cape Town. 18h30: In an attic of the men's residence at the UWC, two students set a home-made time bomb among inflammable materials. The bomb was discovered and rendered harmless. In the case S v Plaatjies and Stuurman, CPD 402/76, the two students were convicted of sabotageand sentenced to five years' imprisonment each. The reason put forward by them for their action was to cause panic and to force the Rector to close the University. Peninsula: Bonteheuwel, Bridgetown, Crawford, Lansdowne and , Cape Town. Coloured youths paraded in Bonteheuwel and Lansdowne. During the day, crowds congregated in Lansdowne and Manenberg, where there were six stone- throwing incidents in which the police intervened. Petrol bombs were used to start fires at the Bridgetown High School and the Crawford Trading Store. A number of persons were arrested in connection with these incidents. Peninsula: Cape Town. During the afternoon, a group of about 100 Black youths marched through the streets in the centre of the city. They carried placards reading: "To hell with baas", "Equal Rights" and "Equal Education". More Black youths fell in with them, so that there were eventually 1 000 marchers. The march was orderly, and according to the police there were no signs of violence. Railway policemen escorted the scholars to the trains. No damage was caused.

South-Western Cape: Somerset West. About 160 scholars tried to prevent about 80% of the pupils of the Gordon High School from writing examinations. Teachers, and those pupils who wished to write the examination, offered resistance to the intimidators. Stone-throwing broke out. The police were called in by the principal after discussions with the staff. The police negotiated with the obstreperous scholars, who left the school grounds without force having to be used. They remained in the street outside the school and jeered at the teachers and the police. After patiently keeping surveillance for more than two hours, the police used tear-gas to force them to leave. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa and Hebron. Late at night, fires broke out at the Thlopane Primary School, Ga-Rankuwa, and the Hebron Technical College. Lebowa. 03h00: A class-room at the Mabuza Secondary School near Valschfontein was destroyed by a fire. Damage totalled R5 000. Qwaqwa. A fire was started in the Itemoheleng Trade School. In a subsequent trial, S v Sejake, OPD 206/76, a scholar was convicted of sabotage for throwing a burning match into a gas-filled class-room. He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Ciskei: Keiskammahoek. Pupils from the Zwelamandla School rained stones on the school building and set it on fire. Damage totalled R2 000. In the case S v Ndukwana and eight others, King William's Town RC 338/76, nine scholars were convicted of arson and malicious injury to property. Seven were given suspended sentences of 12 months' imprisonment, while two received six. cuts. One of the reasons given for the violence was that rugby jerseys had not been bought.

THURSDAY, 2 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 03h00: Stones were thrown at motor vehicles on the old Potchefstroom Road in Klipspruit. A Black passenger, W. Zulu, was hit by some of the stones and fatally injured (see Annexure F, p. 79). Highveld: Middelburg. 09h10: A crowd congregated in front of the magistrate's court, where a number of youths were to be tried in connection with offences committed during the rioting on 20 July. Only the parents of the accused youths were allowed into the court. The crowd then marched in the direction of the post office but dispersed at the request of the police. 14h15: Rioters pelted a Greyhound bus with stones near the Thusanang School. Southern Transvaal: Daggakraal, Amersfoort. A fire was started during the night in a class-room at the Seme Secondary School. A bookcase with documents was gutted. Damage totalled R300. Diamond Fields: Kimberley. A procession consisting of about 300 pupils from the St Bonniface and Tshireletso Secondary Schools marched to the main SAP offices with placards. Some of the inscriptions on the placards read: "We want Sipho - release Sipho" and "We don't fight". The person referred to was Sipho Majola, who was being held by the Security Police. After the District Commandant, Col. J.W.J. Harmse, and a staff member of the St Bonniface High School had held discussions with the scholars, the crowd dispersed peacefully. Peninsula: Athlone, Salt River, Bellville, Epping and Hanover Park, Cape Town. At the UWC, the police discovered 12 petrol bombs hidden in the ceiling of a hostel. 10h30: Several hundred scholars marched in the direction of the city centre along Francie van Zijl Drive. Pupils from the Salt River High School also tried to organise a procession to the city centre, and the students of Hewat College planned a similar procession.

In Athlone, the police intervened in two cases of stone-throwing. Near the Bellville Railway Station, a train was pelted with stones. In Hanover Park, rioting assumed more serious dimensions. The police had to deal with six cases of stone-throwing and with other incidents in which petrol bombs were thrown at motor vehicles and at a private house. The bottle store in Hanover Park Avenue, a pharmacy, a business complex, the Housing Office and the Caszay Store were looted and damged. Two buildings were set on fire. The numbers of rioters taking part in this unrest often exceeded a hundred and even rose to over a thousand. The police were involved in almost every incident, and in the action taken by them to restore order they fatally wounded three persons (see Annexure F, pp. 85, 87 and 89). Peninsula: Cape Town. 10h30: Coloured youths and Black scholars streamed into the city centre in large numbers. The Railway Police kept watch on trains and at stations. llh00 to 12h40: Groups of youths marched into town from the Parade, and all traffic in the main streets was brought to a standstill by the large crowds moving in the streets. A plain-clothes police photographer who wanted to photograph the crowds in had to fire two warning shots into the air to stop members of the group from assaulting him. In the afternoon, crowds of youths congregated on the Parade, where a motor vehicle was set on fire. Tear-gas and batons were used to disperse the crowd. By 18h00, most of the youths had left the city and the police escorted them to the station and the trains. In terms of the Riotous Assemblies Act, all gatherings were banned in the districts of Cape Town, Kuils River, Simonstown and Wynberg for 2, 3 and 4 September.

Peninsula: Nyanga and Langa, Cape Town. Groups of Black youths assembled during the morning and proceeded to the railway stations in order to join the processions to the centre of Cape Town. In some cases, the police dispersed the crowd. South-Western Cape: Caledon and Somerset West. 08h00: Following talks with his pupils, the principal of the Gordon Coloured High School in Somerset West succeeded in dissuading them from boycotting classes. Only 20 pupils refused to attend classes. Public gatherings were also prohibited in the districts of Caledon and Somerset West. Bophuthatswana: Hebron, De Wildt. 08h00: The police quelled unrest at the Hebron Technical College. In a threatening letter addressed to the principal and found on the notice-board White and Black staff members were ordered, among other things, to use the same staff room. An office at the school was set on fire. Damage totalled R80. Ciskei. 08h35: Riotous pupils at the Imiqhayi Secondary School, Mount Coke, pelted the school building with stones and turned a hose on the staff. FRIDAY, 3 SEPTEMBER 1976. Cape Midlands: Gelvandale. 20h45: A class-room at the Van der Kemp Primary School was set on fire with paraffin and destroyed. Four youths were arrested. Peninsula: Athlone and other Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. 08h20: In Athlone, Bishop Lavis, Grassy Park, Kensington, Retreat, Tiervlei and Woodstock, persons congregated and set out on processions to the centre of town. Youths used motor vehicles, buses and trains to get there.

Riotous demonstrations, which had to be brought under control by the police, occurred six times in Athlone and once in Woodstock. There were nine incidents of stone-throwing in Athione, Bellville, Hanover Park and Retreat. Chaos reigned at the Alexander Sinton High School. Several persons, including a White woman, were injured by stone-throwers, and the police had to intervene with batons and tear-gas. They arrested offenders and wounded one person. Trains were pelted with stones, and the signal lights near Bonteheuwel were short-circuited. Two cases of robbery in Athlone and looting at the Hanover Park Shopping Centre were reported. A motor car in Athlone was set on fire, and arson was committed at the Willows Primary School and at a municipal galvanised iron warehouse, the library in Hanover Park and the offices of the Divisional Council in Epping. Peninsula: Cape Town. 10h30: A crowd that had gathered in front of the city hall was dispersed by the police with batons and tear-gas. 12h30: In Constitution Street, , the police fatally wounded a sixteen- year-old Coloured boy while stone-throwing by a large crowd was in progress (see Annexure F, p. 91). 13h25: A crowd in Adderley Street was dispersed with bird-shot. 16h45: A crowd on the Parade, who were pelting the police with stones and bottles, were dispersed with tear-gas. 19h00: Attempts were made to set the Faure Building and the St Michael's Art School alight with petrol bombs.

Peninsula: Guguletu, Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. lih40 to 17h04: Several crowds gathered and incidents of stone-throwing occurred in the three Black residential areas. The police repeatedly used thunder flashes, tear-gas and bird- shot. South-Western Cape: Somerset West. 08h00: Pupils at the Gordon High Coloured School intimidated others who were writing examinations. A few hours later, a larger group staged a demonstration in front of the school which was stopped by the police. Three vehicles were damaged with stones by a splinter group on the national road nearby. The police arrested five persons. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. The main building of the Barolong High School was burned down during the night. SATURDAY, 4 SEPTEMBER 1976. Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. 23h00: The Fort Beaufort fire brigade put out a fire at a house in-Albert Street. Albert Street is in the White residential area and leads to Healdtown, the Black residential area. Cape Midlands: Uitenhage. 10h15: A Coloured man who was disrupting the traffic in the business area of Uitenhage was arrested by the police. A group of Coloureds thereupon tried to stop the patrol vehicle in which he was being taken away and subsequently tried to free him from the police station. Meanwhile, Coloureds were demonstrating in front of business premises in Caledon Street. Bottles were thrown, the Black Power salute was given, and placards with the following inscriptions were displayed: "White man's laws no laws", "Black Power" and "Release Hendricks". When the rioters tauntingly jeered: "Boere se moere", White men tangled with them and fisticuffs broke out. Nineteen rioters were arrested; they each paid R40 admission of guilt fines on a charge of disturbing the peace.

Peninsula: Bellville, Bishop Lavis, Heideveld, Kensington, Retreat and Cape Town. In the early hours of the morning, arsonists set to work on three schools, namely the Bishop Lavis High School (twice), the Willows Primary School in Heideveld, and the Delta Primary School in Retreat. Stone-throwers were also active. Their targets were a Coloured bus in Modderdam Road, a train at a level crossing in Kensington and motor cars on the Eastern Boulevard. Port Natal: Durban. At the Menzi Higher Primary School, fires were started in the principal's office and the library. Documents and furniture valued at R500 were destroyed. SUNDAY, 5 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 08h15: An isolated incident, in which a bus was pelted with stones, occurred in this residential area. Weet Rand: Lenasia and Noordgesicht. In these two Coloured residensial areas which are near to Soweto, fires broke out during the night at the Progress Primary School and the Noordgesicht High School. In the latter case, damage totalled R5 000. Eastern Transvaal: Doornkloof, Carolina. 12h30: A number of Black men set fire to the sawmills at Doornkloof. The fire destroyed the mills, sheds, timber and machinery valued at R1 250 000. Eastern Transvaal: Warburton. 14h40: A plantation and the Jessievale Sawmills were destroyed by a fire. Estimates of the damage came to R3 000 000. The case S v Malaza and four others, TPD Witbank 1A/77, in which five Blacks, among whom three 17-year-old boys, stood trial on charges of sabotage, was a sequel to the Doornkloof and Warburton fires. It emerged from the evidence that a witch-doctor had founded an association named the Black Power Society. He had recruited youths as members. Later, he had intimidated them and promised them a monetary reward if they would burn down a sawmill, plantations and schools. All five accused were found guilty of sabotage. The witch- doctor was sentenced to 16 years' imprisonment, his assistant to eight years' imprisonment, and the three youths to five years' imprisonment each. Southern Transvaal: Leslie. 15h15: Two Black policemen, who were conducting an investigation were cornered and assaulted by 12 youths. One of the policemen was seriously injured when he was stabbed with a knife in the right lung. One of the attackers gave the Black Power salute. Southern Transvaal: Standerton. 21h00: Black youths erected a road-block and hurled stones at a bus, which was forced to a halt. The driver deliberately ran down one of the attackers, who was rendered unconscious. The injured man was arrested. Cape Midlands: Uitenhage. 17h00: Coloureds first demonstrated in Dower Avenue and followed this up with a further demonstration in the Coloured residential area three quarters of an hour later. Stone-throwing occurred at the township cemetery. Twenty persons were detained in connection with this incident; they later paid admission of guilt fines on charges of breaches of the peace (see Uitenhage RCA 39/9/76). Peninsula: Athlone, Crawford, Elsie's River and Kensington, Cape Town. In the early hours of the morning, fires broke out at the Witham Coloured Primary School (Koppieslaagte), the Moravian Coloured School in Elsie's River and the Kromboom Road Bottle Store in Crawford. Late at night, the third attempt in five days was made to burn down the library in Hanover Park. Near Kensington, a goods train crashed into an obstruction that had been placed on the railway line; the train was not derailed. A group of Coloured men threw stones at motor cars in De Waal Drive. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 03h15: Some 20 Black men hurled stones at a police vehicle. The police fired two tear-gas canisters. South-Western Cape: Genadendal. A class-room was gutted at the L.R. Smit School for Coloureds, the damage amounted to R5 000. South-Western Cape: Stellenbosch. An unsuccessful attempt at arson occurred at the local commercial high school. Ciskei: Lady Frere. 14h00: A fire was started in a class-room at the Mt Arthur Girls' School. Only the blackboard caught fire, resulting in R100 damage. The schoolgirls who started the fire were said to have been intimidated by students from Fort Hare. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 23h00: Twenty-one Black youths were arrested at Mdantsane, near East London, for stoning a bus. The charge against 20 of them was withdrawn; one was found guilty and sentenced to six cuts. MONDAY, 6 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 08hlO: In Selborne Street, two Putco buses were pelted with stones; windows were smashed in both buses. A strike was planned for the following day, and bus drivers were threatened. The police took steps to prevent workers from being molested and intimidated. The strike failed. East Rand: Tembisa. At the Khatlamping High School, two school desks in a class-room and documents in the principal's office were burnt during the night. Northern Transvaal: Elim. The administrative block of the Lemana Secondary School was totally destroyed by fire. Damage was estimated at R30 000.

Southern Transvaal: Piet Retief. 13h00: R100 damage was caused by a fire in a class-room at the Udela Secondary School. The School Committee put out the fire. 21h00: Teachers put out a fire at the Cabangi School, Driefontein. Damage was slight. Eastern Cape: Duncan Village, East London. 05h10: Black youths pelted a bus with stones and caused damage of R20. Ten of them were arrested, but the charges against them were later withdrawn. Peninsula: Athlone, Bellville, Diep River and Lansdowne, Cape Town. In Athlone, a petrol bomb was hurled through a window of the magistrate's court but failed to start a fire. A similar attempt was made to set a shoe factory in the same neighbourhood ablaze. In Bellville, there were two cases of arson, one at a garage and the other at the primary school, Bellville South. Of a more serious nature were four incidents in which the safety of train passengers was endangered. Near Diep River, a stone hit the front entrance to the driver's cab of a passenger train and, in another case near Crawford, the window of a coach. At Bellville and near Lavistown, stones were placed on the points and on the railway lines. Bophuthatswana: Kgalabatzane, Ga-Rankuwa. 07h00: Fire damage of R50 was caused to the administrative block of the Micha-Kgasi Secondary School. Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. 16h00: A group of Black pupils from a school in Eersterus, Stinkwater, assaulted a shebeenkeeper and burnt down his house. Two pupils were arrested.

TUESDAY, 7 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 00h30: About 100 Black men met at the women's hostel in Mzimhlope. The police, who went to investigate, were pelted with stones. The police fatally wounded two Black men (see Annexure F, pp. 55 and 61). 23h10: Rioters drove the residents of the Mzimhlope Hostel out and then destroyed five buildings with fire. Damage was estimated at R3 000. After the fire brigade had put out the fire, the police found two bodies and a seriously wounded man among the rubble. All three had knife wounds. No further particulars could be obtained. The Commission has information, however, that I. Kgathi died from a stab-wound during the rioting in Meadowlands (see Annexure F, p. 72). Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Stones were thrown at vehicles driving past the Mamelodi High School. Peninsula: Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. The outbreak of serious violence in the Coloured residential areas was preceded early in the morning by processions staged by scholars and UWC students. Scholars, students from the UWC and from Hewat Training College, layabouts and adults were congregating at points throughout these areas; these crowds seldom numbered fewer than a hundred persons and sometimes as many as a thousand. And wherever these groups assembled, rioting broke out. There were 29 incidents of stone-throwing; these occurred in Athlone, Bellville South, Bonteheuwel, Elsie's River, Oceanview and Parow Valley. Seventeen of these incidents occurred in the last- mentioned area. Stones were hurled at the police, the public, vehicles and trains. Burning motor car tyres were used to block the streets, and the crowds swarmed around vehicles that were forced to a halt. Occupants were not only assaulted but were sometimes robbed as well. Fires were started at a library, the premises of a business concern, a high school in Bonteheuwel and the Florida, Northway Road, Norwood Central, Uitsig and Vorentoe Primary Schools. The police used teargas and firearms to quell the rioting, in the course of which four persons were shot dead by the police (see Annexure F, pp. 85, 89, 92 and 96). There were instances of private persons defending themselves with firearms. In one such case, a ten-year-old Coloured girl who was throwing stones at a private vehicle was fatally wounded (see Annexure F, p. 108). Peninsula: Cape Town. After a fairly quiet long week-end, rioting and unrest broke out again in the centre of town. Youths gathered at the Castle Bridge and milled about on the Parade. About 400 youths gathered in front of the city hall. There, and elsewhere, they were addressed by inciters. Witnesses saw some youths carrying small bags of stones. The windows of a number of motor cars on the Parade were smashed with stones. Witnesses were both laudatory and critical of the action taken by the police to control the demonstrators and keep them out of the city. The police used all means at their disposal, but some of the more unruly demonstrators managed to penetrate to all parts of the city and ran amok on occasion. During the rioting on the Parade, a Coloured man was shot dead by a member of the Prisons Department in his private capacity (see Annexure F, p. 108). Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. The rioting in this area was mainly in the form of stone-throwing; the police took action. South-Western Cape: Bredasdorp. A crowd gathered at the local Coloured school. The scholars stated that they were dissatisfied about inadequate facilities and that they received too much corporal punishment at the school. By demonstrating, they furthermore wished to express their sympathy with the people in Soweto. The parents of the scholars managed to bring them under control. There were rumours that students from the UWC had visited the Coloured residential area during the long week-end and had influenced these scholars. South-Western Cape: Somerset West. A partition between two class-rooms in the Gordon Coloured High School was burned down.

South-Western Cape: Stellenbosch, llh30 to 13hOO: After Coloured pupils had boycotted classes at the Luckhoff High School and had held a number of meetings, they marched to the White residential area. Stone-throwing took place along the way, and the police dispersed the crowd. The apparent leader of the scholars was found guilty of attending a banned gathering and sentenced to a fine of R50 or 50 days' imprisonment (S v Wanza, Stellenbosch MC 84/76). 13h25 to 23h00: Eleven incidents of stone-throwing were reported in the vicinity of Cloetesville. During one of these incidents, an unknown White man, whose motor car was hit by a stone, fired several shots with a firearm. The police intervened on a number of occasions and used tear-gas and firearms. 20h00 to 23h00: A crowd of Coloureds threw stones at vehicles on the Helshoogte Road near Idas Valley. The police put a stop to riotousness with the aid of tear-gas and firearms. During this period, the Simonsberg Dairy and the fire brigade station were pelted with stones. .A Coloured man, K. Daniels, was shot dead during the night in Cloetesville while throwing burning objects and stones at the police (see Annexure F, p. 3). Bophuthatswana. A fire was started in two class-roorhs at the Timagole Primary School near Rustenburg. Damage totalled R800. WEDNESDAY, 8 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Renewed fighting broke out between the hostel residents and inhabitants of Soweto. The Mzimhlope Hostel was set on fire. Near the hostel, about 80 youths stopped a lorry and grabbed 15 cases of mineral water from it. Intervening police were pelted with stones. They fired at the rioters. Later on, rioters threw stones at buses. A Black man, J. Sibeko, was presumably shot by the police. No particulars are known (see Annexure F, p. 62). P. Mabena, another Black man, died from head wounds received in faction fighting in Mzimhlope (p. 73 of the same Annexure). West Rand: Alexandra. 19h00: Windows of several Putco buses were smashed by stone-throwers in Selborne Street. Eastern Transvaal: Amsterdam. 17h45: Fire damage totalling R40 000 was caused at the Diane Sawmills, Amsterdam. Eastern Transvaal: Pongola. During the morning, the principal of the Walene Secondary School ascertained that pupils had set a text-book on fire in a class-room. The pupils were sent home. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Three Black persons were arrested for throwing stones at buses in front of the Mamelodi High School. Diamond Fields: Kimberley. 10h30: Five hundred pupils from the William Pascot High School, the St Bonniface and the Tshireletso Black Secondary School joined forces in demanding the release of a scholar, S. Majola. The crowd was not aggressive and dispersed at 14h00 at the request of the police. 14h00 to 16h30: Youths pelted a beer hall and buses in the Galeshewe residential area with stones. The police used batons to disperse the youths. Cape Midlands: Port Elizabeth. llhOO: About 250 students at the Dower College assembled on the campus of the institution. The police, who had learned of their intention to burn down the buildings, arrived on the scene and were pelted with stones. The crowd ignored a warning to disperse and was then scattered by the police in a baton charge. Three students were later charged in connection with this incident, and each paid a R30 admission of guilt fine (see Gelvandale RCA 61/9/76). 20h00: Black youths prevented members of the public from entering the Rio Bioscope, New Brighton. Stone-throwing resulted. Two youths were held by the public and handed over to the police. Cape Midlands: Uitenhage. Pupils at the John Walton Secondary School began rioting and refused to continue their classes. Eastern Cape: Queenstown. Matriculants at the Maria Louw Secondary School handed the principal a document in which they criticised their teachers. Peninsula: Athlone and other Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. 08h00: Rioting broke out on a large scale in Tiervlei and grew in intensity. Later, the focal point shifted to Elsie's River, and during the night disorderliness and violence reached a peak in Retreat. The following may be mentioned briefly: At least 38 cases of stone-throwing, especially in Elsie's River and Ravensmead, were reported. The main targets were school buildings, private and police vehicles, buses and trains; a number of passengers were injured. Fires were started at seven schools, namely the Bonteheuwel High School, the Cypress High School, the William Ray Primary School, the Steenberg High School, the Elsburg Primary School, the Steenberg Primary School and the Manenberg Primary School. Arsonists were also active-at the Day Hospital in Oceanview, the Divisional Council offices in Elsie's River, two Housing Offices in Oceanview and Retreat, the Oceanview Post Office, a garage and nine shops in Epping, Elsie's River, Parow Valley and Woodstock. Shops and buildings were looted. House-breaking occurred inter alia, at the Emeka Stores and the Avenue Trading Stores in Elsie's River, the Superama and Bonny Cash Store in Ravensmead, and the Retreat Store and Robot Supermarket in Retreat.

The rioters included not only youthful scholars and students but also adults; skollies, in particular, played a leading part in the devastation that was caused that day. Road-blocks hindered police operations. In their anti-riot measures, the restoration of order and the protection of lives and property, the police used all lawful means at their disposal. Nine persons were killed by the police during the rioting (see Annexure F, pp. 86, 87, 91, 92, 95 and 102). Two of the wounded later died (see Annexure F, pp. 94 and 97). Several persons were arrested. A seventeen-year-old Coloured boy was charged with having placed obstructions on the railway line between Modderdam and Lavistown. He was found not guilty and discharged. Peninsula: Cape Town. iih52: A crowd, consisting mainly of Coloureds, assembled on the Parade and became riotous. The police dispersed them with batons. Four White men and seven Coloureds were arrested. On the Eastern Boulevard, rioters again pelted vehicles with stones. Peninsula: Guguletu and Philippi, Cape Town. In Philippi, there were incidents of stone-throwing and arson. A BAAB building in Guguletu was burned down, and seven cases of stone-throwing occurred. These incidents were followed by police action. South-Western Cape: Groot Drakenstein. During the evening, drums and stones were used by rioters to barricade Church Street. South-Western Cape: Paarl. Placards with the following inscriptions were found attached to the fence of Bakke Industries Limited, Paarl: "Ons steek alle fabrieke aan die brand as een gaan werk na 12h00" (we will set alight all factories if anyone goes to work after 12h00); "Gelyke regte" (equal rights); and "Soweto K.R." This factory was set on fire the following night.

South-Western Cape: Stellenbosch. 1lh30 to 20h00: Stone-throwing at private and police vehicles occurred in Idas Valley and Cloetesville. A Coloured constable's car was set on fire in Cloetesville. The Ben Venito Coloured Hotel was broken into and looted. The police used tear-gas and firearms in their operations. A Coloured man, who was pursued by a policeman from the scene of a stonethrowing incident into the bathroom of a flat, was fatally wounded in a struggle for the policeman's firearm (see Annexure F, p. 4). 22h00: A White man's residence in Uniepark was set on fire while some of the residents were asleep in the house. Three persons were involved. Petrol bombs were placed on the veranda and in the sitting-room. Damage totalled R7 000. One of the persons involved in the attack on the house turned State witness in the case in which the other two were convicted of arson. They both received sentences of five years' imprisonment, part of this sentence being suspended in the case of one of them (S v Pohl and another, CPD 255/77). Lebowa. A class-room at the Medigers Primary School near Duiwelskloof was set on fire. Damage totalled R200. THURSDAY, 9 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 00h15: Three class-rooms at the Hanley High School, White City, were damaged by a fire. A Black man, M. Mdunge, died from multiple injuries sustained during faction fighting in Dube (see Annexure F, p. 75). West Rand: Alexandra. 09h00: Layabouts disrupted activities at the Pholosho School in Twelth Avenue. Policemen who went to investigate the incident were pelted with stones. Two shots were fired at the rioters.

12h00: Two commercial vehicles were set on fire, and three hours later an 18year- old unemployed youth was detained by the police for smashing the windows of a vehicle with stones. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. M0hOO: The principals of five schools sent their pupils home, announcing that they and some of the teachers were going to the magistrate's court to attend the trial of certain scholars in connection with the rioting. Pupils from the Katlehong High School then went from school to school to persuade other scholars to accompany them to the court. They set off in small groups. The case-was postponed, however, and there were no incidents. A scholar threatened the pupils of the Tembaktu School that, if they remained at school any longer, Black Power would come to burn down the building. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. An ABS bus was set on fire. Diamond.Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. 11h30: Pupils from the St Bonniface Secondary School disrupted class attendance at the Tshireletso Secondary School. The police used tear-gas and batons to disperse a crowd that had gathered. Fourteen youths were treated in hospital. A beer hall and buses were pelted with stones. 19h50: A petrol bomb was thrown at the BAAB guest-house. Slight damage was caused. Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. 07h00: A fire was started at the Illinge School. Damage totalled about RlOO. 09h00 to 15h05: Pupils of the Lindani School pelted the building with stones. The police later arrested 16 scholars who had come together in the same area. At 15h05, they were convicted in the magistrate's court of riotous behaviour and sentenced to eight cuts each (see Fort Beaufort, RCA 34/9/76). 22h00: A store-room and its contents were set on fire at the Lawson School, damage coming to RI00.

Cape Midlands: Schauderville. 08h30: Placard-carrying pupils from the Paterson High School staged a demonstration. Class-rooms were sprayed with fire-hoses, and examination papers were torn up. The school was closed at 12hOO. Cape Midlands: West End, Port Elizabeth. 23h30: Fire and other damage totalling R250 was caused at the Coloured library. Karoo: Beaufort West. 08h00: Some pupils of the Bastiaanse High School held a riotous demonstration in the school grounds, disturbing those pupils who were writing class tests. The principal summoned the police to prevent further damage being caused to the property. The police's warning to the rioters to disperse was'answered with stones. They were dispersed with tear-gas and two police dogs. Karoo: George. Inciters to rioting wrote slogans on a blackboard at the George Senior Secondary School and tacked a list of grievances to the notice-board. Karoo: Mossel Bay. 15h30: Some 2 000 Coloured and Black youths and adults gathered on an open piece of land abutting Althof Road. Part of the crowd proceeded in the direction of the town but were headed off at the Da Gamaskop Police Station. The crowd swelled to almost 3 000, and stones were thrown at the police. No attention was paid to warnings to disperse, and the police used tear-gas to drive them off. They erected road-blocks in Althof Road and elsewhere. A group proceeded in the direction of the Bakke and pelted shops and houses with stones. A hotel and offices were also attacked. The police fired several shots in the direction of the rioters, and a private person fired a shot-gun at them. One wounded person was detained. Karoo: Oudtshoorn. Pupils were sent home after a demonstration in which property was damaged.

Eastern Cape: Duncan Village, East London. 23h00: Damage of R800 was caused when part of the Mooiplaas Community School was burnt down. Peninsula: Athlone and other Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. In Retreat, rioting was less severe than on the previous day. The focal point had shifted to Manenberg. 10h00: The erection of road-blocks, the placing of barricades on railway lines and the looting of shops began. Bottle stores were special targets for looting. Forty-six incidents of stone-throwing at public and private buildings, private and police vehicles and trains occurred. There were 17 incidents of public violence, numerous incidents of house-breaking and looting, and 30 incidents in which arson was committed or petrol bombs were thrown. Several members of the public were injured by the rioters. In the Educational Centre of the UWC, persons were trapped in a building attacked by 200 rioters, who were driven off by the police. In , a policeman was shot in the leg with a small-bore firearm. The shooting was repeated the following day. In the case S v Koopman, CPD 77.03.15, the accused who stood trial in connection with these incidents was acquitted and discharged. The police arrested a number of persons. Several were wounded by the police, four of whom later died (see Annexure F, pp. 86, 92 and 100). Eighteen persons were shot dead by the police during the day (see Annexure F, pp. 85, 87 to 91, 93, 95, 98, 100 and 103). Peninsula: Cape Town. 07h00: A fire was started with two petrol bombs at the Jan van Riebeeck High School. The fire was put out by the fire brigade. Peninsula: Guguletu, Nyanga and Philippi, Cape Town. In these areas, stones were thrown and crowds of residents gathered mainly during the afternoon. The police intervened in most incidents. The body of a

Black boy was found at 19h30 at the corner of Duinefontein and Lansdowne Roads. He was killed by the police while throwing stones at vehicles (see Annexure F, p. 87). South-Western Cape: Grabouw. The club-house of the Grabouw Rugby Club was set ablaze with a petrol bomb. A couch and the floor were damaged. South-Western Cape: Paarl. 03h00: The buildings of Bakke Industries Limited were set on fire. The arson was preceded by a call for a strike and a warning that the factory would be burnt down if the strike did not take place. The offender was convicted of sabotage and sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment (S v Tom Moses,. CPD 404/76), 09h15: About 200 Coloured scholars from the Paarl East area marched to Paarl. The procession was brought to a halt in Lady Grey Street by the police, who called on the demonstrators to disperse. The police used batons to disperse the youths, who refused to heed the warning. 10h00: Violence erupted mainly in the Coloured residential area, Paarl East. Twelve incidents of stone-throwing at shops, houses and vehicles were reported. Later during the night, stones were thrown at the dwellings of three White residents in Denneburg. Three attempts were made to set fire to the Nederburg School. The Coloured library, the Housing Office and the Boland Bottle Store were also set on fire. A delivery van was burnt out in Klein Drakenstein Road. At one stage even burning motor car tyres were rolled at police vehicles. One Coloured girl and two Coloured women were fatally wounded during the rioting (see Annexure F, p. 4). The police detained 21 persons who had shotgun wounds. South-Western Cape: . 21h30: A Coloured school was pelted with stones by rioters. A Coloured man, a student at the UWC, was arrested in connection with this incident but was later released for lack of evidence.

South-Western Cape: Riversdale. MOhO: Some 400 pupils from the Gerrit du Plessis High School congregated and marched down Grosskopf Street, M~restond. On their way to the Panorama Primary School, the demonstrators were joined by a number of layabouts. A police officer addressed the crowd to persuade them to return to school. The demonstrators booed the police and held aloft placards bearing the following words: "Give us freedom"; "Away with Whities"; "Black Power"; and "Boere se moere". 08h20: The police issued a formal warning to the crowd to disperse. Their response was to begin throwing stones. They were driven back with tear-gas and prevented from entering the White residential area. 09h30 to 18h40: The crowd broke up into smaller groups. Stone-throwing occurred sporadically. The railway station, a passenger train, a high school and police patrols were pelted with stones. During the rioting, the police used tear-gas and bird-shot. The rioting began to subside after 19h00. South-Western Cape: Stellenbosch. Three incidents of stone-throwing were reported in the vicinity of Cloetesville. Near the Stellenbosch Railway Station, a train was pelted with stones. The Bruckner De Villiers School was set on fire; two class-rooms were damaged. The off-sales section of the Beverley Hills Hotel on the Road was set on fire, but the fire was put out by the owner. Four adult Coloureds with shotgun wounds were treated in hospital. South-Western Cape: Wellington. An attempt was made to burn down the Bergrivier High School. Twelve bottles filled with sand, sugar and petrol were placed in 12 class-rooms with burning candles. The bottles failed to explode. On the blackboard of one of the class- rooms was written: "Black-Power-Betoog". In the case S v Adams and 14 others, CPD 118/76, all the accused were acquitted because of the inconclusiveness of their accomplices' testimony.

South-Western Cape: Worcester. 07h00: A store-room and class-room at the Esselen Park High School were set on fire, presumably with the aid of a petrol bomb. Damage totalled about RI 000. Seven Coloured men were arrested. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. 06h00: Books were ingnited in a class-room at the Lepologang Primary School. The fire was put out by members of the staff. KaNgwane: Tonga. 07h30: About 300 pupils from the Nkwamazi Secondary School took part in a protest march to the local police station. The purpose of the march was to demand the release of a fellow scholar. A charge of assault with intent to cause grievous bodily harm, which had no connection with the rioting, had been laid against a 21- year-old scholar, Andries Jele. The march was stopped at the police station. FRIDAY, 10 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. OlhOO: The Spar and Goodhope Shops in Dobsonville were set on fire. Damage totalled R2 000. During the day, two incidents of stone-throwing at Putco buses were reported. 22h50: While investigating a robbery, the police were attacked by about 50 Black men armed with sticks and stones. Two policemen were injured, and a rioter was wounded by the police. One person was arrested. Diamond Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. 12h50 to 14h00: Small groups of rioters pelted both private and police vehicles with stones. 20h00: Youths threw a barricade of stones and corrugated iron across a street near Beer Hall No. 1. While removing the obstacles, the police were attacked with stones. One of the rioters was wounded with a firearm. Bystanders thereupon dispersed.

Cape Midlands: Gelvandale, Kwazakele and West End, Port Elizabeth. Eight hundred armed pupils from the Kwazakele and St Thomas High Schools were to stage a demonstration with students from the Dower College at Iih00 in the city centre of Port Elizabeth with placards and to run amok with incendiary bombs. The placards were prepared. The police knew of the conspiracy and arrested 10 students in the city on a charge of attending a banned gathering. They each paid a R30. admission of guilt fine (see Algoa Park RCA 339/9/76). Forty-three Black pupils, 20 of whom were over the age of 18 years, were detained in Kwazakele. Thirty-three were charged in the case S v Siswana and others, ECD 6/77; two were discharged and 31 were convicted of sabotage in connection with the conspiracy and the demonstration. The accused pupils stated that the object of the demonstration had been to demand the release of two detained fellow scholars. They admitted that, when they took part in the demonstration, they were armed with incendiary bombs, stones, sticks, knives, swords and pangas. They explained that these weapons were to have been used only if the police attacked them. The convicted persons were each sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Two teachers and 202 pupils from the St Thomas High School were detained; 105 persons paid spot fines; one had his sentence postponed; 22 were acquitted; the charge against two were withdrawn; and the trial of 74 persons was postponed (see Algoa Park RCA 400/9/76). Three days after the arrest of the 43, 176 pupils of the Kwazakele High School were apprehended, convicted and sentenced on the same day, when they held an unlawful gathering and planned a march to demand the release of the 43. A watchman at the Community Centre, West End, New Brighton, was attacked. The assailant was fatally wounded (see Annexure F, p. 32). Cape Midlands: Schauderville. 08h00: A protest march with placards was held by more than 300 pupils from the Paterson High School. After the pupils had been warned that the gathering was unlawful, 306 were arrested by the police. One hundred and sixty-five scholars each paid a R30 admission of guilt fine in connection with their attendance of the unlawful gathering; three persons were convicted on the same count and sentenced to R100 or 100 days' imprisonment; and seven persons were sentenced to R75 or 75 days' imprisonment, which sentence was set aside on appeal. The case against 131 scholars was withdrawn. The various hearings did not take place on the same day (see Algoa Park RCA 391/9/76). Cape Midlands: Uitenhage. 21h00: The BAAB bottle store in the Black residential area was pelted with stones and a number of windows in the building were smashed. Karoo: George. llhOO: Between three and four hundred pupils from the George High School, Rosemoor, assembled in the streets, erected barricades of burning tree stumps and pelted the police with stones when they arrived. They were driven back to the school grounds with tear-gas. At about the same time, some 200 pupils from the Pacaltsdorp High School demonstrated on the highway. They pelted passing motor cars with stones and shouted "Black Power". They, too, were dispersed with tear-gas. 22h00: Incited by a Coloured man and an intoxicated Black woman, rioters pelted buildings with stones while giving the Black Power salute. Stones were also hurled at the Rosa Rest Hotel in Urbanville; money and liquor were stolen from the bar. All windows and doors in the building as well as in the shop were smashed. Damage came to some R6 000. Three Coloureds - a man and two women - were arrested. Although the crowd was dispersed with tear-gas, the hotel continued to come under attack until long after midnight, several attempts being made to burn down the building. Karoo: Mossel Bay. 08h40: About 200 pupils demonstrated at the Sao Brass High School in the D'Almeida residential area, waving placards and shouting slogans. The police were met by a hail of stones upon their arrival. Talks between the principal, members of the pupils' council and the police failed to induce the pupils to return to their classes, and at 12 o'clock the school was closed. 16h25: A rowdy crowd of about 3 000 adults and youths proceeded down Althof Road and put up barricades of stones, wrecked motor vehicles, burning tyres and rubbish. Having been forced to a halt, the crowd were warned, and then tear-gas canisters were fired at them. Their reaction was to throw up further barriers before retreating to D'Almeida, where they had destroyed property the previous day. The police charged the rioters with batons and opened up on them with shot-guns. On one occasion, the police were trapped in a ravine by stone- throwers on higher ground. Rifle fire gave them a chance to escape. Attempts by the police to remove the injured to hospital were made virtually impossible by stone attacks. An ambulance was called, but the driver was struck on the head by a stone. 18h45: The Diaz Hotel was on fire and two police details put out the fire. A few minutes later, the Coloured Housing Office was ablaze. Petrol bombs were also thrown at vehicles. 19h30: In the dark, a group of Coloureds hurled stones at the Diaz Hotel from the bushes. The police fired at the stone-throwers and wounded two men. 21h30: The municipal clinic, a wooden building, was set on fire and totally destroyed with all its contents. Damage caused here was estimated at R28 908 in respect of the building and RI5 650 for the furniture and equipment. R190 was stolen from the safe, which had been forced. Five Coloureds - one adult and four youths - appeared in the Supreme Court in connection with this incident. The adult was convicted of malicious injury to property, arson and theft, and sentenced to four years' imprisonment. One youth was acquitted and discharged. The other three were convicted of theft and given sentences ranging from cuts with a light cane to suspended sentences of imprisonment. 22h45: A Black man was trapped in a school building that he wanted to burn down, and when he fled he was wounded in the arm and arrested. The rioting died down before midnight. Twenty-one persons were injured and two killed by police action (see Annexure F, p. 80). One was injured by a member of the public.

Karoo: Oudtshoorn. 09h00: Pupils from the M6rester School in Bridgton staged a demonstration in the streets near the school. Police officers who tried to address the crowd were shouted down and pelted with stones. The youths were dispersed with tear-gas. They split into groups and pelted motor cars with stones. 12h00: Jobless Coloureds joined the stone-throwing youths. The police later used bird-shot to disperse the stone-throwers. The rioting died down after that. Eastern Cape: Queenstown. 08h30: Pupils from the Maria Louw Secondary School gathered in the school grounds, from where they were to march in procession with placards. The police prevented the demonstration. Peninsula: Bellville South and other Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. Violence and rioting continued in several Coloured residential areas. There were 10 incidents of stone-throwing at vehicles and buildings in Kuils River, Hout Bay, Epping, Retreat, Heideveld, Salt River and at the UWC. There was public violence at the University, and after a suspected stone-thrower had been arrested, the police asked the students to leave-the campus. At Manenberg, a truck carrying drums of paraffin and at Bonteheuwel a railway coach were set on fire. During the course of the day, fires were started in a private residence in at the Retreat Post Office, at a branch of the , in a Tiervlei factory, at the Casa Del Mar Lounge in Hout Bay, at a school in Steenberg and at another in Kuils River, and in the UWC cafeteria. A shop in Manenberg was looted. The police used both tear-gas and firearms during this rioting. In Epping, a Coloured man was wounded by an unknown person with a firearm. A Coloured man was wounded by the police in Kuils River. He died the next day (see Annexure F, p. 100).

Peninsula: Guguletu, Nyanga and Philippi, Cape Town. Stone-throwers damaged a train near Nyanga and a signal light near Heideveld. In Philippi, a private person fired three rounds of bird-shot at stonethrowers, and in Guguletu rioters threw stones and set a vehicle on fire. South-Western Cape: Ceres. In the early hours of the morning, the St Andrews Church in the middle of the town was devastated by a fire. 08h00: An attempt was made to burn down the Fred Gaum High School. South-Western Cape: Paarl. 17h00: In the late afternoon, the Coloured residential area erupted in violence. Rioters stacked stones and burning refuse at several points in Paarl East and also damaged telephone poles. Stone-throwers concentrated on the Nederburg Primary School, on vehicles and on policemen carrying out their duties. Arsonists hurled petrol bombs at the said Coloured school and the Mbekweni School for Black pupils, as well as at the Robot Bazaars. Slight damage was caused by the fires. The police used firearms to quell the rioting and arrested 49 persons. South-Western Cape: Prince Alfred Hamlet. 23h10: A railway cabin was pelted with stones and windows were smashed. The police arrested one person. South-Western Cape: Riversdale. 08h00: The pupils of the Gerrit du Plessis High School boycotted their classes, marched around the school building, sang songs and jeered at the police. They asked their school principal to negotiate with the police; if certain detainees were released, they would stop demonstrating. After discussions, they were informed that their demand could not be met. School adjourned at llhOO.

19h35: About 50 youths pelted the police with stones in the M~restond Coloured residential area. Tear-gas was used to disperse them. Later, two further stone- throwing incidents occurred. Road-blocks were also set up. TWo police vehicles were damaged in these uprisings. A Coloured man was wounded in the arm with bird-shot. South-Western Cape: Robertson. Coloured youths marched on the business area of the town, smashing a street light on route. They threw stones in the White residential area but were dispersed by the police. South-Western Cape: Stellenbosch. 21h15: Two lorries were pelted with stones in Idas Valley. 23h10: The Missionary Church in Cloetesville was destroyed by fire. South-Western Cape: St Helena Bay. 19h30: Two Coloured men were arrested for inciting scholars to throw stones at vehicles. South-Western Cape: Swellendam. 16h50: An inebriated Coloured man was arrested for throwing stones at a vehicle. 23h55: The Goeie Hoop Flats in the White residential area were set on fire. Two adult Coloured men, who were under the influence of liquor, were arrested in connection with this incident. Damage totalled RI 500. South-Western Cape: Vredenburg. 19h50: An adult Coloured man was arrested for inciting youths to throw stones at vehicles. South-Western Cape: Wellington. 08h00: Pupils at the Bergrivier Coloured High School locked their White teachers out of the school and did several hundred rands' damage to a car belonging to one of them. The school was closed because of the rioting, whereupon the rioters burned down part of the school. Seventeen pupils appeared in the Supreme Court on a charge of sabotage. One was found guilty of public violence and sentenced to six cuts with a light cane. The others were discharged because the youthful State witnesses deviated from their statements to the police; the court found that the police had not influenced the witnesses in their statements (S v Abrahams and 16 others, CPD 126/77). Ciskei: Mdantsane. MOO: While a number of school principals and an inspector were holding a meeting in the Mzomhle Secondary School, youths threw a petrol bomb through the window of the principal's office. The principal fired two warning shots with a revolver. Ciskei: Peddie. 20h00: Curtains in the office of the principal of the Pamla Secondary School were set on fire, and window-panes were smashed. SATURDAY, 11 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 01h00: A vehicle was stoned in Rockville by about 40 persons. The police fired four rounds with a shot-gun to stop the violence. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. l6h00: A case of books was set on fire in a class-room at the Matshidiso School. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. 17h00: A fire was started in the domestic science class at the Boitumelong Junior Secondary School. Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. Irene Palatse, who had been killed in rioting a short while previously, was burried on this day. She had been a pupil at the Dr W.F. Nkomo Secondary School, and pupils had been discussing the funeral for days. They decided what arrangements they would make and how they would act. one matter on which they were undecided was whether or not they would burn down the houses of the policemen whom they considered to be responsible for her death. They collected money for the manufacture of incendiary bombs and placards. Shortly before the funeral, the bombs and placards were issued to scholars. At the graveside, the pupils formed a guard of honour and gave the Black Power salute. On the way back, they marched on the police station, smashing windows in their attack and even entering the building. After they had been driven out, petrol bombs were found in the building. Outside in the street, they set a bus on fire. Stone-throwers attacked a bottle store, BAAB offices and vehicles, as well as the local magistrate's court. Three of the scholars, who later appeared in the Supreme Court along with 14 others and a teacher on a charge of sabotage in the case S v Moroane and 17 others, TPD 77.05.04, gave evidence before the Commission. Their evidence centred mainly on an allegation that a member of the police force had unlawfully and falsely changed their written statements to the Commission into confessions. The Commission did not go further into the matter. They later laid the same charge before the Supreme Court. Because of inadequate identification by the State witnesses, all the accused were released. Apart from making arrests, the police also used other means to stop the rioting; a fifteen-year-old boy was shot dead by the police during the day (see Annexure F, p. 9). Cape Midlands: Gelvandale. Iih00: Window-panes at the Arcadia High School were smashed with stones. Damage totalled R360. Cape Midlands: Schauderville. 23h15: A Coloured residence in Gideon Street was pelted with petrol bombs. Cape Midlands: Uitenhage. 00h45: A fire destroyed the front part of the Illinge Higher Primary School. Eleven class-rooms and the principal's office were destroyed; damage was estimated at R8 000.

Karoo: George. The rioting of Saturday continued until early in the morning. 07h30: Youths prevented the postmaster of Urbanville from carrying out his duties, but when the police arrived they fled. Karoo: Oudtshoorn. During the course of the morning, the police received a number of false alarms concerning schools reportedly on fire. Road-blocks set up by the rioters had to be removed by the police. Window-panes at the Coloured Training College, Bridgton, were smashed by stones. 14h00: Privately-owned as well as police vehicles were stoned, as were buildings. Slight damage was caused in an attempt to burn down the Bridgton Clinic. 19h00: Pep Stores were set on fire, but the flames were put out by the police. Stone-throwing continued. The police used tear-gas and birdshot to stop the rioting. Peninsula: Athlone and other residential areas, Cape Town. 00hlO: Rioters continued committing violence. Stones were thrown at the Casa Del Mar Lounge in Hout Bay, at railway stations and trains in the vicinity of Netreg, Bonteheuwel and Bellville, and at police vehicles in Bishop Lavis. Near Bonteheuwel, a train ran into a tree trunk that had been placed on the railway line. During the course of the morning, two vehicles were burned out in Salt River. Fires were started at schools in Athlone, Bishop Lavis, Wynberg, Fish Hoek and , at the Post Office, the Technical College in Bellville South and a building in Kensington. 14h00: About 200 persons began fighting among themselves at the Bergville Primary School, Bishop Lavis. When the police tried to intervene, they were attacked by the rioters. They wounded one Coloured man.

16h30: In Lansdowne, four Coloured men in a motor car forced another motor car with three White men off the road. In the ensuing quarrel, one of the White men shot dead one Coloured man and wounded two (see Annexure F, p. 106). Peninsula: Cape Town. Olh50: Four petrol bombs were found in a railway coach at the railway station. The bombs had been placed under different seats. The fuses, which were to detonate the bombs, had burned out. 02h50: A parked vehicle in Carisbrook Street was burned out. South-Western Cape: Buffeljachts River. 22h25: About 20 rioting Coloureds pelted a passenger train with stones at the Buffeljachts River Station. 23h15: A White man who was standing guard at a school in the area was attacked by Coloureds. They stormed him and pelted him with stones. They retreated when he fired a shot in the air with his shotgun. He fired a second shot when he saw some of them picking up stones. They then departed. A Coloured man later complained at the Swellendam Police Station that he had been shot. He had two shotgun pellets in his arm and was identified as one of the assailants. 24h00: Two railway houses next to the station were burned down. Two Coloured men were detained in connection with this incident. South-Western Cape: Ceres. 20h00: A church hall in the Coloured residential area was set on fire; two Coloured men were arrested. South-Western Cape: . 12h25: Rioting Coloureds threw stones at the police. A number of people were milling around in front of the Central Hotel, and one threw a brick through the windscreen of a motor car. He was fatally wounded by a member of the public who witnessed the incident (see Annexure F, p. 5).

South-Western Cape: Grabouw. 00h30 to 01h00: The Coloured library was set on fire with petrol bombs. Damage totalled RI 800. Sporadic stone-throwing occurred in the Coloured residential area. Eight Coloured men were arrested during the rioting. 23h30: The community hall on the farm Kromvlei was damaged. South-Western Cape: Montagu. 15h00: Ten rioters pelted a police vehicle in the Coloured residential area with stones; a Coloured woman was arrested. l6hOO: Rioters sped around the Coloured area in a motor car with flicking lights. Slogans such as "Black Power", "We kill all" and "Freedom for all" were scribbled on the vehicle. They also threatened the proprietress of a cafd in the centre of the town that they would burn down her cafg. 18h15: The same vehicle failed to stop at a police road-block, and the driver tried to knock down a policeman. The policeman fired three shots at the vehicle, wounding one of the occupants. He later died in hospital. A blood test showed that he had been under the influence of alcohol. Four packets of dagga were found in the motor car (see Annexure F, p.. 3). South-Western Cape: Paarl. 00h40: Coloureds threw stones at the Planet cinema. The police used tear-gas and firearms to disperse them. Later on, a motor car was set on fire by the rioters. 12h00: The hall at the Elizabeth de Waal Coloured School in Road was burned down. Later, a veld-f ire was started near the school. 19h50: Stone-throwing occurred in the New Town residential area. In Groot Drakenstein Road, road-blocks were erected. The windows of the Robot Bazaar were smashed with stones. In Paarl East, garbage bins in Lantana Street were set on fire. A petrol bomb was thrown into the temporary charge office in tf Black residential area, Mbekweni. The owner of the Noorder Paarl Trading House fired one shot with a firearm at stone-throwers.

23h55: Rioters shot stones at the police station with catapults, smashing window- panes; two Coloured men were detained. South-Western Cape: Prince Alfred Hamlet and Riebeeck West. Barriers, consisting mostly of burning tyres, were placed in streets and roads during the night. South-Western Cape: Riversdale. 20h40: A group of Coloureds set tyres on fire near the Mission Church in M~restond. When the police arrived to investigate, they were pelted with stones. The assembled crowd had to be dispersed. 23h00: Youths threw barricades across the streets of M8restond. They were dispersed with tear-gas. South-Western Cape: Riviersonderend. A Coloured man offered one of the pupils of the local Coloured school money if he would set the school on fire. The man was later convicted in the Caledon Regional Court in connection with this incident. South-Western Cape: Robertson. There was unrest among the Coloured residents, but no serious incidents took place. South-Western Cape: Swellendam. 02h30: Burning motor car tyres were placed on the national road. Vehicles forced to stop by these obstacles were pelted with stones from the dark. Eight Coloureds were arrested in connection with this incident. According to evidence, layabouts took part in the disturbances at Swellendam and Buffeljachtsrivier. South-Western Cape: Villiersdorp. 20h00: Four Coloured men were arrested for throwing stones at private vehicles. A school desk was set on fire in the Kosie de Wet High School.

South-Western Cape: Wellington. 02h15: Four Coloured men were arrested while throwing stones at vehicles. Ciskei: Alice. 23h00: Four days after the Lovedale Training College had reopened, three rooms in the institution were set on fire. The fire brigade put out the fire. Ciskei: Alice. Petrol was poured over the doors of the Gcisa Technical School and set on fire in an attempt to burn down the building. Damage totalled R30. SUNDAY,_ 12 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 18h12: Two class-rooms were gutted at the Thabengu School, Dobsonville. A Black man died from multiple injuries sustained during faction fighting in Orlando West (see Annexure F, p. 77). West Rand: Alexandra. 19h30: Windows of Putco buses were smashed in Selborne Street. Southern Transvaal: Chrissiesmeer. 04h00: A vehicle parked in front of a Black man's house was set on fire. Four petrol bombs were found in the area. Southern Transvaal: Standerton. 21h15: A bus that was forced to a halt by stone barricades on a road in the vicinity of Standerton was pelted with stones by rioters. It appeared that the culprits were under the influence of liquor. Diamond Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. 12h15: Slight damage was caused to a bus when it was pelted with stones. Karoo: George. 02h00: The clinic in Blanco was burned down. Damage totalled R500.

1lh00: About 150 youths threw stones at five vehicles in the main street of Pacaltsdorp. The rioters were warned by the police, who subsequently used tear- gas and birdshot. 20h30: Stone-throwers attacked two stores in Sandkraal, causing R400 damage to one of them. They also slightly damaged the St Pauls Church, Conville. Karoo: Oudtshoorn. 00h30: Black youths tried to set fire to the office of the Bantu Affairs Commissioner. The compressor in a building in Bridgton was set on fire. Peninsula: Athlone and other Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. An announcement of a gathering during the afternoon of 12 September at the Alexander Sinton High School, Athlone, was published in the Cape Times of 11 September 1976 under the heading "Athlone school PTA calls for peace meeting". No incidents resulted from this gathering. There was stone-throwing in Elsie's River, and there were three cases of arson in Windermere and Athlone. The owner of the Carlton CafM, which is situated in the vicinity of Matroosfontein in Bishop Lavis Township, was threatened with pangas during a robbery; his neighbour wounded one of the robbers with a pistol and shot dead another (see Annexure F, p. 107). Peninsula: De Waal Drive, Cape Town. 01h30: The windows of two vehicles were smashed. A Black was arrested. South-Western Cape: Ashton. 00h20: A motor vehicle which crashed into a barrier on the road to Robertson was damaged. South-Western Cape: Malmesbury. 00hl5: The police used tear-gas and firearms to disperse some 200 rioters in the Coloured residential area. Police vehicles were pelted with stones. GI15: Attempts wore made to burn down the St Thomas School. Burning rubbish was placed in the streets. Five Coloureds were slightly injured by birdshot.

20h50: Stones were thrown, and burning motor car tyres were placed in the streets. One Coloured boy was wounded in anti-riot operations by the police. South-Western Cape: Montagu. A book-shelf was set on fire in the Coloured library, R200 damage being caused. South-Western Cape: Paarl. Three incidents of stone-throwing were reported in Paarl East and one in the Mbekweni residential area. The driver of a motor car pelted with stones in Langenhoven Drive, let fly with a shotgun and hit a six-year-old Coloured boy. The police removed obstructions from the road near the Nederburg School. The Lantana Stores, Paarl East, were set on fire. Damage totalled RIO 000. A petrol bomb was hurled at a store in Mbekweni. South-Western Cape: Prince Alfred Hamlet. 14h45: Two Coloured boys were arrested for starting a veld fire. South-Western Cape: Riebeedk West. 17h30: About 40 Coloureds congregated in the main street and shouted "Black Power". Five persons were arrested in this disturbance. South-Western Cape: Robertson. 00h25: A White resident of the town was assaulted at the Sasko Bakery by Coloureds; he was taken to hospital in a serious condition. R200 damage was caused to the residence of the principal of the Coloured Primary School. The police put out a fire that had been started with petrol bombs at the Housing Offices of the Coloured Administration Board. Sporadic stone-throwing occurred in the Coloured area. During the night of 12 to 13 September, the BAAB building in the Black residential area was set on fire.

South-Western Cape: Sir Lowry's Pass Village. Three window-panes in the Methodist Church hall were smashed; burning papers were thrown into the building. South-Western Cape: Somerset West. 01hl5: The Macassar Primary School was set on fire. Five class-rooms were gutted. Damage came to about R300. South-Western Cape: Stellenbosch. 20h31: A vehicle was damaged during stone- throwing. South-Western Cape: Wolseley. 21h00: Four Coloured men were arrested for placing obstructions in a street in the Coloured residential area. Ciskei: Dimbaza. An attempt was made during the night to set fire to the Kuyasa Secondary School. R200 damage was caused to the library and a class-room. MONDAY, 13 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. In a pamphlet distributed in the name of the SSRC, it was announced that labourers would strike on that day. 05hl5: Seven rioters, armed with knives, stole a Putco motor at the Zola bus terminus and burnt it in Doornkop. 06h30: A Putco bus was stoned in Meadowlands. l0h30: A Putco bus was burnt out in Diepkloof. The WRAB offices near the Diepkloof Hostel were slightly damaged by a burglar and arsonist. 16h30: Returning workers, who had failed to heed the call to strike, were molested and assaulted at the following stations: Merafe, Dube (two incidents), Ikwezi and Naledi. These five assaults were so serious that the police were obliged to use firearms in each case; some of the assailants who were arrested were injured.

18h00: Twenty Black men attacked a reservoir in Meadowlands and tried to damage it. They were dispersed with shotgun fire. 18h15: At Dube Railway Station, a passenger train was pelted with stones. 18h25: Workers were attacked by a crowd at the Jabulani Hostel. The police used shotguns. 18h50: Rioters pelted police patrols with stones at Nancefield, Merafe and Kliptown; the same had occurred earlier on when the police investigated an unlawful gathering of scholars in Zola. 19hOO: There were attempts at arson at a shopping centre in Klipspruit, the ticket-office at Phefeni Railway Station, a store in Dobsonville and a bottle store in Orlando East, where one of the arsonists were shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 53).. A second person was shot dead in a stone-throwing incident at Mapetla (p. 70 of the same Annexure). Road-blocks were set up on the Soweto freeway and in Klipspruit. Motor cars were pelted with stones at these places, and two were completely destroyed by fire. In most cases, the police took action. West Rand: Alexandra. The police carried out a mopping up operation with a view to arresting layabouts. According to evidence, 850 persons were arrested and charged with, inter alia, possession of banned literature, possession of stolen property, possession of dangerous weapons, and loitering. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 04h00: A Greyhound bus was burned. Later in the morning, a bus with four passengers was pelted with stones.

West Rand: Mothlakeng, Randfontein. 08h45: While an official of the BAAB was repairing a pump station near the cemetery, he was attacked by about 40 Black men. They gave the Black Power salute and shouted "Black Power". He fired four shots with his pistol and escaped in a motor vehicle. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. Three school desks, a cabinet and the ceiling of a class-room at the Lesabe High School were damaged by fire during the night. East Rand: Germiston. 10h30: At the Rose Deep compound, about 260 mineworkers, who were contract labourers from Mozambique, refused to work and demanded higher wages. The local Bantu Affairs Commissioner settled the dispute, and no further incidents occurred. Diamond Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. 19h20: A bus was slightly damaged by stone-throwers. Cgae Midlands: Bethelsdorp. llhOO: Pupils at the local Coloured High School refused to attend classes and to write examinations. There was no police intervention. Cape Midlands: Gelvandale. 23h00: An electricy substation in St Benedict Street was damaged by a petrol bomb. Damage totalled R50. Cape Midlands: Port Alfred. 19h50: The United Congregational Church Primary School for Coloureds was partially destroyed by fire; damage totalled Rio 000. Karoo: George. 07h00: Rioters continued the previous day's stone-throwing at motor vehicles and buses throughout the night in Blanco, Pacaltsdorp and Rosemoor.

07h00: Pupils staged a demonstration at the Pacaltsdorp High School and threw stones at passing motor cars. About four hours later, the pupils of the George High School, Rosemoor, demonstrated in Mission Road in front of the school. They not only pelted motor cars with stones, but overturned a delivery van in the street and smashed all its kindows. In both cases, the police took action and used tear-gas. 13h30: During a stone-throwing incident in Pacaltsdorp, a Coloured man was slightly wounded in police action and arrested. Elsewhere, there were also riotous crowds. 15h30: At Conville on the George-Sandkraal Road, a crowd threw stones at vehicles and later at the police. Three Coloured youths were detained with the aid of a police dog; they sustained minor wounds caused by biting. The disturbances flared up sporadically here. On one occasion, a White man was seriously injured by a stone. The police arrived on the scene, but their way was blocked by 300 rioters who threw stones, bottles and bricks at them, taunted them and repeatedly shouted "Black Power". Eventually the police used tear-gas bombs and shotguns. One Coloured girl was killed (see Annexure F, p. 80) and four men were wounded. Ten motor vehicles were seriously damaged. Karoo: Oudtshoorn. 01h00: A further attempt was made to burn down a BAAB building, but all that went up in smoke was a building contractor's equipment. Some time later, damage totalling R166 was caused when a lorry was pelted with stones. During the course of the day, the police received a number of false reports of arson. Peninsula: Bellville South and other Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. There was to have been a strike in these areas on this day. Coloured workers congregated in front of the Rex Trueform Factory in Salt River but were dispersed by the police with tear-gas and birdshot. During the day, there were cases of stone-throwing in Settlers Road, Bonteheuwel, where a motorist wounded two Coloureds with a firearm; at the Sherwood Bottle*Store in Manenberg; at the Mountainview High School in Hanover Park, where about 1 000 window-panes were smashed; and at a high school and the UWC in Bellville South. The Rector of the University called for police assistance, as lectures were being disrupted and property was being damaged. Passenger trains near Athlone Railway Station and between Claremont and Newlands were also pelted with stones. A ticket examiner wounded one of the stone-throwers with a pistol. Three cases of arson occurred at the Divisional Councils's Housing Office in Kuils River, at the Bokmakierie library in Athlone and at the Industrial Supply Store, Paardeneiland. The last-mentioned complex, as well as one of the firm's vehicles, was totally destroyed by fire. A number of persons were wounded by the police. Peninsula: Guguletu, Nyanga and Philippi, Cape Town. 12h00: Two incidents of stone-throwing were reported in Lansdowne Road, Philippi, and in NY 108, Guguletu. During the night, the police put out a fire at the beer hall in Nyanga East. South-Western Cape: Ceres. 22h00: A cheese factory in the White residential area was set on fire by unknown persons. The fire was brought under control by the fire brigade. South-Western Cape: Paarl. 09h45: Two hundred pupils at the Athlone High School staged a demonstration on the school grounds. When the police arrived, the demonstrators pelted them with stones. 10h55: Two Coloured men and a Coloured youth were arrested for inciting youths to pelt the police station in Paarl East with stones. 18h45: Coloureds threw stones at other Coloureds' houses, as well as at vehicles in the same area. 24h00: Petrol bombs were thrown at the Mbekeni School for Blacks. During the night of 13 to 14 September, injunctions forbidding workers to go to work on 16 September were painted on the walls of the Rabat Supermarket, Paarl East.

South-Western Cape: Somerset West. 16h15: Stones were thrown by six Coloured children at a private vehicle in Sir Lowry's Pass. The vehicle was damaged. South-Western Cape: Wellington. 08h00: At the Bergrivier High School, the police intervened when stones were thrown at passing vehicles. South-Western Cape: Worcester. 09h30: About 800 pupils at the Esselen Park High School staged a demonstration on the school grounds. They threw stones at the Traffic Police who were directing traffic in the street outside and did the same to the SAP when they arrived on the scene. Firearms were used to quell the rioting, and in the process 17 Coloureds were wounded, five of whom were men and four were women over the age of 18 years, while six were boys and two were girls under 18 years of age. Two members of the police force were injured, and one police vehicle was damaged. 19h50 to 24h00: There were seven cases in which stones were thrown at police vehicles. Towards midnight, five Coloured rioters threw petrol in the streets and ignited it. There was general rioting, and 15 men (one under 18 years of age) were detained. Stones and containers with petrol were found in a motor car that was seized. Port Natal: Durban North. Three scholars incited pupils at the Ohlange High School to take part in a proposed demonstration. Ciskei: Peddie. 07h45: A store-room, a staff room and the principal's office were gutted in a fire at the Mfudeweni Secondary School, Qetu. The Qetu Primary School was burned down the same night.

TUESDAY, 14 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. The intimidation of workers who refused to go on strike marked the rioting and violence of this day. Early in the morning, the workers were prevented from going to work. Throughout the day, transport was made impossible or hazardous, During the afternoon and evening, returning workers were interfered with and assaulted. 06h10: Youths barred the way and assaulted workers at the Merafe Railway Station. A Black man was later found with a severed ear. The police took action. Assaults also took place at other stations and bus terminuses. Hostel residents found on their own were singled out by the rioters. At the Nancefield Hostel, one of them was set upon by 50 men and stoned to death. The Commission has no further details. 06h35: A Black man, Elliot Nyathe, was wounded while placing objects on the railway line at Jabulani and died the next day (see Annexure F, p. 58). 07h00: An attempt was made to put trains out of commission by rolling stones onto a railway line. There were cases where stones were hurled at buses and also at private vehicles, presumably with occupants on their way to work. Obstructions were placed on all main roads. Police patrols protecting workers were also pelted with stones. 13h00: The police shot dead a Black man, Daniel Mtileni, while he was placing objects on a railway line (see Annexure F, p. 52). 13h15 to 19h00: On at least 18 occasions, rioters molested returning workers at the Merafe, Phomolong, Jabulani, Chiawelo, Ikwezi, Dhlamini and Naledi Railway Stations and at the Nancefield, Dube and Diepkloof Hostels. The workers were jeered and assaulted with stones and even with knives and kerries.

19h00: Two youths cut the signal cables along the railway lines near Naledi and Inhlazani Railway Stations and also piled stones on the railway line. They took to their heels when a constable tried to arrest them. B.C. Mazomba was shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 45) and the other later stood trial in the case S v Zakwe, WLD Springs, 247/76. He was convicted of sabotage and sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment. A number of workers were injured by rioters during the day, and one was killed. The police intervened in most of the disturbances, and rioters were injured and arrested. All told, nine persons were shot dead by the police during the day's rioting (see Annexure F, pp. 45, 46, 47, 49, 52, 60 and 61). E. Nyathe, mentioned above, was wounded and died the next day (p. 58 of the same Annexure). The following incidents are apparently not directly related to the campaign of intimidation and the strike: 00h20: A store in Dobsonville was set on fire with a petrol bomb and laid waste. 19h30: Arsonists tried to burn down the clinic in Senaoane. 20h00: The beer hall in Phomelong was set on fire. A night-watchman at a shopping centre in Klipspruit was set upon by rioters. No damage to the building was reported. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. OlhOO: Seven offices at the WRAB building, complete with furnishings, were laid in ruins by a fire. 15h00: A vehicle belonging to the Randfontein Milling Company was stopped in Kagiso by youths, who stripped it of its cargo of sugar and then pelted it with stones.

East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. During the night of 14 to 15 September, a fire was started with paraffin in a class- room at the Hlumehlezi School. Two school desks were damaged. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. M8hOO: The pupils of the Fumana Senior Secondary School refused to attend assembly that morning. They congregated on a vacant lot near the school and complained to the principal about the uniformity of their schoolwear; about the expulsion of a pupil, Samuel Mafanbula, who had been expelled for misbehaving; about the fact that money paid for a tour which came to nothing had not been refunded; and about three teachers who left the school by a byroad for fear of violence. After consultation with the school committee, the school was closed. The school reopened the following day, but on 16 September no pupils or teachers showed up. East Rand: Wattville, Benoni. 07h40: The principal of the Lesebe High School found charred furniture in two class-rooms. There' were four containers of petrol in another class-room. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. M0hOO: Pupils from the Cowan and Newell High Schools for Blacks marched in a procession, which was brought to a halt by the police in Ferguson Road. Having refused to listen to warnings by the police to disperse, 252 of them were arrested. They were summarily charged in the magistrate's court. Sentences of fines and cuts with a light cane were imposed. They were all released upon the conclusion of the proceedings (see Algoa Park RCA 608/9/76). Pupils from the Molefe High School, who were holding a meeting on a sports field, dispersed after a similar warning. 14h00: A bottle store in Mendi Road was burned down, damage being estimated at R1 500. A crowd of Blacks who had gathered in the same street threw stones at police and other vehicles. One shot was fired by the police; a ten-yearold Black girl was slightly injured. 192 persons were arrested for assembling unlawfully and immediately sentences that were passed 21h33: A fire was started totalled R50. Karoo: George. 09h00: Some 300 Coloureds and damaged a roadgrader. injured one of the rioters heels. arraigned in the magistrate's court, where the were summarily carried out. at the New Brighton Higher Primary School. Damage pelted the Pilex Foundation offices with stones The police, who resorted to the use of firearms, and arrested 11 of them. The rest took to their 12h45: Adult Black men removed pupils from a school in Urbanville and incited them to demonstrate. The police used tear-gas and birdshot to disperse the group. One persons was injured. 20h00: The police escorted and protected buses in Pacaltsdorp that were being pelted with stones. In the rioting, the police used firearms, wounding one person. Northern Cape: Upington. 11h30: About 600 stone-throwing Coloureds congregated along the main road to Keimoes. In the disturbance, a Coloured child was knocked down and injured by the insurrectionists. Stone-throwers wounded two policemen. As their warnings were ignored by the crowd, the police fired a number of rounds and arrested several persons. Peninsula: Bishop Lavis and other Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. Public violence was the order of the day. Three hundred scholars who were protesting behind the Nico Malan Nurses' Home in Heideveld were dispersed by baton-wielding police. A crowd that had gathered at the Rex Trueform factory dispersed without police action being taken.

Stone-throwers were involved in six incidents at , Heideveld, the Unibell Railway Station and the UWC. Their main targets were police vehicles, buses and trains. A train ran into a sleeper that had been laid across the railway line between Bonteheuwel and Netreg but was not derailed. Arsonists caused damage at the Mohamakia Malay Primary School in Wynberg, the Hanover Park High School, and the Riverton Primary School in Bishop Lavis. At the Kalksteenfontein Primary School in Bonteheuwel, fire damage totalled RS00, and at Sacca Limited in Woodstock it came to R14 000. Fires were also started in Salt River at a clothing store and a pharmacy. Peninsula: Cape Town. 22h30: The White driver of a motor car was injured on the Eastern Boulevard near the Holiday Inn by stone-throwers. Peninsula: Guguletu. 15h30: Police fired at stone-throwers. An eleven-year-old Black boy was fatally wounded by a ricochetting bullet (see Annexure F, p. 97). Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 05h30: Railway officials discovered that signal glasses had been smashed at two different points near the Langa Railway Station. 12h50: Youths pelted vehicles in Jaboleni Avenue with stones. The police scattered them with two rounds of fire. 18h50: The Black passengers on a train became riotous when the driver stopped the train at an outside signal near Langa. They wanted to enter the driver's cabin but calmed down when the driver fired a shot through the cabin floor. South-Western Cape: Paarl. 08h00: Pupils from a school in Lantana Street smashed 150 window-panes of the institution with stones. 10h15: Curtains and stock in a winery store-room were set on fire. A Coloured woman was arrested.

11h30: Three hundred an sixty workers at the Jones Canning Factory went on strike, but 410 others carried on with their work. South-Western Cape: Stellenbosch. 10h15: A fire caused some R5 000 damage to a Stellenbosch winery store-room. South-Western Cape: Worcester. 09h00: About 400 pupils from the Esselen Park High School gathered in Verbyn Street and hurled stones at the police. The police fired one round and arrested a Coloured man. There were two further incidents of stone-throwing in which two persons were arrested. 19h50 to 23h30: There was general stone-throwing at police vehicles and businesses, inter alia , in Fisher Street and in Van Huyssteen Street. Later that evening, obstructions were placed in the streets and set on fire. The police fired several rounds in anti-riot operations. Port Natal: Durban. 08h00: About 300 Black boys from the Ohlange High School marched along the Inanda freeway in the direction of kwaMashu. The scholars tried without success to get pupils from the Ntuzuma Training College and the Phoenix Indian School to fall in with them. The demonstration is presumed to have been in sympathy with the events in Soweto. The marchers carried 74 placards, some of which read: "Away with poisonous Bantu education and'colour bar", "We want equality"; "Leave Tsietsi alone or else"; and "Vorster and Kruger you are murderers". Two hundred and eighty-five pupils were arrested. The charges against 185 pupils under the age of 18 years were withdrawn. The remaining 100 each paid a R20 admission of guilt fine (kwaMashu RCI 204/9/76). 12h00: Five hundred scholars threw stones at the watchman at the Swelihle School. They then marched to another street, where they pelted vehicles with stones.

Bophuthatswana. 07h00: Signs of an unsuccessful attempt at arson were found at the offices of the Department of Bantu Administration and Development in Area 6, Ga- Rankuwa. 07h30: At the Lorato Primary School, Hebron, the principal's office was set on fire, RI00 damage being caused. At the same time, a fire was started in the staff room of the Hebron Training School. Damage totalled about R8 000. A fire was also discovered in the principal's office at the Tlhasedi High School, where windows had also been smashed. Ciskei: Zwelitsha. 07h30: An attempt at arson was made at the Zwelitsha Industrial School, when a mattress was set on fire in the living quarters at the institution. Four persons were arrested. WEDNESDAY, 15 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Although the rioting was not as violent as on the previous day, it was still serious and related mainly to the intimidation of workers who refused to go on strike. 06h45: A number of rioters assaulted workers in Diepkloof. In action taken to stamp out the rioting and to protect the workers, the police shot dead one Black man. About an hour later, workers were intimidated in another part of Diepkloof and the police patrol protecting them was pelted with stones. 16h45 to 19h35: There were eight incidents of intimidation at the Naledi and Merafe Railway Stations, the Chiawelo Railway Bridge and the Nancefield Hostel. Although stones were used as the main deterrent, some of the 80 intimidators at Naledi used knives. The police quelled the rioting with rifle fire; eight of the assailants were wounded and three were arrested. Four persons were shot dead by the police (see Annexure F, pp. 43, 57, 60 and 65). It is not clear which one of the four was shot dead in Diepkloof.

West Rand: Johannesburg. Paulus Kubeka was one of 80 passengers who were travelling by bus from the Carlton Centre to the Eastern part of the city. He and another passenger alighted near the Jeppe Railway Station. Kubeka dropped a plastic bag with inflammable material in the bus, and the other person threw a burning match onto the bag. The bus caught fire, but the flames were soon put out. Passengers were injured in their attempts to get out of the bus and were taken to hospital for treatment. In February 1977, Kubeka appeared in the Supreme Court. He was convicted of sabotage and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment (S v Kubeka, WLD 256/76). West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. M4hOO: A beer distribution depot was set on fire. The fire, in which only a door frame was damaged, was soon extinguished by the police. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. 08h30: A number of scholars stoned a bus in the Pakhe sector of Katlehong. The driver was injured and treated in the Natalspruit Hospital. During the night, an attempt was made to set fire to a class-room at the Reahile Higher Primary School. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. During the night of 14 to 15 September, a tin of paraffin was thrown through a window of the Dumehlezi School and set on fire. Two school desks were consumed in the flames. East Rand: Thokoza, Germiston. 08hlO: The principal of the Thoko-Thaba Junior Secondary School reprimanded a pupil for allegedly clouting a younger boy. The pupils thereupon chased the principal from the grounds with stones.. Upon his return, he found that all the pupils and teachers had left. Window-panes had been smashed in one of the class- rooms.

Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. 07h55: A clergyman of the Baptist Church was walking home alone when a police vehicle travelling in the same direction drove slowly past him in Seeiso Street. When the vehicle was some 20 metres from him, the White policeman standing on the vehicle shot at him. He dropped to the ground and sought shelter behind a tree. More than one policeman fired shots at him, the tree being hit several times. He was unscathed. Apparently, the police also shot at other persons. No further evidence concerning this incident could be obtained, except that at that time there was no rioting at that particular place. Police patrols were in the area, however. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Rioters stoned an ABS bus, only slight damage being caused. Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. 19h55: A fire caused R100 damage at the Ntotlane School. Only books and a cabinet in a class-room were damaged. Karoo: George. 14h15: A petrol bomb was thrown at the Pilex Foundation offices. No damage was caused. Eastern Cape: Ginsberg, King William's Town. Class-rooms were set on fire at the Forbes Grant Secondary School in the Black residential area of Ginsberg, near King William's Town. Damage came to R83 000. Seven of the school's pupils appeared in the Supreme Court on a charge in connection with the arson. Two were convicted of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment each (S v Mbekwa and six others, ECD 9/77). Eastern Cape: Nuwerus, Queenstown. 22h15: In dousing a fire that had broken out'in class-rooms at the Maria LoUW Secondary School, a document room was sprayed with a fire-hose. Serious damage resulted. The arson was apparently triggered by a reluctance on the part of some of the pupils to write examinations and by the death of a relative of one of the scholars during the rioting in the Peninsula. Six pupils were arrested. Five were found guilty of malicious injury to property and each sentenced to six months' imprisonment, conditionally suspended for three years. Peninsula: Athlone and other Coloured townships, Cape Town. A strike in the area was planned for this day. The Rector of the UWC warned the students that a disruption of classes would lead to their being expelled without the right of appeal. The police were present on the campus for a while. Rioters threw stones at buses and other vehicles in Athlone, Bonteheuwel, Epping, Hanover Park and Parow Valley. Eleven such incidents occurred. In Hanover Park, bus passengers were injured by stone-throwers. Coloured youths threw stones at workers at the Consani Engineering Works. A White motorist, whose motor car was pelted with stones in Strandfontein Road, fired three rounds with a shotgun at his assailants. Trains were pelted with stones on seven different occasions. A 15-year-old Coloured boy, who had taken part in the stoning of trains in the vicinity of Kensington during the afternoon, was later wounded with a shotgun. He was charged in connection with this incident and found guilty; his sentence was postponed for three years. 01h55: Rioters placed sleepers on the railway line between Rapenburg and Hazendal and cut off the power by throwing wires over the high-tension cables. No trains were derailed. Arsonists were active at the Lincoln Tavern, Athlone, where RI 000 damage was caused; at the Walmer Secondary School in Woodstock; at the Primary School in Klip Road, Grassy Park; and at the library in Abduraman Avenue, Athlone, where damage totalled R500. In Ravensmead Avenue, Parow, a wooden booth was set on fire.

Some of these fires were put out by the fire brigade and the police. In quelling the rioting, the police used tear-gas and firearms; one person was wounded and 11 were arrested. Peninsula: Cape Town. 21h05: An attempt was made to burn down the Zonneblom College in Cambridge Street. A Coloured boy was arrested in this connection. The use of trains by Coloureds and Blacks dropped on this day and on Thursday. Employers reported that a number of workers were absent. Peninsula: Guguletu, Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. lOhOO: Buses were stoned in Lansdowne Road, Guguletu, five windows being smashed. 12h30: In Settlers Road, near Langa, vehicles were pelted with stones by about 15 youths. 16h20: On two occasions, some 150 Black men intimidated returning workers at the Nyanga Railway Station. 18h45: A group of Coloureds joined the Black men in the intimidation campaign. A large lorry was pelted with stones by about 100 Black youths in Nyanga East and then set on fire. 19h00: In Guguletu, 10 Black men threw stones at returning workers in NY 5. 19h45: About 100 Black men threw stones at residents in the single quarters in Nyanga. 21h30: An attempt at arson, in which three petrol bombs were used, was made at the Tubaba Stores, Nyanga. Only the walls were scorched black. During the day, threatened workers were given police protection. The police used firearms and tear-gas on several occasions. Two persons were arrested.

South-Western Cape: Somerset West. 23h50: At the Macassar School, a counter was set on fire with a petrol bomb. South-Western Cape: Swellendam. In the general tumult, bars and bottle stores were temporarily closed. This calmed down would-be trouble-makers. South-Western Cape: Worcester. 00h12: An SAP foot patrol fired three rounds upon being pelted with stones by Coloured youths. 16h00: Obstructions, some of which were burning, were placed by rioters on roads at five different points. 21h15: The Coloured clinic was set on fire, R200 damage being caused. An arsonist hurled a petrol bomb at the adjoining civic centre, but no damage was caused. A White employer, who dropped some of his employees in the Coloured residential area was pelted with stones; he fired five shots with a small-bore rifle. In quelling the rioting, rifles were used by the police, who arrested five persons. Port Natal: Durban. lOhOO: Pupils from the Swelihle School marched to the Menzi School. The police stopped the march, and there were no incidents of rioting. A 20-year-old Black man was detained in connection with the burning of books and school desks at the Isibonelo High School in Durban North (kwaMashu RCI 218/9/76).

Ciskei: Dimbaza. 22h00: A petrol bomb was hurled through the window of the principal's office at the Kuyasa Secondary School. A book-shelf in the library was also set on fire. Damage totalling R1 500 was caused in the two rooms. THURSDAY, 16 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Railway officials noticed that large numbers of Black youths were travelling by train from Soweto to Johannesburg. The train services between Soweto and Johannesburg were suspended from 12h50 to 15h00 to prevent youths from congregating in the city and causing disturbances. West Rand: Alexandra. 06h00: A cupboard with books was set on fire by a group of youths at the Pholosho School. 09h00: Some 200 Black scholars marched in Second Avenue with placards, some of which read: "Release all detained students"; "Release our parents"; and "We need support". A number of youths told the police that they had been forced by a group of Black men from Soweto to take part in the march. No particular action was required by the police in this incident. West Rand: Johannesburg. 08h30: In Raleigh Street, Yeoville, an unknown Black man threw a petrol bomb into a municipal bus; only slight damage was caused. A petrol bomb exploded in a department store. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 20h00: While two policemen were escorting a bus, a stone-thrower hurled a brick through one of its windows. Upon being arrested, he tried to bribe them into setting him free.

East Rand: Duduza, Brakpan. 07h45: The principal of the Mmuso Higher Primary School found a poster affixed to his door with the following words: "The School - Closed - Monday Power". East Rand: Katlehong. 07h45: At the Reahile School, about 1 200 pupils refused to attend assembly. After the school principal had spoken to them, 150 of the younger ones edged closer. Outsiders threw stones on the roof of the school, some of which landed among the younger pupils. All then fled, and the school was closed. Half an hour later, the windscreen of a bus was smashed near the school. 08hOO: Pupils at the De Bruyn School pelted the principal's office with stones. 19h00: A hundred scholars and adults tried to set fire to the No. 1 Beer Hall, but fled when the police fired one rifle-shot. East Rand: Thokoza, Germiston. 18h10: A bus was stoned in Khumalo Street, four windows being smashed. Vaal Triangle: Evaton. 18h30: Fifty Black youths threw stones at four Vaal Transport Company buses travelling along Adams Road. The rioters dispersed before the police arrived. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 14h00: A placard-carrying Black man was inciting bystanders to violence. The police arrived on the scene, warned the crowd to disperse and seized placards without making any arrests. 14h30: Sporadic stone-throwing occurred in Mendi Road and Lane A. The police fired three shotgun rounds. Two Black men were wounded, and 192 adults were arrested. 17h20: Police vehicles were stoned in Lane A. Five Black men were detained by the police.

The 192 persons arrested in connection with the aforementioned incident were charged and were sentenced as follows: one received four strokes, 17 received five strokes, six received six strokes, eleven received seven strokes, 67 received eight strokes, seven were sentenced to R40 or 40 days' imprisonment, 63 to R100 or 90 days' imprisonment (suspended), while 20 girls were released with deferred sentences (see Algoa Park RCA 612/9/76). Cape Midlands: Struandale, Port Elizabeth. 2lhOO: A Black man tried to intimidate a group of workers on their way home in KwaFord Road. They knocked him down with a kerrie, and he was taken to hospital by the police. CaRe Midlands: Zwide, Port Elizabeth. 11h30: Pupils assembled on a sports- ground of the Loyiso School and refused to attend classes. The police warned the pupils to return to their classes as their gathering was illegal. One youth was arrested. Karoo: Graaff-Reinet. 02h55: Two class-rooms at the Inqeba Secondary School for Blacks were seriously damaged by fire. Eastern Cape: Ginsberg, King William's Town. 01hO: During the previous night a number of Blacks met in a class-room at the Forbes Grant Secondary School and decided to burn down the school. Chemicals were stolen from the laboratory and sprinkled on class-room floors, together with petrol. The fire was started during the night, and part of the school burned down. Other particulars of this incident appear in the record of the previous day. Eastern Cape: Nuwerus, Queenstown. 22h00: Five class-rooms at the Maria Louw Secondary School were gutted. The fire brigade prevented the flames from spreading.

Peninsula: Athlone and other Coloured residential areas, Cape Town. This was the second day of the strike. There were several incidents of intimidation, stone- throwing, street barricading, and general rioting. Businesses here and in the Black residential areas were closed while the rioting raged. There were 52 incidents of stone-throwing, which occurred mainly in Athlone, Bonteheuwel, Kenilworth, Kewtown and Manenberg. The stone-throwers did not concentrate only on businesses, private and police vehicles, buses and trains, but also on members of the public, policemen and traffic constables. They operated in groups, sometimes consisting of as many as 200 persons, and in one case in Kewtown there were an estimated 1 500 people hurling objects. In 37 of these incidents, the police used tear-gas or firearms; one person was shot dead, 18 were wounded, and 15 were arrested. Rioters put up road barriers at 15 points. When motor car tyres were used, the barriers were sometimes set on fire. As a result of police action in these incidents, two people were killed, a number were wounded and four were arrested. Petrol bombs were hurled at a train, a private vehicle and three police vehicles. In these incidents, one rioter was shot dead and a number were wounded. During the rioting, fires was started at a high school in Road, Bishop Lavis; a substation in Blossom Road, Athlone; a library in Kewtown; a shop in Manenberg Avenue, and the Avenue Supply Store, Elsie's River. The police took action on four occasions. Other unlawful acts were the removal of a joint plate on the railway line between Heideveld and Netreg Railway Stations; the looting of a cafg in Klipfontein Road, Athlone, in which a Coloured man was wounded; and an incident in Bonteheuwel, in which a Coloured driver sped through a police cordon in his motor car. One person was detained.

During the rioting in the Coloured residential area, eight persons were killed by the police (see Annexure F, pp. 85, 86, 88, 90, 92, 99, 100 and 102). Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 23h25: Two tyres were burned on the railway line between Langa and Netreg Railway Stations. The culprits fled after the police had fired a warning shot. Peninsula: Guguletu and Nyanga, Cape Town. 15h50 to 20h00: There were two cases of public violence in Nyanga and three in Guguletu. This violence consisted mainly in the stoning of vehicles and police patrols. The police acted in all these incidents, arresting several persons, wounding two rioters and shooting one dead. 20h00: The railway line at Guguletu was damaged. A plate joining two rails, and the screws securing the rails to the sleepers, were loosened. The police caught the offenders red-handed and fired at them. One was shot dead and another was wounded but managed to make his get-away. One of the accused in the case S v Ganca and two others, CPD 476/76, had shotgun wounds in his legs. Two youths were called as witnesses but claimed that the police had assaulted them to make statements. The charges by the State were withdrawn. The allegations of assault were not investigated. 20h40: Forty Black men threw stones at the police and vehicles in NY 1, Guguletu. The police fired four shots. During the rioting in Guguletu, three persons were killed by the police (see Annexure F, pp. 88, 98 and 103). South-Western Cape: Ceres. Pupils at the Fred Gaum School organised demonstrations but were dispersed by their parents and teachers. The same thing happened the next day.

South-Western Cape: Paarl. A large number of workers, estimated on the basis of information received at about 30% of the labour force, stayed away from work. South-Western Cape: Worcester. 22h4O: Barriers were erected in the streets and set on fire. The police were pelted with stones. Tear-gas canisters and two shots were fired by the police. Bophuthatswana: Hebron, De Wildt. The office of the principal of the Hebron Primary School was gutted. Damage totalled about R500. Bophuthatswana: Thaba Nchu. 0OhOl: An attempt was made to set fire to the store-room at the Goronyane Secondary School. The object was apparently to intimidate the teachers. FRIDAY, 17 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. The Prime Minister of the RSA held discussions in Pretoria with Dr Henry Kissinger, the Secretary for State of the USA. The rioting and unrest was mainly concerned with these discussions. To ensure the success of joint action, the organisers and selected scholars held early morning meetings at the Morris Isaacson High School, at which they discussed the details and execution of the arrangements for the appointed day. Orders were then conveyed to the pupils of the schools concerned, where the preparations went ahead. Groups of pupils from various schools were to join forces in a mass protest march, as had been done on 16 June. Such a march would ensure the continuation of the rioting and would give world-wide publicity to the young people's revolt. It was also thought that any advantage that the South African Government might derive from the discussions would be cancelled out by this action, especially if it should result in a confrontation between the police and scholars, and if any member of the police force were to over-react.

The numerous posters that had been prepared were to be affixed to the fencing around the school grounds in such a way that members of the public could read them from the outside. The older generation were to be roused into siding with the young people. In some of the banners, the two negotiaters were threatened with death, and in others they were insulted in foul and vulgar language. At the various schools, the day's activities followed more or less the same pattern. Pupils did not attend classes but fastened placards to fences. Those who were not thus employed were sometimes addressed by inciters. When the police arrived and began to take down the offensive placards, they were greeted with the Black Power salute and slogan. They were also insulted, provoked and even pelted with stones. The ensuing tumult was put down with tear-gas and sometimes with shotgun fire. 09h00 to 12h35: The police were summoned to the Mapetla Secondary School. The scene that met them there was as described above. Two youths were addressing a crowd of pupils. A Black woman, E. Amatende, is presumed to have been shot dead by the police at about 09h15 in a house in "Maretha" near the Mapetla Secondary School (see Annexure F, p. 34). A group of persons reportedly ran from the school and stormed into the house. At the Orlando North Secondary School, the rioting was not of such a nature that firearms were necessary to calm the pupils down. The pupils of the Sekano-Ntoane Secondary School became particularly riotous, without any attempt being made by any of the teachers to maintain order. Inciters were active at the school and stones were thrown. The police opened fire with shotguns, scattering the pupils, ten of whom were wounded and taken to hospital; two, Princess Mbeki and Joyce Buthelezi, were shot dead (see Annexure F, pp. 45 and 35). At the Jabulani Secondary School, the police found 350 pupils in the school grounds and a crowd of youths and adults in the street. Stones were thrown at the police from the grounds and also from behind houses. The rioting became more violent, and the police were surrounded. After shots had been fired, the crowd calmed down. Four hundred rebellious students at the Tladi Secondary School pelted the police with stones during their activities in and around the school grounds. Shots were fired and five youths were wounded; one of them was a schoolgirl. Stones and firearms were also used at the Naledi Secondary School; no serious injuries were reported. At the Molapo Secondary School, events followed the same course as at the other schools. There was one important difference, however. The entire process was repeated about an hour later, when the police again had to remove placards. It is not known whether there were any serious casualties during the two incidents. The following incidents of rioting also took place during the course of this day: 09h30: About 500 youths, who were marching in a protest march stopped a Dixie Cola lorry, damaged it, and stole 16 cases of mineral water from it. Stones were thrown. The police fired shots. l0h05: A Putco bus was stoned at the Esso Garage in Moroka. In the ensuing confrontation, one attacker was shot dead. This is presumably the unknown person referred to in Annexure F, p. 67. Iih45: Stone-throwers damaged vehicles belonging to Messrs Jabulani Fresh Produce. The police used firearms, but no casualties were reported. 13h55: The telephone connections at the Iketlo Post Office were disrupted when trouble-makers damaged cables and other equipment. Two Black men were arrested on a charge of sabotage. 15h20: Youths pelted vehicles in Mofolo Park with stones. One of the stonethrowers was wounded by a WRAB official and arrested.

A Black man, E. Laaka, was shot dead by the police at about 18h40 near Tshabalala's Shop in Dobsonville (see Annexure F, p. 39). No further particulars are known. 23h00: Unknown rioters attacked the house of the principal of the Zakheni Higher Primary School. They hurled an incendiary bomb through the sittingroom window of his house. The bomb did not go off and no-one was injured. A Black man, R. Makoro, died from a gunshot wound. No further particulars are known (see page 74 of the same Annexure). East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. A pamphlet was distributed in which a strike on 21 and 22 September was announced. The pamphlet also referred to an earlier strike in Elandsfontein and called upon workers to support the young people in their actions. Diamond Fields: Kimberley. 03h00: A petrol bomb was thrown into Mr S. Leon's house. Slight damage was caused. Various reasons were put forward for this deed. Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. 22h30 to 23h45: Arsonists tried to burn down three houses in the area, two of which were occupied by policemen. Only slight damage was caused. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 08h15; Pupils at the Molefe High School pelted teachers with stones. Upon their arrival, the police were also attacked by the stone-throwers. The police wounded an 18-year-old Black girl in the leg and arrested 10 persons. 11h55 to 20h15: There were four incidents of stone-throwing, inter alia in Lane A and Nyoli Street. Buses and private vehicles were the targets. Fifteen youths were detained in connection with these incidents. Karoo: George. 09hi0: R600 fire damage was caused to the municipal offices at Pacaltsdorp, the floor in the entrance hall to the building was set on fire with petrol.

17h05: A petrol bomb was thrown onto the cement floor of a public toilet behind the old City Hall in Market Street. No damage was caused by the flames. Karoo: Oudtshoorn. 01h45: A class-room at a Coloured primary school in Dysselsdorp was destroyed by fire, the damage totalling about RI 000. A 15-year-old Coloured boy was arrested as the arsonist. The reason for his action was said to have been his expulsion from the school. Northern Cape: Upington. 08h00 to 9hOO: Coloured scholars at the Carlton van Heerden High School refused to attend classes. While the police were dispersing the crowd in the school grounds, a number of window-panes were smashed and school desks damaged. 20h00 to 21h00: In the Black residential area, Babalello, a bus was pelted with stones. Three policemen were slightly injured by the stone-throwers. Eastern Cape: Nuwerus, Queenstown. A second request was made to the principal of the Maria Louw Secondary School for a postponement of examinations. When he refused to grant the request, the pupils threatened to boycott the examinations. Peninsula: Athlone and other areas, Cape Town. 00h05: The covering of the electric cables serving signals and railway stations between Athlone and Crawford was scorched when a motor car tyre was placed under the cables and set on fire. 0lh45: A vehicle was stopped in the White residential area by the police. In the motor car, they found petrol and material for making petrol bombs. The occupants, a White man and seven Coloureds, were arrested by the police. 01h32 to 07h30. Nine incidents of arson occurred at schools and businesses in Retreat, Plumstead, Scottsville, Athlone, Surrey, Bishop Lavis and Belgravia in the early hours of the morning. One of the premises involved, a building next to the Three Arts Centre, Plumstead, was destroyed by an explosion. Damage totalled about R1 500. At another business, Economic Fisheries, Retreat, damage came to R700. 08h09: A passenger train was pelted with stones between Steurhof and Heathfield Railway Stations. 16h20: Railway officials found and removed ballast stones that had been placed between switch blades near the Bellville Station. 17h21 to 21h34: In the Kraaifontein, Athlone and Heathfield areas, there were four incidents of stone-throwing; three involved trains. Peninsula: Guguletu and Nyanga, Cape Town. 04h25: Slight damage was caused when a petrol bomb was thrown against the Levuyo Store building in Nyanga East. The fire was put out by the police, who shot at 10 fleeing Black men. 20h38: A train was stoned near the Nyanga Station. 22h05: The police fired nine shots at two Black men who were pelting vehicles with stones in NY i, Guguletu. At about the same time, two Black men in Guguletu were pointed out to the police in connection with an attack on a White man. When the two took to their heels, one of them, a 19-year-old, was shot dead by the police (see Annexure F, p. 97). South-Western Cape:. McGregor. 06h00: A house that had been bought by White persons with a view to its restoration was set on fire, R300 damage being caused. South-Western Cape: Paarl. 21h20: A Coloured man was arrested by the police for attacking workers on their way to work.

South-Western Cape: Villiersdorp. 17h40: A Coloured man was arrested for inciting youths to throw stones at the local school. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. 08h00: The principal's office at the Lorato Primary School was gutted by fire. Damage totalled R200. SATURDAY, 18 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 03h00: Attempts were made to set fire to the Alexandra Secondary School and to the beer hall in Second Avenue, which had already suffered at the hands of arsonists. East Rand: Brakpan. Unknown persons distributed pamphlets reading as follows among the Black public: "We have been told to stay away from work - why - to lose our work and our homes and our food, or to give employers reason to sack us so that other men and women can get our jobs. Protect yourself now. Form groups of 10 in your street and defend yourselves. Power is in the hands of the workers". East Rand: Duduza, Brakpan. Similar pamphlets were distributed in Duduza. 23h00: An attempt was made to set fire to the house of the principal of the Zakleni School. East Rand: Edenvale. During the weekend of 18 to 20 September, there were unsuccessful attempts to burn down the Coloured clinics and the municipal offices. Highveld: Middelburg. 19h45: Curtains in a private house in the Black residential area were set on fire.

Cape Midlands: Kwazakele, Port Elizabeth. 17h45: While a group of persons were playing football on an open piece of ground in Kuzwayu Street, a Black police sergeant tried to arrest a member of the public for drunkenness. However, the crowd pelted the sergeant with stones and injured him. A White policeman fired a warning shot and took the injured man to hospital. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 1lhOO to 12h50: There were two incidents in which crowds gathered and stones were thrown. The police arrested eight persons in connection with these inicdents. Karoo: Beaufort West. Eight senior pupils at the Community School set a class-room at their school in the Santa building on fire and caused considerable damage. Karoo: Oudtshoorn. 05h20: A Coloured boy was shot dead and another wounded by a member of the public who was guarding his factory adjoining the Coloured residential area. The youths were alleged to have been stealing and to have pelted the owner of the factory with stones (see Annexure F, p. 81). Peninsula: Crawford and Mowbray, Cape Town. 19h20: Two refuse bins were placed on the railway line near the Mowbray Railway Station. 23h00: A petrol bomb was thrown at the house of a White resident of Crawford without causing any serious damage. Gazankulu: Mhala. llhQO: The curtains in the principal's office at the Orhovelani Secondary School were set on fire. The flames were put out by members of the staff.

SUNDAY, 19 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. A meeting of the BPA, which had been scheduled for 08h00 in the Regina Mundi Catholic Church, Rockville, was banned by the authorities. East Rand: Modderfontein. 18h00: Several hundred compound-dwellers milled around a vehicle that was being used to put out a veld fire. When the police arrived, they were pelted with stones, one of their number being injured. Six rounds were fired with shotguns; five stone-throwers were injured. Highveld: Driefontein, Evander. 20h30: Black youths tried to set a store-room on fire. Highveld: Middelburg. 18h30: A bus was pelted with stones in the Black residential area. Cape Midlands: Port Elizabeth. In New Brighton, a privately-owned vehicle was set on fire, and the windows of a bus were smashed. A crowd was milling about in Mendi Road. A large crowd also gathered in Zwide. The police arrested 82 persons in connection with the stone-throwing. Seventy-eight of those apprehended were later found guilty of riotous behaviour and attending a banned gathering (see New Brighton RCA Nos. 162/9 and 167/9 of 1976, as well as Algoa Park RCA 635/9/76). Karoo: Blanco, George. 18h09: The police wounded a stone-thrower in an investigation of complaints about attacks along the main road. Peninsula: Cape Town. Three cases of arson at two shops and at the St Raphael School in Athlone and Elsie's River were reported. At Langebaan Railway Station, a vehicle was pelted with stones. Bophuthatswana. A vehicle was stoned at Kamastad near Rustenburg at 13h00.

Two class-rooms at the Refihlele School were set on fire at about 22h00. MONDAY, 20 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 04h00: The ticket-office at the Chiawelo Station was completely destroyed by a fire. Damage totalled R4 000. Two non-schoolgoing persons, one 19 year old and the other 20, were found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment each (S v Lekula and Mkhize, TPD 260/76). 06h00: The Dhlamini Fruit Shop in Meadowlands was also destroyed by fire, the damage coming to R8 000. West Rand: Alexandra. A pamphlet titled: "The voice of the A.N.C. (Spear of the Nation) The war is on" was distributed by Black persons on a limited scale. East Rand: Katlehong and Thokoza, Germiston. Pamphlets were distributed in Thokoza, in which it was stated that, if workers continued to go to work, their houses would be burnt down. A number of workers stayed at home after that. During the evening, buses were stoned, and the contents of offices at the Thokoza Higher Primary School were set on fire. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. Intensive police patrols protected workers, almost all of whom went to work. 12h30: Youths ordered BAAB employees, who were engaged in building operations at Endshomalanga, to strike. The workers refused, whereupon the youths pelted nearby workshops with stones. 19h45 to 21h00: Twenty-one Putco buses were stoned. Numerous workers returning to the residential area were attacked.

Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 19h15 to 23h25: Youths pelted private and police vehicles with stones. The police arrested 20 rioters, who were subsequently convicted of malicious injury to property and riotous behaviour (see Algoa Park RCA 636/9/76, and New Brighton RCA 193/9 and 144/9 of 1976). Eastern Cape: Nuwerus, Queenstown. Although a pamphlet "Die Matrikulante" was distributed in which scholars writing examinations were labelled as traitors, pupils at the Maria Louw Secondary School turned up for the examinations and wrote them without hindrance. Peninsula: Athlone and other Coloured areas, Cape Town. 02h00: A fire, which did not cause any real damage, was started at the Johannesburg Trading Store, Athlone. During the course of the morning, scholars demonstrated and threw stones in Hanover Park, Uitsig and Woodstock. Peninsula: Cape Town. A fire was started in a building of the Cape Performing Arts Council in Jameson Street. South-Western Cape: Faure and Riebeeck.West. 17h10: Ballast stones were piled on the railway line near Faure Station. Train staff removed the obstruction. A train was also pelted with stones. In Voortrekker Street, Riebeeck West, a 17-year-old Coloured from Cape Town incited others to start rioting. He was detained. Port Natal: Durban South. 06h30: Twenty-nine typewriters valued at R6 000 were destroyed by fire at the Umlazi Technical School. The reason given for this deed was that the scholars could not write their examinations without the machines. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 13h15: The Pilani Higher Primary School was pelted with stones by a group of scholars. In the subsequent trial (S v Manxase and others, East London RC 611/76), 17 pupils were convicted of malicious injury to property and sentenced to six cuts each. They stated that they wanted to air their grievances, but it is not clear what these were. TUESDAY, 21 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. A group of railway workers were attacked in Nancefield by four Black men. One of the Black constables protecting the workers fatally wounded one of the assailants (see Annexure F, p. 36). West Rand: Alexandra. 05h00: Rioters set a Black man's car alight. He retaliated by setting fire to a room in which three of the culprits were. All three sustained burns, one of them being critically injured. The avenger was convicted and sentenced in the Supreme Court in connection with the incident. East Rand: Katlehong and Thokoza, Germiston. A fire in the Izibuko Primary School and an attempt at arson at the Thokoza Higher Primary School were discovered. 16h00 to 19h00: Stone-throwers attacked buses at four different points in Thokoza. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. 08h00: Slogans were found on the blackboards in three class-rooms at the Khatlamping Secondary School. On two blackboards was written "Black Power. No school today - Realwa" (we fight today). On a third blackboard was written: "Ring leader of SASO". No pupils attended the school. 11h15: A 13-year-old scholar helping others to place a part of a wrecked motor car on a railway line in Tembisa was arrested.

Workers returning to Tembisa were pelted with stones for ignoring the strike call. East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. 04h05: A youth smashed a window in the local Putco depot. In pamphlets left on the premises, bus and taxi-drivers, as well as labourers, were warned to cease their daily activities. Nevertheless, bus services were not disrupted and labourers went to work. Highveld: Middelburg. 09h30: A crowd, among whom there were about 100 youths, congregated in front of the magistrate's court. Scholars detained in connection with the rioting were to appear in court for remand of their case. The crowd was asked to disperse but refused. When the police dispersed them with tear-gas, they left for the Black residential area; there a person was assaulted and a bus and a house were pelted with stones. Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. Both private and official vehicles were damaged by stone-throwers. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 15h30: A Black man drove pupils at the Masebabani School out of their classrooms with a panga. Eastern Cape: East London. 20h00: Youths caused R200 fire damage at the Zozo Higher Primary School. Peninsula. During the day, a vehicle in Settlers Road was pelted with stones. The driver fired six rounds with a firearm at the stone-throwers. No injuries were reported. A petrol bomb damaged the floor tiles in a class-room at the High School in Hanover Park. Stones were thrown at trains near Athlone and Crawford Stations.

Bophuthatswana. In Ga-rankuwa, a police constable's house was damaged by youths. During the day, several vehicles were damaged in stone-throwing in Hebron. A fire was started at the Bana High School, Mabopane. The principal of the Sebuto High School notified the police that Black men in motor cars were urging pupils to stay away from school. No arrests were made. Lebowa. Two class-rooms at the Mantsi School, Leeukuil, were damaged by fire. Ciskei: Zwelitsha. An attempt was made at the Thembalabantu Secondary School to set fire to a class-room and the library. Damage was negligible. WEDNESDAY, 22 SEPTEMBER 1976. East Rand: Katlehong and Thokoza, Germiston. Sporadic stone-throwing occurred in these townships. Highveld: Middelburg. Stone-throwers threw stones at buses in the Black residential areas. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 02h30: An attempt was made to set a class-room at the Cowan Secondary School on fire with paper. Damage totalled RI50. Karoo: Graaff-Reinet. 09h25: Two hundred pupils from the Inqeba Secondary School marched to the principal's house. The noisy crowd, giving the Black Power salute, were dispersed by the police. Fourteen arrests were made. Peninsula and South-Western Cape. Trains were pelted with stones near the Bonteheuwel, Bot River and Breg River Stations. Two Coloured boys were 'later charged and convicted in connection with the incident at Bre6 River. They were sentenced to five strokes each.

In the vicinity of Heathfield, a plank was placed across the railway line. THURSDAY, 23 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 09h05 to 14h15: During the day, there were at least eight incidents in which crowds gathered and stones were thrown at trains and at private and police vehicles. The rioters consisted mainly of youths. The police used firearms in some of these incidents. Two persons were killed by the police during the day's rioting (see Annexure F, pp. 48 and 57). Youths had been trying since the morning to travel to Johannesburgzby train. At about 10hOO, a large number of youths were removed from the train at New Canada Station. West Rand: Johannesburg. The police received information that Black youths intended to enter the city centre and to commit acts of violence. In the early hours of the morning, police task forces were deployed at strategic points in the city centre. The rioters mingled with workers and entered the city with them. Windows of four shops in Eloff and Jeppe Streets were smashed. Petrol bombs thrown into two buildings caused only slight damage. Petrol bombs placed in the O.K. Bazaars did not explode. Members of the public helped the police in their mopping-up operations. A large number of rioters were arrested. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 19h45: A passenger in a Greyhound bus was slightly injured during stonethrowing in Kagiso Drive. East Rand: Katlehong and Thokoza, Germiston. Stone-throwers were active during the morning and afternoon at several places. East Rand: Wattville, Benoni. Desks, a wooden cabinet and ceilings were set on fire in class-rooms at the Lesabe High School. Two youths were arrested for throwing stones at Municipal buses.

East Rand: Springs. 07h12: About 35 Black persons paraded at the Armour Plate Factory with placards calling for strikes. Southern Transvaal: Piet Retief. Pieces of paper bearing the words "Black Power" and "Swart Mag" were pasted to the walls of the post office. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng. Two groups of residents in Area No. 7 pelted each other with stones because the one group was trying to stop the other from buying at a certain shop. When the police arrived to restore order, they werezalso pelted with stones. Two persons were arrested for malicious injury to property. Diamond Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. 10h20: Pupils from the Tshireletso School pelted patrolling police vehicles with stones. Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. Pupils at the Lawson School disrupted activities at the school by refusing to write a class test. From 24 to 27 September, a group of pupils boycotted classes. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 20h25 to 23h00: Stone-throwing at buses and police vehicles occurred in the area. Damage totalling some R450 was caused to the buses. Bophuthatswana: Hammanskraal. 21h35: A class-room at the Refihlele School was set on fire. Damage totalled RIO. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 21h00: Fire damage of R500 was caused at one of the local higher primary schools. FRIDAY, 24 SEPTEMBER 1976. East Rand: Germiston. A pamphlet on Black Power and the White authorities was distributed among Black residents. A strike from 27 to 29 September was also announced in the pamphlet. One arrest was made in connection with the distribution of this document. East Rand: Vosloorus, Boksburg. The same pamphlet was also distributed in Vosloorus. Highveld: Middelburg. 21h05: A private motor car was stoned on the main road. Southern Transvaal: Pan Bult, Piet Retief. 03h00: Arsonists set fire to the sawmills at Pan Bult with an inflammable liquid and caused R800 damage. Diamond Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. 12h15: A group of 20 youths pelted a bus with stones at a beer hall. The police fired four shots, whereupon the stone- throwers fled. Cape Midlands: Uitenhage. During the night, the D.R.C. in the Coloured residential area was broken into and a fire was started at the pulpit. Damage totalled R350. Peninsula: Maitland, Cape Town. Pamphlets were placed in the letter boxes of White residents. The police and apartheid were some of the subject matters of these documents. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. Stone-throwing occurred in Guguletu. A bus was set on fire, damage totalling R3 000 being caused. The police used firearms on two occasions.

Ciskei: King William's Town. 17h30: Two policemen trying to stop a fight between waiting bus passengers in Brug Street were attacked with stones. The crowd then pelted moving vehicles with stones. A number of the rioters were under the influence of liquor. They left on buses before police reinforcements could arrive. SATURDAY, 25 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 17h45: Mr Unsamazulu Credo Pomelelo Mutwa, known the world over as the writer Credo Mutwa, is a resident of Soweto, a witch-doctor and a "Supervisor of Traditional Studies" in the employ of the WRAB. Three days previously, he had testified at an open sitting of the Commission and, inter alia, criticised the behaviour of the youths and certain Black organisations. His evidence, including this part of his testimony, received wide publicity. During the course of the afternoon, a crowd of rioting youths attacked Mr Mutwa's house and set it on fire with petrol bombs. The contents of the house were destroyed, damage estimated at R2 000 being caused. Mr Mutwa and the other occupants were assaulted when they fled from the rioters. They all escaped, but not without injuries. Mr Mutwa was, inter alia, hit on the back of the head by a stone and stabbed in the hand with a sharp object. In the case S v Mashaba, Protea RC 77.01.10, a person arrested in connection with this incident was acquitted and discharged. Eastern Transvaal: Waterval Boven. A beer hall in the Black residential area was destroyed by fire. Peninsula: Athlone, Cape Town. Slight fire damage was caused in administrative offices. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 23h50: Buses were stoned by youths. Policemen travelling on the buses fired at the stone-throwers and wounded three. All three were detained.

SUNDAY, 26 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Olh30: The African Tyre Company building near the old Potchefstroom Road was burned to the ground. Damage totalled R8 000. West Rand: Alexandra. A pamphlet titled "To Town - To Eloff" was distributed among residents but failed to elicit any response from them. Peninsula: Coloured areas, Cape Town. OlhOO: In Elsies' River, a private house was set on fire. 05h30: A wing of the Northway Primary School, fire; damage totalling R8 000 was caused. 17h30: At the Kalksteenfontein bridge, people line. No damage or injuries resulted. Ravensmead, was destroyed by threw stones onto the railway Ciskei: Dimbaza. A fire caused Ri 000 damage to a store-room at the Nolumta Secondary School. MONDAY, 27 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 16h20: The floor of a hall in Naledi was burned. Damage totalled about R500. 17h00: A bus was pelted with stones in Dhlamini. West Rand: Alexandra. 10h30 to 13h00: Buses and vehicles were pelted with stones in Selborne and London Streets. The police wounded one person and arrested two in the latter incident. 20h00: An attempt was made to burn down the zenzeleni School in 19th Avenue.

Peninsula. Trains were pelted with stones in Lavistown, Fish Hoek and Kensington. Glass from a shuttered window injured a passenger. TUESDAY, 28 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 18b20: The windows of two Putco buses were smashed. East Rand: Katlehong and Tokoza, Germiston. 19h50: There was an explosion in the Calbas Beer Hall in one of the Black residential areas while patrons were still in the hall. The building was damaged, but no-one was injured. During the night, paraffin was poured on desks at the Nokulunga Higher Primary School and set alight. Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 15h45: Stones were thrown at buses. Lebowa. 05hOO to 08h00: Curtains in the cinema hall and tables in the pharmacy section of the University of the North were set on fire. WEDNESDAY, 29 SEPTEMBER 1976. Southern Transvaal: Kinross. 17h30: Five Black men travelling in a motor car with a TP registration number threw stones at a bus. Peninsula: Heathfield, Cape Town. 08h25: A passenger train was pelted with stones near the Heathfield Railway Station. South-Western Cape: Rusthof, Stellenbosch, Paarl and Worcester. 19h25: Coloured youths, 12 of whom were arrested, damaged a municipal bus with stones in a street near the Rusthof Railway Station.

20h35: In Cloetesville, Stellenbosch, riotous Coloureds threw stones at a Coloured man's motor car and damaged it. 21h15: Trouble-makers erected a stone barrier on the national road between Paarl and Worcester. Two private motor cars ran into this barrier and were damaged. THURSDAY, 30 SEPTEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 15h00: A police vehicle was stoned in Diepkloof. The police used a firearm. It is not known whether there were any casualties. West Rand: Alexandra. A limited number of pamphlets titled "The Voice of Black People in South Africa" were distributed in Alexandra. According to this document, 15 October would see the start of a period of violence if the authorities did not meet certain demands. West Rand: Johannesburg. 09h10: A 23-year-old person was detained in the O.K. Bazaars, Eloff Street, after he had handed over an inflammatory pamphlet to other Blacks in the shop for the third time with the instruction to study it. The pamphlet incited Blacks to kill Whites and was labelled a serious incitement by the presiding judge in the case S v Mohamme, WLD 60/77. The accused was convicted of taking part in terrorist activities and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Bophuthatswana: Makapanstad, Hammanskraal. 16h30: Students at the Moretele Training College put out a fire that broke out in a lecture hall. During the night, a second attempt was made to set the College on fire. FRIDAY, 1 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. A Black boy, 0. Ngcobo, was run over and killed by the driver of a bread van in Mofolo South after he had smashed the windscreen of the vehicle with a brick (see Annexure F, p. 77).

Peninsula: Pinelands, Cape Town. In the early hours of the morning, sleepers were placed across the railway line between Rapenburg and Pinelands Stations. A train was brought to a halt, but no serious damage was caused. Later, a train was pelted with stones between Pinelands and Stations. SATURDAY, 2 OCTOBER 1976. Peninsula: Mowbray, Cape Town. 13h05: A single incident of stone-throwing occurred in Settlers Road near the power- station. A private motor car was slightly damaged. South-Western Cape: Worcester. A class-room in a primary school for Coloureds on the farm Nonna was set on fire. A Coloured man was arrested. SUNDAY, 3 OCTOBER 1976. Cape Midlands: Gelvandale. Petrol bombs were thrown through the window of a house. A Coloured girl died from burns and carbon monoxide poisoning (see Annexure F, p. 31). Twelve persons were committed for trial on a charge of murder in connection with this incident (Gelvandale RCI 59/10/76). They were found not guilty. Peninsula. One person was injured when a South African Airways bus was pelted with stones in Settlers Road. MONDAY, 4 OCTOBER 1976. Port Natal: kwaMashu, Durban. Three days after the closing of the Mzuvele Secondary School in kwaMashu, it was found that 17 window-panes had been smashed and six doors damaged in stone-throwing.

TUESDAY, 5 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 08hOO A small group of Black men pelted three Putco buses with stones. Cape Midlands: Salt Lake, Port Elizabeth. 23h00: Petrol bombs were thrown through the window of a bedroom in a Coloured house in Abraham Street. Two Coloured men were arrested. Damage totalled R200: South-Western Cape: Somerset West. During the night, the windows of the Macassar Housing Offices were smashed. Papers were set on fire on a carpet in the pay office. WEDNESDAY, 6 OCTOBER 1976. Peninsula: Salt River, Cape Town. The pupils of the Salt River High School did not attend classes. The principal and the pupils' council held a meeting to discuss the approaching examinations, among other things. While the meeting was in progress, pupils began to damage the class-rooms. Damage totalled about R15 000. The police were not called in by the staff. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 12h20: The Mzomhle Secondary School was pelted with stones, damage estimated at R50 being caused. THURSDAY, 7 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 20h45: An unknown Black man threw a stone through the windscreen of a motor car travelling along Ninth Avenue. Peninsula: Bishop Lavis, Cape Town. 13h35: Twelve Coloured youths threw stones at passing vehicles in Skietbaan Road.

Peninsula: Guguletu and Langa, Cape Town. 15h30 to 21h30: Buses were stoned during the afternoon in these two residential areas. A bus was hijacked in Guguletu by rioters and overturned in a canal. Another bus was set on fire. 23h00: Change-rooms at the Langa swimming pool were burned down. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 11h15: The Commercial High School in Mdantsane was damaged in stone- throwing. Damage came to about R68. FRIDAY, 8 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 01h20: Buildings at the Community School in Jabavu down. Peninsula: Bonteheuwel and other areas, Cape Town. 01h20: Riotous elements built a ramp of stones and Road in Philippi. A private vehicle that went over 07h40: An unknown object was hurled at a passenger and Bellville. A window was smashed. East were partly burned wooden blocks in Herius it was damaged. train between Kuils River 18h00: Stone-throwers damaged a train between Bonteheuwel and Langa Stations. 19h20: A bottle was thrown at a train between the same two stations. 22h00: There was an unsuccessful attempt to burn down a municipal clinic in Langa. 23h00: Riotous Coloureds pelted an SAP patrol van in Matroosfontein with stones. One adult was arrested.

SATURDAY, 9 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 17h10: In Jabulani, some 50 Black men pelted two policemen with stones while they were trying to arrest a person for alleged drunken driving. 19h00: A Putoo bus was stoned in Dobsonville. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 15h30: A Black constable's car was stopped in Kagiso ty a group of youths and pelted with stones. The constable received fist blows. Two policemen in another vehicle rushed to his aid and fired five shots with revolvers at the attacking crowd. Three persons were wounded. Drakensberg: Plessislaer, Edenvale. 23h30: A window was forced at Beer Depot No. 2, and an attempt was made to burn down the building. Damage totalled R50. A 21-year-old Black man was arrested. At his trial (S v Bhengu, Pietermaritzburg MC 1576/76), he was acquitted because of a lack of evidence. Qwaqwa: Witsieshoek. A fire was started in the principal's office and in an adjoining store-room at the Phuthaditjhaba Combined Primary School. Damage totalled Ri 200. As there had not been any trouble at the school until then, it is presumed that the fire was started by outsiders. SUNDAY, 10 OCTOBER 1976. Peninsula. In the course of the morning, trains were stoned on two occasions near the Salt River and Kalk Bay Stations. A private motor car was burnt out in Langa, and fires were started at the municipal abattoir and at a school in Batts Road, Wynberg. MONDAY, 11 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 12h30: A store-room was set on fire at the Tlotege High School in Diepkloof. Peninsula: Cape Town. A passenger train was pelted with stones in Kalk Bay. In Nyanga and Guguletu, Black youths started their campaign against shebeens. Groups of them wrecked shebeens and tipped liquor containers. They met with opposition at the single quarters and from migrant labourers. This led to more serious rioting. TUESDAY, 12 OCTOBER 1976. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. lOhOO: About 50 scholars smashed the windows of two Putoo buses with stones. An unsuccessful attempt was also made to set one of the buses on fire. The youths later smashed 32 windows at the BAAB offices. Peninsula: Athlone and other residential areas, Cape Town. The members of the pupils' council whom the principal of the Salt River High School found responsible for the damage caused at the school were expelled. When the expulsion became known, prescribed text-books were burnt in the school grounds. Three class-rooms were also damaged. Fires were started at the Philippi Filling Station and at the Coloured High School in Woodstock. Public violence was reported in Athlone, Bonteheuwel, Philippi and Surrey Estate. A Black youth was fatally wounded in Philippi by a traffic officer (see Annexure F, p. 108). Peninsula: Guguletu, Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. In the Black residential areas of Cape Town, renewed violence broke out at about 12h30. Youths looted three shebeens in Nyanga and Langa. At least 16 other incidents of public violence occurred in these areas. A number of vehicles were set on fire. BAAB officials used firearms on two occasions in the afternoon when stones were thrown at their motor cars. The police used tear-gas and firearms to deal with crowds and other incidents of rioting.

Port Natal: Durban. The Silimela High School in the local Black residential area was damaged. WEDNESDAY, 13 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Olhl5: A lorry was set on fire at the Zondi Railway Station. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. 20h00: A number of black youths threw stones at five municipal buses. Only windows were damaged. Peninsula: Guguletu, Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. Public violence in the form of stone-throwing occurred, especially in Guguletu and Nyanga. A bread delivery van of the Good Hope Bakery was robbed of its bread in Guguletu and then set on fire. In Nyanga, an unruly crowd tried to burn down flats in Rhoge Street. THURSDAY, 14 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 06h50: Four Putco buses were pelted with stones in Selborne Street. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. A notice was found at the Tlakula High School asking the scholars to meet at the school the next day in order to take part in a march. The purpose of the meeting was set out as follows: "Aims: 1) We march peacefully 2) We are not violent 3) We reject any offer which runs along 'Aparteit' lines 4) We go - we see - we conclude.". Three incidents of stone-throwing at Putco buses were reported during the afternoon.

Highveld: Driefontein, Evander. 06h00 to 10h45: In notices found at the local beer hall, Black residents were asked not to use the buses the next day and also not to go to work. Scholars were asked to boycott the schools. One of the documents was signed: "Freedom Johannesburg". Eighveld: Middelburg. 10h45: A bus was damaged by stones in the Black residential area. In the case S v Mokwena and three others, Middelburg MC 76.11.12, four scholars were convicted of malicious injury to property in connection with this incident and sentenced to six strokes each. Peninsula: Belgravia, Cape Town. 10h50: A book-case containing 281 books was destroyed by fire in the library of the . Peninsula: Guguletu, Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. Crowds were still congregating and stones were still being thrown in these areas, although on a smaller scale. Rioters in Guguletu tried to set fire to two vehicles. In suppressing the rioting, the police used tear-gas and firearms and arrested a number of persons. FRIDAY, 15 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 06h00: An attempt to set fire to the Bovet School in 16th Avenue with a petrol bomb failed, and no damage was caused. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. A bread delivery van was set on fire by two youths while the driver was in a shop. Later, buses were pelted with stones. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. 11h00: Two youths hijacked a bus and knocked down eight electricity poles with it. The window of a bus was smashed on the Vlakfontein Road near KwaThema.

Central Transvaal: Mamelodi, Pretoria. A group of scholars pelted vehicles in Mamelodi with stones. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng, Vereeniging. l0h30: Ten youths pelted the Atlehong Lower Primary School with stones. A seven-year-old pupil was injured by the stone-throwers. A BAAB official drove the rioters off. Three youths were later arrested in connection with this incident. Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. 12h15: The pupils of the Lawson School prevented staff members from leaving the school grounds. Police who protected the staff were pelted with stones upon their departure. Five shots were fired with a shotgun. Seven pupils were slightly wounded and were later convicted in the Regional Court, Grahamstown, of attending an unlawful gathering. Three boys were sentenced to six strokes each, and the sentences of three girls were deferred for three years (see Fort Beaufort RCA 70/10/76). Cape Midlands: New Brighton, Port Elizabeth. 22h00: Rioters pelted buses in Mendi Road with stones. Karoo: Graaff-Reinet. 16h30: Following the arrest of a Coloured, a crowd consisting mainly of Black scholars rioted on Goedhals Square. The Black Power salute was given and the crowd milled around a police vehicle. Tear-gaS was used to disperse the rioters. Peninsula: Hanover Park, Cape Town. 10h40: The fire brigade put out a fire in a store-room at the Hanover Park High School. Damage totalled R300. Peninsula: Guguletu, Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. A clinic was set on fire in Langa at 05h00. Only the kitchen of the building was damaged.

Stone-throwing occurred in Guguletu and Nyanga. The police fired at some of the rioters. South-Western Cape: Paarl. A passenger train was pelted with stones between Paarl and Klapmuts. The conducter sustained slight injuries. Qw agwa. 04h45: The principal and teachers put out a fire in the general office of the Mampoi Secondary School. Damage totalled R400. SATURDAY, 16 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 21h00: A class-room window at the Pokonyo High School in Dobsonville was Smashed and the class-room set on fire. Damage was estimated at R3 000. West Rand: Krugersdorp. 21h00: An explosion occurred at Rend's Book Shop in the Trust Bank Building. Bystanders saw a White man run from the scene. The flames were put out by the fire brigade. Cape Midlands: Gelvandale. 03h18: A petrol bomb was thrown against the door of an outbuilding in the backyard of a Coloured dwelling. Peninsula: Athlone, Cape Town. 16h25: Stones were thrown at a train between Athlone and Crawford Stations. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 16h20: A bus was set on fire with a petrol bomb. Stones were thrown at a police and a BAAB vehicle on two occasions. In the latter incident, a Black was dragged away by his companions after the police had fired at the stonethrowers.

South-Western Cape: Bredasdorp. 22h00: On the farm Sanddrif near the Napier-Bredasdorp Road, bales of chaff valued at R800 were set on fire. SUNDAY, 17 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 15h30: After the funeral of a young boy in the Avalon Cemetery, a group of about 700 Black men walked to buildings of the Johannesburg Municipality. They wrecked the buildings and damaged or burnt some 20 vehicles. Damage came to about R80 000. 19h00: About 80 Black men approached the house of a Black policeman with the purpose of setting it on fire. However, the group dispersed when the policeman fired shots at them with his service revolver. West Rand: Alexandra. 19h30: Stones were thrown at vehicles travelling along the Ben Schoeman Highway. Peninsula: Elsie's River and Woodstock, Cape Town. 05h00: A number of Coloured men set fire to a caravan on the corner of 36th Avenue and Halt Road in Elsie's River. One person was arrested by the police. 17h30: A passenger train was pelted with stones between Salt River and Woodstock. Five Coloured boys were arrested and charged. Pour were acquitted and one was convicted. His sentence was deferred for three years. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 10h25: A police vehicle was pelted with stones in Zone 4, Langa. One person 'was arrested. South-Western Cape: Klapmuts. 16h45: Stones were thrown at a passenger train near Klapmuts.

MONDAY, 18 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 14h30: A group of about 20 youths set a Black policeman's house in Naledi on fire with petrol. The occupants put out the fire. West Rand: Alexandra. Unknown persons broke into a class-room at the Coloured school in Second Avenue, tore up books and wrote the words "Black Power" on the blackboard. Highveld: Driefontein, Evander. 23h00: A fire caused R5 000 damage at the Cebisanani Primary School. The police put out the fire. Eastern Transvaal: Silmile, Sabie. 12h20: The Roman Catholic Church at Silmile was broken into and paraffin was removed. The church was subsequently set on fire, about RI 000 damage being caused. Peninsula: Guguletu and Nyanga, Cape Town. In Guguletu, the telephone cables connecting Guguletu with the main post office were cut. A commercial vehicle was set on fire in Nyanga while the driver was delivering supplies to a store. Ciskei: Mdantsane. At 23h00, a petrol bomb was thrown through the window of a house in Mdantsane near East London. Only the curtains were damaged. Six persons were arrested. THURSDAY, 19 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 09h00: A group of pupils from the George Khoza School, Dobsonville, held a meeting at which it was decided to burn down policemen's houses. An hour later, the house of a policeman opposite the school was set on fire. Two rooms were damaged.

13h45: About 100 youths broke into the Ikwezi Beer Hall and discharged beer valued at R3 000 from a tank. 21h30: A petrol bomb was thrown at a policeman's house in Thladi. No damage was caused. West Rand: Kagiso and Munsiville, Krugersdorp. 18h45: Three buses belonging to the Greyhound Bus Service were damaged by stone-throwers. 22h30: A butchery and a shop in Munsiville were looted and set on fire. Damage totalled about RIO 000. Cape Midlands: Grahamstown. 12h10: Black pupils from the Nyaluza High School marched to the offices of the Security Police in Grahamstown to enquire about scholars who had been arrested. After they had been given an explanation, they marched back in an orderly fashion. Peninsula: Kensington, Manenberg and , Cape Town. 01h34: A shunting train was pelted with stones at Kensington. 21h30: Petrol bombs were thrown at a Coloured house at the Forestry Station, Oranjezicht. However, no fire damage was caused. 22h05: Five class-rooms and a store-room at the Alphendale Primary School in Manenberg were set on fire. WEDNESDAY, 20 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. During the night of 19 to 20 October, the house of Mrs W. Mandela was broken into. The consulting-rooms of Dr A.M. Mathlare were destroyed by fire. At about 02h20, a store-room at the Morris Isaacson High School was set on fire. 09h10:' A number of Black men burnt down three huts at the Oppenheimer Tower on a site known as "Dr Credo's Hut", where Credo Mutwa held exhibitions of

Black art and culture. These huts were destroyed about four weeks after his house was burnt down. 20h00: A petrol bomb was thrown onto the roof of a house in Chiawelo. No damage was caused. During the period 16 to 20 October, about 500 window-panes and a number of desks at the Naledi Secondary School were smashed and damaged. West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 01h30: The beer hall in Kagiso was set on fire and gutted. Diamond Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. A group of youths held a meeting at which they decided to stage violent demonstrations on 22 October during the Prime Minister's visit to Kimberley. Peninsula: Athlone, Hanover Park and Manenberg, Cape Town. Fires were started at the Springbok Store in Athlone and at two schools in Hanover Park and Manenberg. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. Youths continued their attacks on shebeens and shebeen owners and their searching of vehicles for liquor. Qwaqwa. 18h30: Boys at the Makabelane School stoned girls who refused to take part in a protest meeting. Their malcontent stemmed from the expulsion of eight pupils who had taken part in earlier public violence. 19h45: The boys set fire to one of the teachers' cars. When the police arrived, they were greeted with slogans such as "No study today", "Black Power" and "Black is beautiful - White is complementary". The police put a stop to the rioting. The next day, the school was closed by the Qwaqwa Minister of Education.

THURSDAY, 21 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 12h50: Fifty youths set fire to a Black SAP detective constable's house in the grounds of the Winnie Ngwegase Lower Primary School in Klipspruit. Before the house was set on fire, one of the arsonists threatened the woman principal and members of her staff and ordered them not to interfere and not to use the telephone. It was for this reason that the fire brigade and the police were not called. Two pupils appeared on a charge of sabotage in connection with this incident. One was found guilty and sentenced to five years' imprisonment, the other being acquitted (S v Butshingi and Nkosi, TPD Springs 117/77). Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. Pupils at the Dr W.F. Nkomo School boycotted classes. Masked and armed youths attacked the Hofmeyr High School while pupils were writing examinations. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng. 12h45 to 13h00: Two BAAB vehicles were pelted with stones by rioters. Peninsula: Hanover Park and Tiervlei, Cape Town. 04h41: The kitchen of the Wepener Primary School, Tiervlei, was set on fire and destroyed. The fire brigade put out the fire. 08h00: A book-case in a class-room and wood in a workshop at the Hanover Park High School were set on fire. The fire was put out by members of the staff. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 09h35: A lorry owned by the Excelsior Bakery was set on fire with a petrol bomb. The vehicle was gutted. South-Western Cape: Ceres. 08h00: A smouldering mat was found in the pantry of the Roman Catholic Convent.

FRIDAY, 22 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 05h30: Arsonists burned down a store, TJ Drapers, in Meadowlands, causing R5 000 damage. Two shebeens were damaged by fire after youths had demanded that all shebeens be closed as a mark of respect for the victims of the riots. West Rand: Alexandra. 18h30: A window of a Putco bus was smashed in Selborne Avenue. West Rand: Mothlakeng. 19h30: A Black woman sustained head injuries when stones were thrown at a Greyhound bus from long grass at the side of the road between Randfontein and Mothlakeng. Diamond Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. 20h30 to 20h40: A group of Black youths hurled five petrol bombs at the BAAB offices and two at Beer Hall No. 3. Slight damage was caused. Peninsula: Cape Town. 14h20: Warning lights near a level crossing at Ottery were smashed. 22h40: A petrol bomb was thrown against a wall of the Department of Water Affairs building in Sidmonth Avenue, Cape Town. No damage was caused. Peninsula: Guguletu, Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. 03h50: Two telephone poles were sawn off in NY 1, Guguletu. 16h00 to 18h00: Riotous youths searched passengers at the Nyanga Railway Station. Liquor found on passengers. was destroyed. 19h40: A group of about 50 youths stopped workers at the Langa Railway Station, confiscated their liquor and smashed the bottles.

SATURDAY, 23 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 12h00: About 1 000 persons assembled at the funeral of a schoolgirl, A. Mkwanazi, who had died from natural causes. The principal of the school attended by the deceased'asked scholars from the school to attend the funeral, to which they were transported in lorries. Inflammatory pamphlets were distributed during the proceedings. After a senior police officer had informed the crowd that the funeral could be attended by relatives only, a part of the crowd became unruly and pelted the police with stones. The police shot dead an unknown person (see Annexure F, p. 67), wounded another and arrested 115 persons for attending an unlawful gathering. In the case S v Meya and 28 others, Soweto MC 69/8239/76, which was a sequel to the above events, which had taken place in Mapetla, the charges against five of the accused were withdrawn; the remaining 24 were found guilty, two of them being'sentenced to R50 or 50 days and 22 youths being sentenced to strokes. 14h00 to 23h15: Three incidents of stone-throwing at private and police vehicles were reported in Moroka, Naledi and Zondi. West Rand: Alexandra. 07h45: Putco buses were pelted with stones in Selborne Avenue. Eastern Transvaal: White River. 18h00: After a football match between two Black teams on a field near the White River-Hazyview Road, stone-throwing broke out between supporters of the two teams. Some spectators ran to the main road, where six vehicles driven by Whites were damaged by stones. One passenger was slightly injured. Peninsula: Netreg, Cape Town. 08h15: A passenger train was pelted with stones at the Netreg Railway Station. The ticket examiner was injured. Peninsula: Guguletu and Nyanga, Cape Town. Stone-throwing occurred in Nyanga. 12h45 to l3h30: In four incidents, youths stopped cars and buses, confiscating and destroying liquor found on occupants and passengers. On three occasions, the police used firearms and tear-gas to put down the disturbances. SUNDAY, 24 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 15h25: About 1 000 persons gathered in advance of a funeral at the Doornkop Cemetery in Dobsonville. Inflammatory pamphlets were distributed, and some of the bystanders gave the Black Power salute. Before the police could warn the crowd to disperse, they were pelted with stones. Two persons were shot dead by the police, and 51 others later arrived at the Baragwanath Hospital with gunshot wounds. The family continued with the funeral after the crowd had dispersed. 15h40: Police vehicles were pelted with stones in Zondi in two separate incidents. At least four persons were shot by the police. 22h45: A violent explosion occurred on the first floor of the Jabulani Police Station. Two policemen were slightly injured. During the day, four persons were killed by the police (see Annexure F, pp. 37, 45 and 66); two were wounded and later died (see pp. 55 and 60 of the same Annexure). East Rand: Tsakane, Brakpan. 04h30: The beer hall in Tsakane was burnt down. The police found a number of cases of beer outside the building, which they removed before the fire was started. Damage was serious. Two Black men were convicted of sabotage and house- breaking in the case S v Mputi and another, Brakpan RCA 474/10/76. The one accused was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment for sabotage and a further two years for house-breaking; the other accused was sentenced to seven years' imprisonment for sabotage and one year for house-breaking. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. 19h00: Youths stoned a Putco bus, only slight damage being caused.

Central Transvaal: Atteridgeville, Pretoria. 23h00: Two clerks at the Kalafong Hospital were convicted of sabotage for making incendiary bombs that day. Both were sentenced to seven years' imprisonment (S v Mkhwanazi and Molala, WLD 626/76). The bombs were made with the object of burning down a particular school in the residential area. Diamond Fields: Galeshewe, Kimberley. 12hlS: About 15 youths pelted a bus in the vicinity of Beer Hall No. 2 with stones. After warning shots were fired by two policemen, the youths fled. Cape Midlands: Fort Beaufort. 21h15: A fire was discovered in the store-room at the Healdtown High School. The fire was put out by pupils from the school. Books valued at RI 000 were destroyed. Peninsula: Salt River, Cape Town. 16h57: A passenger train was pelted with stones between Observatory and Salt River. MONDAY, 25 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 00h30: A railway line between the Mzimhlope and New Canade Stations was blown up with explosives. Thirty-seven sleepers were damaged over a distance of 25 metres, one rail of the line was buckled, and the overhead power cable was wrenched off. The railway line was repaired by 05h18. 19h50: A report was received by the police that shebeens in Klipspruit were being attacked. A task force found about 70 Black men, armed with knobkerries and pangas, at the premises concerned in Area No. 3. The rioters attacked the force immediately upon its arrival. One person, W.P. Makhetla, was shot dead (see Annexure F, p. 42), and another was wounded and arrested. In Johannesburg Inquest No. 2936/76, the place where the deceased was fatally wounded was given as Prinsville. 23h00: A petrol bomb was thrown against a wall of a Black constable's house in Orlando. The rioters fled, and the constable put out the fire.

West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 10h45: A Greyhound bus was pelted with stones in Temba Street. East Rand: Kwa-Thema, Springs. 04h00: The library and four class-rooms at the Tlakula Secondary School were partly burnt down. 04h15: Six youths with house-breaking equipment were found and detained by the police in a class-room at the Phulong Secondary School. Peninsula: Lavistown, Philippi and Salt River, Cape Town. A meeting called by a pupil expelled from the Salt River High School was held in the school grounds. At this meeting, reference was made to a proposed protest march on Cape Town by Black scholars on 1 November. The Coloured pupils were called upon to join this protest march. The houses of pupils who failed to join in were to be burnt down. The cars of teachers who had allegedly supplied information to the police were set on fire. White teachers were given a few minutes by the pupils to quit the school grounds. The teachers refused to obey these instructions. The pupils decided not to write examinations. 13h45: A passenger train was stoned near Lavistown. 16hOO: An attempt was made to set fire to a vehicle in Philippi. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 10h20: Police vehicles were pelted with stones in NY 1. llh20 to 12h40: A meeting was held in the Methodist Church, Guguletu, from where a procession of Black adults and youths proceeded to the Guguletu Police Station. The procession disbanded when the police put in an appearance. There were incidents of stone-throwing afterwards. On one occasion, a policeman used a shotgun to kill a rioter who was attacking another member of the force. The deceased was a young boy dressed like a woman (see Annexure F, p. 99).

19h45: A second meeting was held in the same church. The large crowd split into two groups, who marhced behind each other to the police station. 20h56: The crowd gathered in front of the police station. Members of the crowd demanded the release of youths who had been detained earlier on. After the bystanders had been warned three times to disperse, the police opened fire on them with shotguns. No fatalities were reported at this stage, but several persons arrived at hospitals for treatment for gunshot wounds. 21h00: The crowd reassembled on a vacant piece of land and hurled stones at the police, who opened up with their firearms. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. 11h20: There were incidents of unruliness in Washington Street, Langa. The police arrested two persons. 13h50: The following slogans were found at the main entrance to the Langa Sports Stadium: "Sport must stop until free-free"; "If you are a law breaker you will die - watch out"; "Think about a struggle of a Black people - Azania"; "Black Power movement is still operating - beware". 20h00: A large crowd gathered at the Methodist Church in Langa. 21h00 to 22h00: A large crowd gathered near the intersection of NY 7 and NY 1. The police fired at the crowd. Persons with gunshot wounds went for treatment to the , Woodstock and Conradie Hospitals. South-Western Cape: Paarl. Q1hOC: Three class-rooms were damaged by fire at the Paarl Zicht School. Damage totalled R8 000.

17h45: Sleepers were placed on the railway line between Paarl and Franschhoek. The two accused in the case S v Opperman and another, CPD 104/77, were found not guilty of sabotage. The Court was not convinced by the evidence of complicity. Port Natal: Durban. Pamphlets were distributed in kwaMashu and Umlazi. TUESDAY, 26 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Rumours were spread in Sowetoc that the police were "picking up" children off the streets. Residents were panicky, and some schools were closed. 22h55: A petrol bomb was thrown through the window of a house in Zola North. Furniture and bedding were damaged. A resident was injured and treated in hospital. A Black man, J. Mbembe, was injured in a fire that was started at his house in Zola. He died afterwards (see Annexure F, p. 75). West Rand: Mothlakeng, Randfontein. 21h00: A fire broke out in one of the class-rooms at the Mothlakeng Higher Primary School. The fire brigade removed a gas bottle from the burning room. On the blackboard was written: "The word impossible is found in the dictionary of fools. By order of Tsitsi Mashinini - Soweto". Peninsula: Hanover Park, Cape Town. During the course of the morning, a fire was started in a store-room at the Hanover Park High School. The fire was put out by the staff. Port Natal: kwaMashu, Durban. Protesters planned a march for this day. They distributed pamphlets announcing the march and pleading for solidarity with "our brothers". The march did not come off. Meanwhile, three Black students visited schools to instruct pupils in the making and use of petrol bombs. Petrol was also given to the pupils.

Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. 08h30: About 150 demonstrating pupils marched in a protest march. Some of their placards read as follows: "No school until 1979"; "Peaceful Demonstration"; "We are sorry Mangope"; "All we need is liberty, united we stand"; "Stop exams, stop exams". Lebowa: Solomondale and Dikgale. Naledi Tsiki, a scholar who completed his studies at the Morris Isaacson High School in 1975, was trained in Russia as a terrorist under the aegis of the ANC. He returned to Swaziland early in October, where he was instructed to blow up the railway line between Solomondale and Dikgale. Arrangements were made for him and an accomplice to leave Swaziland in secret, to reconnoitre the railway line and then to return. A few days later, they were taken to Alexandra with the necessary explosives and apparatus packed in food tins, to wait until the time was right. On the 25th, Tsiki stole a Volkswagen in which they travelled to Dikgale near Pietersburg. They placed three bombs under the railway line and returned to Johannesburg, where they abandoned the car in a street in Alexandra. Two of the bombs exploded but caused only slight damage. In the case S v Sexwale and 11 others, TPD 431/77, Tsiki was found guilty of acts of terrorism arising from this sabotage and from other acts and sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment. WEDNESDAY, 27 OCTOBER 1976. Peninsula. Fires were started at the Alexandra Sinton High School and the Trafalgar School, Cape Town. Port Natal: Durban. 07h45: Windows were smashed by rioters at the Vuyishiwa Higher Primary School in Durban North.

During the course of the night, attempts were made to set fire to the Mvuvele Secondary School, the Zakhe Lower Primary School and the Isibonelo High School. In the case S v Sithole and another, DCLD 31/77, the accused pleaded guilty to arson and were sentenced to four and two years' imprisonment, respectively. They were also found guilty of contravening the provisions of the Terrorism Act relating to overseas military training. The sentences for these offences were made concurrent with the other sentences. Qwagwa. Boys at the Manthathisi Secondary School threw stones at girls, but they calmed down when the police arrived. The school's generator had been tampered with. Ciskei: Mdantsane. Pamphlets were found at the scene of a fire at the Nkwenkwezi School the previous day. In these pamphlets, the Black people were urged to fight against oppression. The so-called "boer puppets" were also condemned. THURSDAY, 28 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 18h45: There was an isolated incident of stone-throwing at a Putco bus in Meadowlands, Area No. 7. The driver was stabbed with a knife. West Rand: Alexandra. OlhOO: A fire was put out before it could do much damage at the Dr Knak School in Third Avenue. Highveld: Leslie. 04h45: A fire in the principal's office and the store-room at a Black school in Leslie was put out by a military fire-fighting unit from Devon. Damage totalled about R3 000. Two Black adults and a youth were later charged with arson but acquitted. Cape Midlands: Aluinkrantz, Alexandria. 20h00: A farm school consisting of one room and a dormitory for women teachers was destroyed by a fire. Damage totalled about R2 000.

Peninsula: Bishop Lavis, Cape Town. 10h15: The police investigated a disturbance at 33 Kleinberg Street. Two petrol bombs were thrown at the police from the house. A Coloured man was arrested, and seven petrol bombs were found in the house. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. A large crowd that had gathered in the Methodist Church left the building at about 14h30. Subsequently, a pamphlet was found which read: "The power is in the hand of the people. The trumpet has sounded. Stay away from work on 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 November. Monday to Friday. We shall overcome - strike strike". Northern Natal: Sibongile, Dundee. 20h00: Single Black men from the local hostel were dissatisfied because there had been a power cut at the hostel for the past 30 hours. A BAAB official who went into the residential area was stormed by about 200 Black men and had to flee. The BAAB administrative offices and beer hall were looted immediately afterwards. The police, who had meanwhile arrived on the scene, fired at a looter who had stolen and was making off with a cash register. He was fatally wounded (see Annexure F, p. 6). A Black youth who fell onto an anchor during the rioting also died (see Annexure F, p. 7). Thirty persons were charged with public violence. Two were sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, seven were acquitted, and the charges against 17 others were withdrawn. Six of the accused were injured during the rioting. Qwaqwa. The girls at the Manthathisi Secondary School refused to support the boys in their boycott of examinations. The boys pelted their residence with stones, assaulted the girls and even raped one. The tumult subsided upon the arrival of the police. FRIDAY, 29 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. School examinations started, but most examination rooms were deserted.

A Black man, M. Fetsha, was injured in faction fighting in Orlando West. He later died (see Annexure F, p. 71). 21h25: A passenger on a Putco bus started a fire in the vehicle. West Rand: Alexandra. A pamphlet "Azikwela", was issued by the SSRC and In the pamphlet, a five-day strike was announced. The police received information that rioters were policemen's houses and to harm their families. distributed in Alexandra. planning to burn down West Rand: Mothlakeng, Randfontein. 09h15 to 09h30: Pupils at the Bohama and Mothlakeng High Schools were intimidated into not writing examinations by a group of youths who claimed that they were from Soweto. Examination papers were torn up, and windows were smashed at the latter school, damage totalling R70. 10h20: Afterwards, about 300 youths smashed window-panes in the cinema hall and carried out chairs and broke them. Black men tried to set fire to the local beer depot. llh00: A police vehicle was attacked with stones in Kapatona Street. The policemen in the vehicle fired two shots. East Rand: Daveyton. 21h30: A fire at the Bathu High School was put out by the police. During the night, a BAAB road-building machine was set on fire. Highveld: Dennilton. Groblersdal. OlhO: A fire caused R3 000 damage to class- rooms at the Lereme Primary School for Blacks. Peninsula: Woodstock, Cape Town. 19h42: A passenger train was pelted with stones at Woodstock Station.

Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. O8h25: A meeting was held in the Methodist Church, NY 1. At that stage, everything was calm. 14h15: Public violence broke out at the Methodist Church. Stones were thrown at the police, who fired nine shots. 16h25: A lorry belonging to Roms Furnishers was forced to stop. A petrol bomb was placed in the cab but failed to explode. 21h35: A White BAAB official was attacked at the Mkulu Brothers Caf6. He fired three shots with his revolver at his assailants. However, they overpowered him, stabbed him twice under the heart and shot him in the left shoulder with his own revolver. Peninsula: Langa and Nyanga, Cape Town. In Langa, the Langa High School was the only school at which pupils wrote examinations that day. The school caretaker was threatened that, if the examinations were not stopped, the school would be blown up. There was also a general boycott of examinations in Nyanga. Bophuthatswana: Montshiwa. 04h15: The office of the principal of the Batswana Training School was damaged by a petrol bomb. Bombs thrown into other rooms did not cause any damage. SATURDAY, 30 OCTOBER 1976. West Rand: Alexandra. 02h00: Two class-rooms at the Bovet School in 16th Avenue were gutted. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. 21h30: A notice-board in a class-room at the Bathu High School was destroyed by fire. Petrol was thrown into the room through a broken window and then set alight.

Peninsula and South-Western Cape. During the day, trains travelling between Faure and the Strand were pelted with stones at the Scottsdene and Sarepta Railway Stations. No-one was injured. Port Natal: kwaMashu, Durban. 09h00: Four windows were smashed by stone-throwers at the Vuyiswa Mtolo Higher Primary School. SUNDAY, 31 OCTOBER 1976. East Rand. 22h50: A passenger train travelling from Leralla to Germiston was set on fire. The fire was noticed and put out at Elandsfontein. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng, Vereeniging. 19h30: Two unknown youths obtained the keys of the Jabulani Primary School from the superintendent under false pretences and made off with them. The next day, the doors had to be forced. It was later found that book-cases containing books had been burnt in two class-rooms on Sunday night. A motor car tyre was used to set fire to three desks in a class-room at the Motlala Primary School. Cape Midlands: Korsten. About 100 Coloureds tried to gain admission to the Reno Cinema, which was already full. When the police arrived, they were pelted with stones. The windscreen of a police vehicle was smashed. No arrests were made. Raroo: Beaufort West. 23h15: Classes for the Community School for Blacks were held in the AME Church Building. Church-goers who had attended the evening service had already left when a fire broke out in the building. Two class-rooms were totally destroyed; another class-room and the school hall were badly damaged. Damage was estimated at R6 000. Bystanders helped the police to carry out some of the school property and to control the fire until the fire brigade arrived. Evidence given before the Commission indicated that an ex-teacher, dissatisfied about his dismissal, had incited pupils and ex-pupils to start the fire. He was detained, along with two Black adults and two Black youths (Beaufort West RCI 1/11/76). Apparently, he could not be traced afterwards, and the case was closed by withdrawing the charges against the other four. MONDAY, 1 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 07h10: A Putco bus was attacked by a number of Black men. The bus was damaged, and the driver was seriously wounded with a knife. 10hOO: A report was received by the police that a number of Black youths were pelting the railway station building at Limendlela with stones. When the police arrived, the youths had already left. Sixty-four window-panes had been smashed. The youths had gained entrance to the building and stolen R118 in cash. 13h00: A passenger train was derailed between Dube and Ikwezi Stations when a group of 12 or more persons placed rails on the railway line. The obstacle was noticed in time, and a serious accident was avoided. The accused in the case S v Khumbala, WLD 267/76, was charged in connection with this incident, convicted of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. 18h00: A group of Black men stoned homeward-bound workers at the Merafe Railway Station. The police used shotguns to put an end to the disturbance. 18h05: Fires were started in coaches at the Phomelong and Mzimhlope Railway Stations. 19h00: Youths in Naledi tried to set fire to a Putco bus. The bus driver was robbed of tickets valued at R30. 19h30: Workers were stopped and assaulted by about 60 youths at Zola. Shotgun rounds were fired by the police.

West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 09h10: Youths pelted the beer depot in Temba Street with stones. In the same street, two Greyhound buses and the vehicle of a policeman, who noticed the misconduct, were pelted with stones. Posters, on which the words "No School" had been painted, were put up at several schools. East Rand: Tembisa, Boksburg. 08h00: Rioting broke out after pupils at the Tembisa High School protested at a meeting against the writing of school examinations. Pupils who wanted to write the examinations were jeered and intimidated. The examinations were called off, and scholars as well as outsiders staged a march in the Tembisa residential area. There were incidents of arson, stone-throwing and looting at the offices of the Transkei guest-house, the Lemindlela Railway Station, the Leralla Supermarket and the BAAB buildings. Delivery vehicles were stopped and plundered. The Leralla Bottle Store was set on fire. Eight persons appeared in the Supreme Court in connection with these incidents on charges of sabotage (S v Mabiwa and others, WLD 32/77). Three of the accused were acquitted; two were found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment each; one was convicted of theft; the charge against another was withdrawn; and the eighth was sent to a mental institution for observation. In another case arising from the same incidents, seven youths were convicted in the Regional Court, Tembisa, of public violence. Four were sentenced to strokes and three to imprisonment. In criminal proceedings that arose from the burning down of the Leralla Bottle Store, S v Dladla, WLD 31/77, the accused was acquitted for want of satisfactory evidence. Peninsula: Bonteheuwel, Cape Town. 09hO: About 100 scholars began a protest march at the Modderdam High School. ,However, the youths took to their heels when the police arrived. Two youths were arrested. TUESDAY, 2 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 15h30 to 23h15: Three offences were committed during the afternoon: Four school desks were burnt in a class-room at the Emkwezi School; a petrol bomb was hurled at a policeman's house in Meadowlands; and a detonator was placed under the back door of another policeman's house - also in Meadowlands - and detonated. Only slight damage was caused. West Rand: Alexandra. 07h45: A police vehicle travelling along 13th Avenue was attacked by a group of Black men. 09h30: A group of about 20 Black youths began an intimidation campaign. Scholars writing examinations at the Ithute School were chased from their class- rooms by the group, who also smashed window-panes. The same pattern of intimidation was repeated at the Bovet School in 16th Avenue. However, two persons were arrested there. Proceedings at the Pholo, the Gordon Combrinck, the Zenzeleni and the Carter Schools were disrupted by the intimidators. The accused in S v Silanga, TPD Springs 207/77, was found guilty of public violence at schools in Alexandra that day. He was sentenced to five years' imprisonment, three years of which were suspended for three years. 19h15: The police arrested 26 persons holding an unlawful gathering at the Alexandra Football Stadium. A seventeen-year-old scholar was found not guilty of starting a fire that broke out that night at the Dr Knak High School (S v Ben Kubeka, TPD (Springs) 211/77).

West Rand: Kagiso, Krugersdorp. 05hOO to 06h45: During the early hours of the morning, buses were pelted with stones. A crowd that had gathered in Themba Street was dispersed by the police. Some of them told the police that they were being prevented from going to work by youths. No cases of intimidation were seen by the police during the day, although a number of adults did not go to work. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. 08hOO and 19h33: Fires broke.out at the Mboya High School and the Sithumelelo Primary School. East Rand: Katlehong and Thokoza, Germiston. Attempts were made at the Thokoza Higher Primary School, the Isibuka Higher Primary School and the Tshabalala High School to disrupt examinations being written by pupils. At about 10h45, pupils from the first-named school drove off vagrants who were throwing stones on the school roof. Southern Transvaal: Balfour. OlhOO: Documents were burnt in the office of the principal at the Zulu School in the Black residential area of Balfour. The motive was to destroy examination papers in the principal's office. Four youths were arrested in connection with this incident (Balfour RCA 11/11/76) and charged with arson. The first accused was found not guilty; the others were convicted of arson and sentenced to six months' imprisonment each. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng, Vereeniging. At 08h00, signs were discovered of a fire that had broken out the previous night in a class-room at the Thusanang Primary School. Anti-examination slogans had been painted on an electrical transformer outside the school. Ciskei: Mdantsane. A letter addressed to the principal of the Nyameko Junior Secondary School contained a threat that the homes of teachers attending the school would be burnt down.

Petrol bombs were thrown through the window of the school principal's office at the Mzomhle Secondary School. The resultant fire caused R470 damage. WEDNESDAY, 3 NOVEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Hanover Park, Cape Town. 15h30: Two Coloured boys who were setting fire to the veld around the Hanover Park School were arrested. A pamphlet explaining how to make a petrol bomb was found in their possession. Ciskei: Mdantsane. O9hCO: Eight Black youths were arrested at the Mzomhle Secondary School for throwing stones at the building. The charges against them were later withdrawn. THURSDAY, 4 NOVEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Bonteheuwei, Cape Town. 07h00: A fire in a science class-room at the Modderdam High School caused R200 damage. The fire was put out by the superintendent and members of the staff. FRIDAY, 5 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. During the night, the consulting-rooms of Dr J. Goldberg in Xlipspruit were seriously damaged by an explosion. The accused in the case S v Seko, WLD 263/77, and two other persons had been instructed by someone in explosives and their use. Their first attempt to explode dynamite in the consulting-rooms failed; however, the second attempt which they made shortly afterwards was successful. The accused was found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. Before his apprehension, he caused another explosion in Johannesburg. East Rand: Katlehong, Germiston. 09h25: About 20 layabouts, one of whom was armed with a panga, tried to disrupt examinations at the Setsing Secondary School but were driven off by the teachers and pupils. A scholar stabbed one of them in the left shoulderblade with a knife. 10h45: The driver of a delivery vehicle delivering cigarettes was robbed by four youths, their haul including R226 in cash. Peninsula: Heideveld, Cape Town. 20h30: A fire in a class-room at the Cathkin High School caused R1 000 damage. SATURDAY, 6 NOVEMBER 1976. Northern Orange Free State: Vredefort. The previous day, a Black man had incited the population to public violence. The local Black school was set on fire. Two Black men were subsequently convicted of sabotage in the Supreme Court in Parys and sentenced to five years' imprisonment (S v Motsoane and Mogorosi, OPD (Parys) 33/77). Peninsula: Bonteheuwel and Woodstock, Cape Town. 0Ih00: A Coloured man was arrested by the Railway Police for throwing stones at vehicles travelling along the Eastern Boulevard. He smashed the windscreen of one car, causing R120 damage. 17h27: A class-room at the Rosewood School, Bonteheuwel, was set on fire. Damage was estimated at R500. Ciskei: Mdantsane. An attempt was made during the night to set fire to the Dalukukhanya Higher Primary School in the Mdantsane residential area. SUNDAY, 7 NOVEMBER 1976. East Rand: Daveyton. 17h25: A built-in cupboard in a class-room at the Kuzimesele Primary School was destroyed by fire. Vaal Triangle: Sharpeville. The Orlando Pirates football team was to play the Leeds United team at 15h15. As the latter team did not show up, the disgruntled spectators demanded their admission fees back from the organisers, who refused to meet this demand. Several thousand spectators thereupon hurled stones at three Vaal Transport

Bus Services buses and a private vehicle. A six-year-old child in one of the buses was injured. The police dispersed the rioting crowd with six tear-gas canisters. South-Western Cape: Worcester. Stones were piled on the railway line near Worcester; they nearly caused a derailment. In the case S v Moos, CPD (Worcester) 77.02.03, the accused stood trial in connection with this incident. He was found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to five years' imprisonment. MONDAY, 8 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. Two houses, one in Mapetla Extension and the other in Orlando East, were damaged by explosives during the night. A fuse and a dynamite cap were found at the scene in Mapetla Extension. A house in Zola was set on fire by an unknown person. Two Black children, S. and T. Sibanyoni, were injured in the blaze and later died (see Annexure F, p. 78). East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. 06h30: School books were burnt in a class-room at the Gugulesizwe Primary School. Ciskei: Mdantsane. The Nkwenkwezi High School was broken into and set on fire during the night. TUESDAY, 9 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 21h50: A policeman was stopped at his home in Zondi by youths and warned that his house would be burnt down if he slept there. Six youths were later arrested for questioning in connection with this incident. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 09h00: A number of scholars tore up some examination papers at the Mzonhle Secondary School in an attempt to disrupt the examinations. The pupils, who congregated in the grounds, threw some stones. They were dispersed by the police. WEDNESDAY, 10 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. During the night, a fire was started in the office of the principal of the Kelokitso Secondary School, Meadowlands. A fuse connected to a stick of dynamite was found at the scene. East Rand: Daveyton, Benoni. 19h40: The contents of a class-room at the Zumesele Primary School in Langenis Street, Daveyton, were damaged by fire. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 08h55: Scholars again tried to disrupt examinations at the Mzomhle Secondary School. The police dispersed a crowd and arrested three youths. THURSDAY, 11 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 00h30: An attempt to set fire to a house in Zola failed. FRIDAY, 12 NOVEMBER, TO SUNDAY, 14 NOVEMBER 1976. No incidents were reported. MONDAY, 15 NOVEMBER 1976. Ciskei: Mdantsane. 02h00 to 03h40: Petrol bombs were hurled at three houses in the Mdantsane residential area. One of the houses was occupied by a school inspector. TUESDAY, 16 NOVEMBER 1976. Lebowa: Magalies. During the night of 16 to 17 November, a store-room at the Masemola Secondary School in Magalies, near Nebo, was set on fire.

WEDNESDAY, 17 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 2]h30: An attempt was made to burn down a house in Rockville. Slight damage was caused. West Rand: Kagiso. 08h00: A fire caused R600 damage to a class-room at the Mtutukweni Primary and High School. THURSDAY, 18 NOVEMBER 1976. No rioting was reported. FRIDAY, 19 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. An unknown person set a house in Mapetla on fire with petrol. A two-year-old Black boy, J. Marule, died from burns sustained during the incident (see Annexure F, p. 74). SATURDAY, 20 NOVEMBER AND SUNDAY, 21 NOVEMBER 1976. No rioting was reported. MONDAY, 22 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. The police fired at a group of rioters in Meadowlands. A Black girl, A. Moatlhudi, who was watching the incident, was accidentally killed by a bullet (see Annexure F, p. 47). TUESDAY, 23 NOVEMBER 1976. Highveld: Middelburg. At 07h30, it was ascertained that an office at the Reatlegile School in the Black residential area of Middelburg had been burnt down. Damage totalled R600. Peninsula: Nyanga. At 18h30, about 200 Black youths stoned two City Tramways buses at the Nyanga bus terminus. R500 was stolen from one of the buses. A police vehicle at the scene was also attacked with stones, and a Black constable was slightly injured. WEDNESDAY, 24 NOVEMBER 1976. No incidents were reported. THURSDAY, 25 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. The beer hall at Lamlamkunze, Orlando, was set on fire at 22h00. During the same night, the Tumang School in Meadowlands was broken into and a fire was started in a store-room. FRIDAY, 26 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 23h30: A number of Black men pelted a house in Klipspruit with stones. The police fired revolver shots. One policeman was slightly injured. A case of books was set on fire during the night in a class-room at the Lembaleto Lower Primary School in Meadowlands. Vaal Triangle: Vereeniging. 16h00: Two policemen investigating a case of serious assault on a Black woman were attacked in a Black residential area by about 75 rioters with stones, knob-kerries and iron bars. SATURDAY, 27 NOVEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Cape Town. 10h30: About 70 Black youths congregated on the Parade, from where they marched through the city with placards. The police dispersed them with batons and arrested a Black youth.

SUNDAY, 28 NOVEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Guguletu. 17h15: After about 60 Black youths had attended a gathering in the Apostolic Church in NY 74, they marched to a shebeen two kilometres from there in NY 21. The furniture was carried out of the house and set on fire by the youths. A police vehicle that arrived on the scene was pelted with stones. A seventeenyear-old youth was arrested. Port Natal: kwaMashu, Durban North. A number of windows at the Lake Primary School were smashed. MONDAY, 29 NOVEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 13h50: Slight damage was done at the Pelican Club in Orlando West by explosives that were set off. Northern Orange Free State: Bethlehem. 20h30: A fire in a store-room at the Tiisetsang Secondary School caused R200 damage. Peninsula: Guguletu. Besides other acts of violence which they committed during the afternoon and evening of this day, groups of Black youths dragged furniture out of six houses and set it on fire in the street. 13h30: The furniture of a Black woman, D. Matshikeze, of NY 111, was set on fire. 14h00: Rioters burnt the furniture and private motor car of a Black shopkeeper, S. Sokovi, of NY 132, causing RI 600 damage. 15h20: The furniture of a person attached to the Bureau for State Security Was burnt at his house in NY 100. 15h55: Black youths pelted four police vehicles with stones, whereupon the police fired a number of rounds.

17h10: Youthful rioters carried the furniture of a Black woman, F. Kente, out of her house and set it on fire. 17h20: The furniture of a Black woman, S. Kubaso, of NY 13, was also destroyed by fire. 17h35: A Railway Police sergeant's house in NY 3A was attacked and furniture burnt. Peninsula: Nyanga. 22h30: While the police were investigating arson at the house of a Black man, M. Matina, a policeman was injured by a stone-thrower. 22h55: Black youths removed the furniture from the house of a Black man, M. Mokwena, and set it on fire. TUESDAY, 30 NOVEMBER 1976. Eastern Transvaal: Bordergate. During the morning, a police sergeant noticed four men carrying cases along the road about 7 kilometres north of Bordergate. They looked suspicious to him, and he reported the incident at the border post. A police sergeant and a .onstable went by open Landrover to the spot, where they found the four men. Under the impression that they were ordinary visitors who had entered the RSA illegally, the sergeant ordered them to climb into the back with their luggage, which they did. As they neared the border post on the way back, one of the men, Mosima Sexwale, threw a handgrenade between the two policemen sitting in front. The grenade exploded, injuring both policemen seriously. The four men fled, leaving an array of weapons and ammunition. Sexwale was convicted of acts of terrorism arising from this and other incidents and sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment (S v Sexwale and eleven others, TPD 431/77). Peninsula: Guguletu. 13h30: The storekeeper, S. Sokovi, whose furniture and motor car had been burnt the previous day, was assaulted by Black rioters in his store and seriously wounded. His store was looted and his delivery vehicle was set on fire. The police fired one pistol shot. At about 14h00, Black youths were damaging vehicles and houses. They carried the furniture of two Black men, H. Mdlikidla and H. Pama, and of a Black woman, J. Tyulu, out of their houses and set it on fire in the street. Damage totalled RI 800. WEDNESDAY, 1 DECEMBER 1976. East Rand: Brakpan. A twelve-year-old Black boy started a fire in the church building of the Church of England during the afternoon. Peninsula: Guguletu. 10h30 to lh20: Two BAAB lorries were stopped by youthful rioters, the drivers were chased away, and the vehicles were set on fire. The damage came to R16 000. l1h20: A vehicle driven by a White BAAB official was attacked with stones. Damage totalled R400. 11h25: A City Tramways bus was pelted with stones by 300 youths at a busstop. Damage to the vehicle totalled R200. The driver was robbed of R40. 13h55 to 21h00: There were six incidents in which groups of youths threw stones at patrolling police vehicles and shots were fired by the police. Two persons, A.G. Dunga and J.M. Mbali, were fatally wounded at about 16h30 (see Annexure F, pp. 88 and 95). 14h25: The furniture of a Black woman, M. Duveza, was carried out of her house by about 150 Black youths and set on fire. Damage totalled R600. 23h10: About 20 Black youths threw petrol bombs at the Nobantu Primary School. The police put out the fire. Part of the school's floor and two desks were damaged.

Peninsula: Nyanga. 14h30: Two class-rooms at the Walter Teka Primary School in Nyanga East werei destroyed by fire and two adjoining class-rooms were partly damaged. The fire brigade put out the fire after being called by an unknown person. THURSDAY, 2 DECEMBER 1976. Vaal Triangle: Residensia. During the night of 1 to 2 December, an attempt was made to set fire to the post office and the magistrate's court. FRIDAY, 3 DESEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Elsie's River. 17h30: An attempt of arson was made at the Tygersig Primary School for Coloureds. SATURDAY, 4 DECEMBER 1976. Vaal Triangle: Residensia. 22h30% Documents and drugs were set on fire in the consulting-rooms of Dr Kleyn. The building was not damaged. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. While policemen were carrying out an investigation, their vehicle was pelted with stones. The police opened fire, wounding two Black men, one of whom, N. Ndzube, died in hospital the next day (see Annexure F, p. 98). Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. 21h00: Arson, public violence, assaults and homicide occurred throughout the area. People and buildings were pelted with stones, and groups fought one another. SUNDAY, 5 DECEMBER 1976. Vaal Triangle: Sebokeng, Vereeniging. 21h00: Two incendiary bombs were thrown into the house of Mr B. Sikopo, R30 damage being caused. The State did not bring any charge against the suspected arsonist (Sebokeng RCI 50/12/76).

Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. 02h00: A house was set on fire, and fighting broke out between Migrants and Residents. When they arrived, the police found the bodies of two Black men who had apparently been killed earlier in the night (see Annexure F, pp. 105 and 107). Their injuries suggested that they had been attacked with blunt instruments. Two seriously injured Black women were also found and taken to hospital. 13h00: During the day, a large number of youths searched the homes of Migrants for liquor. They set fire to buildings in which Migrants lived. Fires were put out by the fire brigade, about R3 000 damage being caused. 14h00: About 30 youths burnt down five houses in Swelitzia Drive, causing some R3 200 damage. A Black man, C. Manene, was assaulted by Black youths. He died of his injuries on 13 December (see Annexure F, p. 106). 20h30: An estimated 2 000 Black men faced each other in two groups, ready to fight. The SAP succeeded in keeping them apart. Afterwards, a meeting was held to discuss peace. The Nyanga Residents' Action Committee was formed. Oscar Mpetha, who subsequently testified before the Commission, was chosen chairman. Lebowa: Seshego. Black storekeepers in Seshego, near Pietersburg, were threatened with violence if they failed to observe Christmas as a day of mourning for riot victims. MONDAY, 6 DECEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 14h00: Slight damage was caused by a fire at the Thaesakko School in Dobsonville. Karoo%: Oudtshoorn. A fire caused R3 000 damage at the Southern Cape Teachers' College for Coloured Students. The reason for the fire was not determined at the time.

Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. Arson, public violence and fighting between Residents and Migrants occurred during the course of the day. 05h40% The single quarters in Nyanga East were damaged by incendiary bombs. 06h40: Semi-detached houses of Migrants in Mohobo Road were burnt down. 07h00: Fires were started at the Migrant quarters in another part of Nyanga East. Apparently, the arson was connected with orders that a general strike be held that day and the next. 07h30: Public violence flared up in Swelitzia Drive and Second Avenue, stoning of the police being among the incidents. 07h45: Petrol bombs caused R1 200 damage to two semi-detached houses in Qumbust. 08h1O: Rioters set two houses of Migrants on fire with petrol bombs, causing about RI 200 damage. 08h15: Persons at unlawful gatherings refused to disperse at the request of the police, who used firearms. Twelve persons were wounded and three youths were arrested. 09h15 to 10h25: A crowd of rioters pelted the police with stones in Swelitzia Drive and Monavi Avenue. Ten persons were arrested by the police, who fired a number of shots. lihO: The rioting became less violent. It transpired, however, that 17 units of the Migrants' quarters were burnt down while they were at work. With a view to preserving the peace, the Transkeian and Ciskeian Government representatives awaited the return of the Migrants to address them. However, as some of the representatives and other persons felt insulted by certain remarks made by the speakers, peace was not assured.

21h28: About 20 children between the ages of 12 and 16 years set fire to the Panda Trading Store and a lorry, causing R3 000 damage. At 22h33, the single quarters in Ems Drive were gutted in a fire, which caused R2 000 damage. TUESDAY, 7 DECEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. The SSRC issued a statement that the schoolchildren of Soweto would not return to school unless their fellow scholars who had been arrested and were being detained without trial were released and the police undertook in writing to cease their raids. West Rand: Johannesburg. 12h00: A dynamite explosion occurred in the beer garden of the Boulevard Restaurant in the Carlton Centre. According to the evidence in the case S v Seko, WLD (Springs) 263/77, the accused entered the restaurant, carrying two sticks of dynamite fastened to a burning fuse. He lost his hand in the explosion, in which a number of patrons were slightly injured. Explosives were found at his house. He was also charged with being responsible for the explosion in Dr Goldberg's consulting-rooms in Soweto on 4 November. He was found guilty on charges of terrorism and sabotage. His sentences of five years, 12 years and five years were ordered to run concurrently. WEDNESDAY, 8 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. lihOO: The furniture in a house in NY 109 was carried outside and burnt by 50 Black youths. The woman who owned the furniture sustained R400 damage, besides being robbed of RI 168 in cash. An inner door of the house was also damaged. THURSDAY, 9 DECEMBER 1976. No rioting was reported.

FRIDAY, 10 DECEMBER 1976. Cape Midlands: Port Elizabeth. Three Coloured academics were detained in connection with the rioting at the Dower College and at the Paterson and St Thomas High Schools for Coloureds. SATURDAY, l DECEMBER 1976, TO TUESDAY, 14 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Nyanga. No incidents were reported, except that during these four days rioters entered the houses of some 30 Migrants and chased out the occupants. WEDNESDAY, 15 DECEMBER 1976. Cape Midlands: Port Elizabeth. George Botha, a riot detainee who had been apprehended some days previously, died when he jumped over the banisters on the fifth floor of a building (see Annexure F, p. 31). Peninsula: Cape Town. Pamphlets, presumably compiled by the ANC, were distributed in the city by means of four "pamphlet bombs". THURSDAY, 16 DECEMBER 1976. No incidents were reported. FRIDAY, 17 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. 17h45: About 100 Black men attacked a house in Nyanga East with stones and then looted it. Damage totalled R200. A Black man, T. Jaho, was shot dead by the police during this incident (see Annexure F, p. 91), and another Black was arrested. 18h00: Fifty Black men pelted a police vehicle with stones on the corner of Swelitzia and Hlati Drives. The police fired a number of shots. 18h45: Bottles and stones were thrown at a house in this area by about 100 Black men, R50 damage being caused.

SATURDAY, 18 DECEMBER 1976. East Rand: Duduza. 05h00: Placards appealing to the Black public not to take part in the Christmas and New Year's Day festivities were found by the police at a bus stop. Highveld: Middelburg. At 03h00, it was discovered that the Manyano School in the Black residential area of Middelburg had been burnt down. Damage totalled RS0 000. SUNDAY, 19 DECEMBER 1976, AND MONDAY, 20 DECEMBER 1976. No incidents were reported. TUESDAY, 21 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Guguletu. Between 11h55 and 12h10, large groups of Black youths carried furniture out of two houses in the area and set it on fire. Two Black men were assaulted and injured by the rioters during the first incident. The police arrived at the second incident. They were pelted with stones and fired four revolver shots. WEDNESDAY, 22 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 15h03 to 18h50: Five houses were attacked during several incidents. Furniture was carried out and set on fire. Two motor vehicles were also set on fire, and one of the owners, who was pregnant, was assaulted. Total damage was in excess of R2 650. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. The house of a Black storekeeper, Mr Jackson Kama, who subsequently testified before the Commission, was burnt down. His store had been set on fire earlier in the month. THURSDAY, 23 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Guguletu and Nyanga, Cape Town. The police combed the two residential areas for rioters. Meanwhile, youths searched houses in Nyanga for liquor. The youths asked Migrants to visit the cemetery on Christmas Day as a mark of respect for those youths who had died in the riots. However, the Migrants ignored this request. FRIDAY, 24 DECEMBER 1976. West Rand: Bekkersdal, Westonaria. At 18h20, about 12 youths pelted the house of a Black BAAB official with stones. Damage totalled R200. The police arrested five of the rioters, ranging in age between 18 and 25 years, in connection with this incident. The accused were all acquitted (Westonaria RCI 241/12/76). Peninsula: District Six, Cape Town. Two policemen were attacked with stones. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. 11h00 to 11h45: Black youths pelted police vehicles with stones on' three occasions in Sein Road and Swelitzia Drive. The police fired shotguns during these incidents. 14h30 to 15h45: Black youths carried furniture out of three houses and set it on fire. At the first house, two vehicles were also destroyed by fire, and a sixteen- year-old boy was wounded with a revolver. Total damage was in the vicinity of RI 900. SATURDAY, 25 DECEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. 20h45: Doors, windows and desks were damaged by a fire at the Nonto Primary School in Moroka. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. About 200 youths carried furniture out of a house near "Papa Square" and set it on fire. They destroyed bottles of beer and smashed the window-panes in the house. Damage totalled R150.

Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. During the course of the day, there were constant eruptions of wide-spread rioting and bloody fighting between Migrants and youths, who were urged on by the Comrades and received sympathetic support from the Residents. Numerous persons, who were not even taking part in the fighting, were attacked, as were their houses. The police acted against these attackers and participants in the fighting, as well as against groups that congregated everywhere, took up their positions along the dividing line that had been fixed and ignored requests to return home. The following may be mentioned briefly. The Comrades placed an embargo on festivities, prescribed a period of mourning and made the attendance of a memorial service compulsory. In addition, they continued their campaign against shebeens and enforced their orders on the community with the aid of fanatical youths. The Migrants ignored the Comrades' orders and resisted the intimidatory measures applied by the youths without regard to their human dignity and primary rights. The boundary line that had been fixed was not always observed, and instead of staying clear of the area, armed Migrants and Residents took up positions on their sides of the streets, on the pretext of ensuring that the other side did not cross the line. Upon their return from the memorial service in the cemetery, the youths walked along and through the Migrant area. They also entered this area to find out why the Migrants had not been at the service, to search for liquor and to hunt out inebriates. In a street serving as a boundary line, a group of youths set fire to a motor vehicle in which liquor was being transported and destroyed the liquor. The situation was highly explosive, and the slightest departure from approved conduct resulted in fierce attacks on persons and property. Unavailing attempts were made by all concerned, except the Comrades and youths, to restore peace. Besides injuries to participants in the fighting and to innocent bystanders, houses were damaged and burnt down, and a hostel in which Migrants lived was set on fire.

It is difficult to determine the immediate reasons for and the extent of the rioting in Nyanga that day and equally difficult to fix exact times for all the incidents. However, the following evidence is available. 16h00: A group of Residents met to discuss the position. The police were present at the attempts at peace-making. Some hours later, peace negotiations were held on a piece of vacant land but eventually proved abortive. 17h00: Fighting broke out between Migrants on the one hand and youths and Residents on the other. Similar fights raged between 19h00 and 20h00 and houses were set on fire. 18h30: For about two hours, youths smashed concrete pipes in Swelitzia Drive with iron bars. The slivers were to serve as ammunition. 18h45: A crowd of about one thousand persons, who had gathered in front of the single quarters in Swelitzia Drive, dispersed at the request of the police. 23hOO Youths launched a stone attack on a group of Migrants, but the police intervened and stopped the attack. 23h10: The police continued to negotiate with the various groups and prevented youths and adults from congregating in Swelitzia Drive or caused them to disperse. 23h15: Youths used a device to fire petrol bombs into Migrant territory from an open piece of land abutting Swelitzia Drive. Seven houses were set on fire and destroyed. The crowd scattered when the police fired shots. In their assaults, the Migrants also attacked and burnt down Residents' houses. 23h40: About 100 youths were responsible for public violence at the Cola Dairy. Measures taken by the police to put a stop to this violence and stonethrowing included one round of shot-gun fire.

A Black man, D. Xekeshe, was attacked and injured by Black youths during the rioting. He died the next day at 02h00 (see Annexure F, p. 108). SUNDAY, 26 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula:' Elsie's River, Cape Town. The police fired upon a group of some 40 Black men, who were throwing stones and petrol bombs in Klipfontein Road. No damage or injuries were reported. Peninsula: Guguletu, Cape Town. 13h20: The police encountered about 2 000 youths who were making their way from Guguletu to Nyanga. They fired eight tear-gas canisters at the crowd, who scattered. A Black woman, who pelted a police vehicle with stones, was wounded and arrested. 13h45: A crowd of about 2 000 persons, some of whom probably belonged to the group that had been scattered shortly before, congregated in the same area. Youths erected a burning road-block and pelted police vehicles with stones and petrol bombs. The police fired a number of shots at them. 15h45: Two hundred youths attacked a police vehicle in the vicinity of NY 3 with petrol bombs. The police fired at the crowd. 22h35: In the vicinity of NY 5, police vehicles were pelted with petrol bombs and stones by about 30 men, the police again firing at the attackers. 23h35: A house and a private motor car were set on fire, damage coming to RIl 000. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. 00h30: Fires were started at houses in Mau-Mau Avenue. The police fired at the crowd, wounding one person. 00h30: About 3 000 curious onlookers gathered in a street in this residential area. The police used fifty tear-gas canisters to disperse them. They reassembled shortly afterwards. Meanwhile, three houses and a motor car were set on fire in the Migrant area.

00h45: Adults and youths threw petrol bombs at the Migrant quarters in Swelitzia Drive. One man was wounded and arrested. OlhOO: During public violence in Swelitzia Avenue, about 100 youths threw stones at the police, who replied with four rounds of shotgun fire. 01h25: The police used three thunder flashes to disperse an unruly crowd in Swelitzia Drive. One Black man was wounded and arrested. At the same time, youths threw stones at police vehicles in Mau-Mau Avenue. One person was wounded by the police. 01h45: Police vehicles were simultaneously pelted with stones at four different places, namely in Mau-Mau Avenue, Swelitzia Drive, Matanzima Road and Ems Drive. In all four incidents, the police fired a number of shotgun rounds. 02h00: Large groups of Migrants and Residents began fighting in the vicinity of Sixth Avenue. Even women were taking part in the fighting. 02h15: About 30 youths stoned police vehicles. Shots were fired by the police. 03h00: Migrants used petrol bombs to set fire to Residents' houses in Sixth Avenue. The police used tear-gas to disperse the combatants. 05h55: After a lull in the rioting, Residents and Migrants began fighting in the vicinity of Swelitzia and Ems Drives. About 500 persons were involved in the fighting. About 18 houses among the dwellings on the Migrants' and Residents' sides were ablaze. The police fired at combatants and arsonists, killing one man. Another man was found dead with slash wounds. 06h00: Ten youths set fire to the Migrant quarters behind the dairy in Second Avenue. In their turn, Migrants burnt down Residents' houses on the eastern side of Swelitzia Drive. The police fired at them, whereupon they retreated to their own area.

06h55: The police found the partly burnt body of a man near a church in the Residents' area. 08hl0: A crowd of about 350 persons met at the Migrant quarters near the sports grounds. Their declared objective was to punish the youths but they dispersed at the request of the police. 10h30: A peace-making meeting was held in Swelitzia Drive at the request of the police. Members of the police riot squad were present. The delegates decided to make peace and then dispersed. Meanwhile, in another incident, the police wounded a Black woman in front of her house in Third Avenue. The peace negotiations had barely been concluded when between 20 and 30 youths, presumably Comrades, arrived in Nyanga from Guguletu and incited the local youths to violence. This led to attacks on Migrants and fierce fighting between all the inhabitants. The police ordered the fighting crowd by loudhailer to disperse but were obliged, especially in Swelitzia Drive, to use tear-gas and firearms to end the fighting between Migrants and Residents. Apart from wounded, the police also found the bodies of persons who died in the fighting. 11h30: Fighting broke out between Residents and Migrants at several points in the area, for instance on a vacant lot behind a dairy and in Sihlanu Road. To put an end to the fighting, the police fired on the combatants on a number of occasions. The police found the mutilated bodies of three Migrants in their residential area. 12h40: In Sithandatu Road, two fights erupted in rapid succession. The police fired on a fighting crowd of 2 000. They dispersed, but within minutes the fighting was resumed by about 400 men, who ignored police appeals to return to their homes.

12h50: Between 100 and 150 Black men stopped motor vehicles in Ems Drive and drained petrol from the tanks. They presumably wanted the petrol for arson. The police fired at the men. 14h00: Renewed fighting broke out between the various groups, and people were injured by the combatants as well as by the police, who wanted to put a stop to the fighting. 15h0O: The two factions made a renewed attempt to restore peace. The police were present at the talks, which broke down. Stone-throwing ensued, during which the police used firearms in an effort to quell the rioting. 15hlO: A group of men erecting a road-block with tyres and refuse pelted approaching police vehicles with stones. The police fired at them. 15h30: About 5 000 people took part in fierce fighting in an area bounded by Mohabi Street, Third Avenue, Sine Road, Sihlanu Road, Sithandatu Road, Swelitzia Drive and Ems Drive. The combatants were armed with kerries, pangas, gardening forks, spades and similar implements. While the fighting raged, about 50 houses, of both Migrants and Residents, and 13 motor vehicles were ablaze. The police riot squad was divided into five detachments that were sent out in an attempt to bring calm throughout the area. 16h00: A fight was raging in front of the BAAB offices, where the police found two seriously wounded men. At the same time, the house of Mr J. Dyani, who subsequently testified before the Commission, was set on fire, and the police fired on a crowd in Fifth Avenue. 21h10: Two thousand persons took part in public violence in Swelitzia Drive and pelted the police with stones and petrol bombs. The police fired ten tear-gas canisters and eight rounds of shotgun fire. Similar incidents took place later on elsewhere in the area. 23h50: Ten Black men were arrested during public violence in Nanthanga Avenue.

Four persons were killed by the police during the rioting (see Annexure F, pp. 86, 93 and 99). Thirteen persons were fatally injured during faction fighting between Migrants and Residents (see Annexure F, pp. 104 to 108). MONDAY, 27 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Bellville, Cape Town. About 150 Coloureds threw stones at passing motor cars on the corner of De la Rey and Modderdam Roads. Peninsula: Guguletu and Nyanga, Cape Town. OlhO0: About 50 men were taking part in public violence in the vicinity of NY 78. The police fired one revolver shot and arrested one person. OlhOO to 02h20: Large crowds of rioters were involved in public violence in Nyanga in four different incidents. The police, who were constantly attacked with stones and petrol bombs, fired a number of shots. Three persons were seriously wounded, and two were arrested for being in possession of petrol bombs. 05h55: Fighting broke out between Migrants and Residents in the vicinity of Swelitzia Drive and Vendu Avenue in Nyanga. Police patrols were under constant attack. One Black man was fatally wounded by police musketry. 06h15: In Nyanga, 18 houses were ablaze, and the fire brigade was called. 06h50: The police fired a number of shots due to continued violence in Nyanga. 08h00: The police wounded one person during fighting between two factions in Owen Drive, Nyanga. Mr Z.S. Damane was assaulted by a group of Migrants near his dairy in Ems Drive, Nyanga. 08h30: Fighting continued in the vicinity of Sidhato and Selano Streets in Nyanga.

09h15: Four houses were burnt down in rioting in Bugami Street. 09h30 to 22h30: In Guguletu, members of the public were pelted with stones during the continuation of the violence. During this period, ten serious attacks with stones and petrol bombs were made on police vehicles. The number of attackers varied between 30 and 1 000. The police fired shots in each of these incidents. 10h00: The police drove off Migrants who were involved in a fight with Residents in Nyanga. During the morning, a Cape Times vehicle was stopped in Nyanga by hostile Black youths, who gave the driver the Black Power salute. The youths were all wearing green jackets. llh00 to 16h00: During this five-hour period, there were numerous incidents of public violence in several parts of these two residential areas. Both youths and adults took part in the rioting in groups that sometimes numbered no more than 50 or that were as large as 500 at times. The police and their vehicles were the main targets, although passing motor cars did not escape. Their main weapons were stones and petrol bombs, but the body of an unknown adult that was found showed clear signs of an attack with pangas and knives. Petrol bombs were used in one case of arson. The police used rifle fire to quell the rioting; in firing at a petrol-thrower, they inadvertently hit a two-year-old child, Sonbango Makito. 16h30: Fighting between the inhabitants subsided somewhat, and through the intervention of the police a peace meeting was held on the corner of Owen and Swelitzia Drives. Both the Migrants and the Residents were represented at the discussions by five delegates each. Youths showed no interest in the negotiations. On the contrary, elsewhere in the area about 50 youths were throwing petrol bombs and stones at police vehicles, the police replying with eight rounds of shotgun fire. 17h50: About 300 persons attacked a Cape Town motor vehicle in Muller Road, Nyanga. The police fired a number of shots.

22h00 to 22h45: About 100 youths, armed with knob-kerries and pangas, dragged women and children from two houses in Guguletu. The reason for this deed was not established. In both cases, the police fired at the molesters. Two persons were shot dead by the police during the day, and one who was wounded died on 7 January 1977 (see Annexure F, pp. 90, 91 and 94). Six persons died in faction fighting between Residents and Migrants (see Annexure F, pp. 104 to 107). Peninsula: Langa. 23h40: Three hundred persons took part in public violence in Merriman Street. They threw stones and petrol bombs at the police, who seriously wounded a Black man. Another was injured in a collision with a police vehicle. Both were admitted to hospital. Two persons were shot dead by the police in these incidents - one of them did not die until the next day (see Annexure F, pp. 88 and 98). TUESDAY, 28 DECEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. A collection of books was damaged by a fire that broke out at 15h00 at the Thambalethu School in Meadowlands. Peninsula: Langa, Cape Town. At 22h46, three youths set a private vehicle alight during rioting in Benga Avenue. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. Rioting occurred at l1h40 in Zildadatu Road. About 40 Black kerrie-wielding men interfered with shoppers at the nearby shops. The police fired three rounds with shotguns. WEDNESDAY, 29 DECEMBER 1976. West Rand: Soweto. R1 000 damage was caused by a fire that broke out at 21h00 in a class-room at the Phakamani School in Zondi. THURSDAY, 30 DECEMBER 1976. No incidents were reported. FRIDAY, 31 DECEMBER 1976. Peninsula: Cape Town. 14h15: A person entered the O.K. Bazaars in Plein Street with a petrol bomb in his hand. The bomb exploded; he dropped it and fled. No damage was caused. 14h30: An explosion occurred in Woolworths in Adderley Street. No damage or injuries were caused here either. SATURDAY, 1 JANUARY 1977, TO TUESDAY, 4 JANUARY 1977. No incidents were reported during this period. WEDNESDAY, 5 JANUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. The office of the school principal of the Dhladla School in Meadowlands was burnt down at 22h05. Bophuthatswana: Ga-Rankuwa. Fire damage was caused at two schools. THURSDAY, 6 JANUARY 1977. No incidents were reported. FRIDAY, 7 JANUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 23h40: Several explosions occurred at a house in Klipspruit. The roof and walls of the house were destroyed. The explosions were presumably caused by hand-grenades, two of which were found at the scene. One Black man, E. Nkuna, was killed in the explosions. (see Annexure F, p. 77), and five others were injured. In connection with these explosions, see S v Phala and five others below.

SATURDAY, 8 JANUARY 1977. West Rand and Vaal Triangle. A bomb was found on the railway line between Johannesburg and Vereeniging. In the case S v Phala and five others, WLD (Springs) 422A/77, six Black men were convicted of terrorist activities. Accused No. I was sentenced to 30 years' imprisonment on two charges under the Terrorism Act; accused No. 2 was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment on two charges; accused Nos. 3 and 5 were sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment each; accused No. 4 was sentenced to five years' imprisonment; and accused No. 6 was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. SUNDAY, 9 JANUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 22h05: Two school desks in the Lilydale High School, Moroka, were set on fire. 22h20: Two petrol bombs were hurled through the window of the sitting-room and a bedroom of a house in Central Western Jabavu. A Black woman and two children were badly burned; the woman and one of the children later died (see Annexure F, pp. 72 and 73). MONDAY, 10 JANUARY 1977. Peninsula: Langa. Five schools in Langa were burnt- down by Comrades under the leadership of Nicolas Msizi. According toe Msizi, it was decided at a meeting that schools were to be set on fire. He obtained some petrol and gave orders in regard to the fires that were to be set. Five criminal cases ensued. Msizi and Luvingo were convicted of committing arson at the Langa Secondary School and sentenced to three and two years' imprisonment, respectively (S v Msizi and another, Malmesbury RC 78/77). Msizi, Loli, Sijaka and Sefalane were found guilty of arson at the St Luis School and sentenced to three years' imprisonment each, half of this sentence being suspended in one case (S v Msizi and others, Malmesbury RC 75/77). Msizi, Majodina and Ntsele were convicted of setting fire to the Makona School and sentenced to three years' imprisonment each. Part of Msizi's sentence was to run concurrently with his other sentences (S v Msizi and others, Malmesbury RC 77/77). Upon conviction in regard to a fire at the Simaza School, Qhakumfana was sentenced to three years' imprisonment, and Joya and Toleni to eight cuts with a light cane each.. Msizi was convicted of complicity and sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment (S v Msizi and others, Malmesbury RC 80/77). The fifth school to be burnt down was the Tembane School. In this case, Msizi, Mphahlele and Phillips were found guilty of arson and sentenced to three years' imprisonment each, part of Msizi's sentence to run concurrently with his other sentences (S v Msizi and others, Malmesbury RC 81/77). The witnesses in these cases were mainly accomplices and members of the Comrades. TUESDAY, 11 JANUARY 1977. Peninsula: Langa. At 20h00, a bus was set on fire. In the case S v Kumalo and two others, Malmesbury RC 82/77, the three accused were found guilty of malicious injury to property. Accused Nos. 1 and 3 were sentenced to three years' imprisonment each and accused No. 2 two years' imprisonment, fifteen months of which were suspended. All the accused in this case were Comrades. WEDNESDAY, 12 JANUARY 1977. East Rand: Daveyton. 20h20: A bookcase with books was burnt out in a class-room at the Phumelane Primary School. THURSDAY, 13 JANUARY 1977, TO SUNDAY, 16 JANUARY 1977. No incidents were reported. MONDAY, 17 JANUARY 1977. Lebowa: Leeufontein. Desks at the Mothoe School were set on fire with burning motor car tyres. Damage totalled R129. A document reading: "We want Jimmy Kruger. Black Power" was left at the scene. Six youths were arrested in connection with this fire.

TUESDAY, 18 JANUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 20h45: A fire in a class- room at the Thathezahlo School in Dobsonville destroyed books, desks, shelves and other furniture. At about the same time, two collections of books at the Maponyane Secondary School in Meadowlands were destroyed by a fire. WEDNESDAY, 19 JANUARY 1977, TO SUNDAY, 23 JANUARY 1977. No incidents were reported. MONDAY, 24 JANUARY 1977. Peninsula: Nyanga, Cape Town. Petrol bombs were hurled at a school principal's house. TUESDAY, 25 JANUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 13h15: About 45 youths smashed the windows of the Ikwezi Beer Hall and set fire to a part of the building. WEDNESDAY, 26 JANUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. Window-panes at the Helekanie Primary School in Chiawelo were smashed during the night by youths. THURSDAY, 27 JANUARY 1977, AND FRIDAY, 28 JANUARY 1977. No incidents were reported. SATURDAY, 29 JANUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 03h00: Furniture and books in the Zisunelene High School in Orlando East were set on fire with an incendiary bomb. SUNDAY, 30 JANUARY 1977, AND MONDAY, 31 JANUARY 1977. No incidents were reported.

TUESDAY, 1 FEBRUARY 1977. West Rand: Alexandra. 24h00: Two class- rooms at the Ituthe School, 15th Avenue, were set on fire. In each class-room, a bookcase with books was consumed by the flames. WEDNESDAY, 2 FEBRUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. A store-room at the Sepateng High School in Orlando East was broken into, and books were set on fire. THURSDAY, 3 FEBRUARY 1977, TO SUNDAY, 6 FEBRUARY 1977. No incidents were reported. MONDAY, 7 FEBRUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. Five Black youths walked into the examinations room at the Selelekela Junior Secondary School in Orlando East and tore up some of the pupils' examination papers. One of the five was presumably stabbed with a knife by a pupil, whereupon they took to their heels. TUESDAY, 8 FEBRUARY 1977. East Rand: Duduza, Brakpan. No incidents were reported in the area between 19 December 1976 and 8 February 1977. During the night of 8 to 9 February, the laboratory at the Ipahanisenge High School was broken into. Attempted arson failed. WEDNESDAY, 9 FEBRUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 12h30: A large number of Black scholars attacked the Teboho Higher Primary School in White City with stones. The principal's office was gutted, together with a supply of books. 13h00: Unknown persons broke into the office of the principal of the Donaldson School in White City and removed and burned books, examination papers and registers.

During the course of the day, books were burnt at several schools in Naledi, Orlando, Meadowlands and Pimville. Groups of youths were dispersed by the .police -with tear-gas. THURSDAY, 10 FEBRUARY 1977. No incidents were reported. 'FRIDAY, 11 FEBRUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 19h15: A house in Zondi was set on fire with a petrol bomb. Damage was slight. SATURDAY, 12 FEBRUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 15h45: The Ndweni Community School in Zondi was pelted with stones by pupils, who also damaged the school furniture. 24h00: The front door of a house in Emdeni was set on fire. SUNDAY, 13 FEBRUARY 1977. Karoo: Graaff-Reinet. A number of youths attended an unlawful gathering in the Black residential area. MONDAY, 14 FEBRUARY 1977, TO THURSDAY, 23 FEBRUARY 1977. No incidents were reported. FRIDAY, 24 FEBRUARY 1977. Peninsula: Guguletu. A fifteen-year-old Black boy was shot dead by the police while trying to set fire to a house (see Annexure F, p. 86).

SATURDAY, 25 FEBRUARY 1977. Karoo: Graaff-Reinet. 20h50: The office of the principal and a class-room of the local secondary school in the Black residential area were gutted by a fire. Damage was estimated at R13 966. SUNDAY, 26 FEBRUARY 1977. No incidents were reported. MONDAY, 27 FEBRUARY 1977. West Rand: Soweto. 07h00: A collection of books was destroyed by a fire in the office of the principal of the Chiakenu Primary School in Chiawelo. TUESDAY, 28 FEBRUARY 1977. No incidents were reported.

ANNEXURE E. LIST OF COURT CASES. A. CRIMINAL CASES. CASE S v ABRAHAMS a.o. S V ADAMS a.o. S v BANDA a.o. S v BHENGU S v BOLANA a.o. S v BUKOLA S v BUTSHINGI a.o. S v CARPENTIER a.o. S v CHOBE a.o. S v CLOETE S v COERICIUS S v CONSALVES a.o. S v COOPER a.o. S v COSSIE S v DHLAMINI a.o. S v DIBA a.o. S v DIRATSILE a.o. S v DITHEKO S v DLADLA S V ERASMUS a.o. COURT CPD CPD TPD Pietermaritzburg MC King William's Town RC Soweto MC TPD (Springs) Wynberg MC TPD (Witbank) Bellville RC Oudtshoorn RC CPD TPD ECD WLD OPD Kimberley RC OPD WLD REFERENCE 126/77 118/76 76.12.10 1576/76 327/76 43/910/76 117/77 D766/76 3/77 509/76 241/76 367/76 1977(3) SA 475 77.04.02 138/77 208/76 221/76 76.09.20 31/77 George RC 221/76

CASE , S v GANCA a.o. S v GULUBE a.o. S v GWALA a.o. S v HOFFMAN v JABISIGO a.o. v JANSEN a.o. v JEGGELS v JENKIN a.o. v JORDAAN v JWILI KHOZA KHUBO a.o. KHUMBALA KOOPMAN KOTZOE a.o. KRAAI KUBEKA KUBEKA KUMALO a.o. v LANGA v LEBOANE a.o. v LEKULA a.o. v LENKWATI a.o. v LETSWALO v LIZA v LOGGERENBERG a.o. v LUKALA v LUVUNO Rustenburg RC Mossel Bay Oudtshoorn RC CPD Bishop Lavis Germiston MC WLD TPD WLD CPD Hammanskraal RC WLD WLD TPD (Springs) Malmesbury RC WLD (Kempton Park) Springs RC TPD NCD Johannesburg RC Circuit Court Springs Gelvandale Soweto RC Bethal RC 76.08.24 RCA 91/9/76 213/76 147/78 RCI 149/9/76 478/76 693/76 77.02.19 267/76 77.03.15 1/76 436/76 256/76 211/77 82/77 431/77 2/493/76 260/76 205/76 41/03841/76 575/76 RCI 59/10/76 43/910/76 26/79 COURT CPD DCLD NPD REFERENCE 476/76 418/76 108/76 475/76 CASE S v MABIWA a.o. S v MADUNA a.o. S v MAHALOBELA S v MAHLANGU a.o. S v MAHLUNGU a.o. S v MAIMELA a.o. S v MAKHUBELA a.o. S v MALATJI a.o. " v MALAZA a.o. S v MALEPANE a.o. " v MANXASE a.o. " v MARTINIS a.o. S v MASA a.o. S v MASALA a.o. S v MASHABA a.o. S v MASHABA S v MASHELE a.o. S v MASHINGO S v MASHININI a.o. S v MASILELA S v MATHIBE S v MATHOLE a.o. S v MATSEKE a.o. S v MAWASHA a.o. S v MBALA S v MBEKWA a.o. S v MCHUNU S v MDINGI S v MEYA a.o. S v MFANTA a.o. S v MKHWANAZI a.o. S v MKWANAZI S v MOALUSE a.o. S v MODISE COURT WLD DCLD TPD Middelburg MC TPD (Witbank) Lydenburg MC TPD (Witbank) Johannesburg RC TPD (Witbank) WLD East London RC ECD King William's Town MC Johannesburg RC TPD (Witbank) Protea RC TPD TPD TPD TPD (Witbank) TPD (Witbank) WLD (Springs) Bloemfontein RC TPD (Witbank) Johannesburg RC ECD NPD WLD Soweto MC Guguletu WLD WLD Rustenburg RC WLD (Randburg) REFERENCE 32/77 37/77 240/76 A1739/76 76.10.28 310/76 515/76 41/80388/772 IA/77 540/77 611/76 5/77 325/76 41/03058/760 511/76 77.01.10 510/76 77.03.01 154/77 519/76 512/76 644/76 275/76 517/76 77.03.01 9/77 559/76 438/77 69/8239/76 RCA 175/12/76 626/76 6/78 76.09.23 77.05.23

CASE S v MOENG S v MOENG S v MOETI S v MOGALE a.o. S v MOGALE a.o. S v MOGOLOANE a.o. S v MOHAMME S v MOKWENA a.o. S v MOLEMA S v MOLIFE S v MONARENG a.o. S v MOOS S v MORAILANE S v MORAKE a.o. S v MORE a.o. S v MOROANE a.o. S v MORUPE S v MOSES S v MOTHIBE S v MOTHIBO S v MOTHOPENG a.o. S v MOTISAY S v MOTOA a.o. S v MOTSOANE a.o. S v MPUTI a.o. S v MPUTNI S v MSITSHANA S v MSIZI a.o. S v MSIZI a.o. S v MSIZI a.o. S v MSIZI a.o. S v MSIZI a.o. S v MUSHI a.o. COURT OPD Bloemfontein RC OPD TPD (Witbank) TPD Ga-Rankuwa MC WLD Middelburg MC Benoni RC Johannesburg RC Odi MC CPD (Worcester) OPD WLD (Springs) NCD TPD TPD (Witbank) CPD AD OPD TPD (Bethal) WLD Temba MC OPD (Parys) Brakpan Boksburg RC WLD Malmesbury RC Malmesbury RC Malmesbury RC Malmesbury RC Malmesbury RC TPD REFERENCE 170/76 260/76 77.02.23 516/76 101/79 A863/76 60/77 76.11.12 686/76 41/03099/767 A420/77 77.02.03 222/76 95/77 206/76 77.05.04 518/76 404/76 1977(3) SA 823 213/76 79.06.20 115/74 B796/76 33/77 RCA 474/10/76 559/76 350/77 78/77 80/77 81/77 77/77 75/77 77.05.11

CASE S v NCUBE S v NDAYI a.o. S v NDEBELE a.o. S v NDLOVU a.o. S v NDUKWANA a.o. NDUKWANA a.o. NGUTUW NGWENYA NJETJE a.o. NKOSI NKUTA NYATI a.o. COURT OPD Bloemfontein RC WLD (Randburg) WLD (Springs) King William's Town RC ECD (Grahamstown) Langlaagte Kliptown MC Johannesburg RC WLD (Randburg) Johannesburg RC WLD (Springs) REFERENCE 168/76 266/76 76.11.15 617/76 338/76 72/76 RCA 137/8/76 187/8/76 41/4318/76 77.04.13 41/03840/764 678/76 S v OPPERMAN a.o. PETJA a.o. PHAKADA a.o. PHALA a.o. PHILLIP a.o. PIETERSEN a.o. PLAATJIES a.o. POHL a.o. POTWANA a.o. Johannesburg RC Boksburg MC WLD (Springs) Port Elizabeth MC CPD CPD CPD East London RC S v QITHI a.o. RABKIN a.o. RADEBE a.o. RAKOSA RAMONYOGA a.o. RAMOTHIBA RAMOTLA a.o. RAMUDZULI CPD WLD (Springs) TPD (Springs) TPD (Witbank) Johannesburg RC Pretoria RC Circuit Court Krugersdorp 41/2878/76 1771/76 422A/77 0249/76 327/77 402/76 255/77 618/76 76.09.22 331/76 228/76 99/77 520/76 41/03400/76 18/812/76 96/78 CPD 104/77

CASE S v RAPHIRI S v RUSSEL S v RUSSEL SCHOEMAN SEAGOLA a.o. SEJAKE SEKO SEKOPANE SELELE SELEPE SENYATSI SEXWALE a.o. SHAMAR a.o. SHOLE SHOMANG SHUBANE a.o. SILANGA SISWANE a.o. SITHOLE a.o. SXELENGE SOGA a.o. SWARTBOOI a.o. COURT TPD (Witbank) CPD Cape Town RC Middelburg RC WLD OPD WLD WLD TPD (Witbank) Soweto RC Johannesburg RC TPD CPD Johannesburg RC Krugersdorp MC WLD TPD (Springs) ECD DCLD King Willîam's Town RC TPD East London RC REFERENCE 514/76 1977(4) SA 291 82/77 88/76 113/77 206/76 263/77 720/76 199/77 43/1012/76 41/03494/763 431/77 245/77 77.04.14 B1889/76 396/77 207/77 6/77 31/77 341/76 680/76 622/76 TSHIKILA TWALA a.o. Tembisa RC Tembisa RC Bellville RC Germiston RC CPD VAN WYK a.o. VILANE VINCENT a.o. UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 77.03.11 281/78 76. 10.01 76.10.04 48/76 2/474/76 403/76

CASE S v WANZA a.o. Sv ZAKWE Sv ZIMU a.o. S v ZOTWANA B. CIVIL CASES. MANDELA and MOTLANE v TSHABANGO COURT Stellenbosch MC WLD (Springs) NPD Grahamstown RC WLD REFERENCE 84/76 247/76 106/77 186/76 8882/76

ANNEXURE F. 1. DEATHS. 1.1 This annexure contains the name of and details concerning each person who, according to the information before the Commission, died during and as a result of the rioting. In Part D, chapter 2, and elsewhere in the Report, various aspects of this annexure are discussed. 2. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION. 2.1 The names of all persons who died in the rioting have been arranged alphabetically according to the SAP divisions in which they were killed or fatally wounded. 2.2 A further classification has been made of cases in which members of the SAP and the Railway Police were responsible for the death of the person and cases in which no such responsibility attaches to them. This classification has no bearing on criminal liability. It is based on the evidence laid before the Commission. 3. SOURCES. 3.1 The main source for the identity of and particulars concerning the deceased was the evidence given by witnesses who appeared before the Commission. These witnesses included policemen who had had a hand in quelling the rioting, newspaper reporters who had witnessed some of the incidents, and persons involved in the rioting under various circumstances and in various capacities. 3.2 Special use was made of the returns furnished by each SAP division of the relevant deaths in its area. These returns were checked and supplemented by means of enquiries and discussions. 3.3.1 The reports of inquests held in accordance with the provisions of the Anatomical Donations and Post-Mortem Examinations Act, Act 24 of 1970, were the main source of information regarding the cause of death. This information was sometimes of great importance in deciding whether or not a case was to be included in the annexure. It was also useful in checking certain details.

3.3.2 The Commission also had at its disposal the reports of inquests held in terms of the Inquests Act, Act 58 of:1959. 3.3.3 The inquest report contains a finding concerning liability for the death of the deceased. Such a finding is based on admissible evidence given before the investigating magistrate. 3.4.1 Memoranda submitted to the Commission without any testimony being given, were also consulted in this regard. 3.4.2 The same was done with reports that appeared in the Press from time to time and with information published by various organisations. 4. DETAILS IN THE ANNEXURE. 4.1 All relevant information obtained from the said sources concerning deaths resulting from the rioting has been arranged in eleven categories in this annexure. These categories are self-explanatory. Each category is indicated by a letter of the alphabet in the columns. 4.1.2 If a letter is followed by a blank space, this signifies either that no information could be obtained from any source or that the answer to the Commission's enquiry was not yet available at the conclusion of its report. 4.2 Category (k) concerns the circumstances in which the deceased died. Details were obtained from the evidence before the Commission. It is possible that the details given and the finding of liability in the inquest report may be at variance. Such differences should be ascribed to the fact that the evidence available to the Commission and that available to the investigating magistrate may have differed in scope and nature. 5. COMPLETENESS. 5.1 Although absolute accuracy and completeness cannot be claimed for this annexure, the Commission nevertheless considers that, if it is incomplete as far as deaths are concerned, there can be but a few that did not come to the Commission's notice.

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