AND ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY www.stalbanshistory.org N EWSLETTER No. 168 May 2008 Founded 1845 Registered Charity No. 226912

PRESIDENT’S REPORT Inside this issue My first task, in this my penultimate President's Report, is to introduce Council's nominee as my replacement, Michael Cooper 2 Professor Michael Cooper, whom you can meet on page 2. I was extremely pleased when he accepted Jon Mein 2 our proposal that he should stand for election as New members 2 President at our AGM in September. Michael is an acknowledged expert on the life and times of Robert Archaeology group 2 Hooke, a topic on which he has published and lectured Subscription reminder 2 previously to the Society. His contributions at our two previous Council meetings have already shown his Membership cards 3 quiet ability to listen to the debate and then suggest Apsley Paper Mill 3 the way forward. I hope you will give him your support at the AGM. Programme Development 4 I would also like you to welcome Jon Mein as our new Publicity Officer (see page 2), Committee to replace Ann Dean who does not wish to serve again. Jon has been co-opted to Library notes and queries 5 Council for the time being and will be nominated for election at the AGM, along with other officers. Clock Tower report 6

We are also pleased to announce outline details of the Mayor's prize (page 9), E-news broadcasts 6 which Kate Morris is creating as her farewell gift to the City when her mayoralty Heritage Park 7 comes to an end this month. Her mayoral activities during the past year have kept Project the theme, the importance of our history, much in the public eye. Herts Association for 7 I have enjoyed my three years enormously and believe the changes in our Local History constitution have strengthened the Society. While the reduction in the number of Westminster Lodge 8 ALH lectures next season (see page 12) will sadden some of the regular Tuesday audience, I know that the new activities now being developed will more than take Mayor’s Prize for 9 their place. The Society owes a huge debt of gratitude to Roy Bratby, who has contribution to history spent endless hours analysing the responses to the questionnaire, both on what Tuesday lectures 10/11 members want from our Society and on what they can contribute. The Programme Development Committee has been working hard behind the scenes during recent Friday lectures 12 months, enhancing the programme for 2008/2009, and you will find more ALH Group AGM 12 information in the report from its Chairman, Roy Bratby, on page 4. Society lectures 13 Although I continue as President until the AGM, my task through the summer is to What’s on? 13 pave the way a smooth transfer into capable hands. Since I have resigned both as the Society's President and from the District Council, I thank you all for your support : can you help? 13 and look forward to finding time for a wide range of other activities. Society publications 14

Clare Ellis

:1 : SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008 INTRODUCING

EMERITUS PROFESSOR MICHAEL COOPER COUNCIL'S NOMINEE FOR ELECTION AS PRESIDENT 2008-11 After graduating from the the History of Science. He is now researching the origins University of Bristol in 1957 and practice of land surveying from the earliest times to with a degree in Physics he 500 BC. was recruited by the Colonial Office and sent to the School He said: “Jennifer and I have been members of the of Military Survey (RE) for 18 Society for about 15 years, but I am no specialist in local months to be trained as a land architecture and archaeology. I was therefore honoured, surveyor. He was appointed as but surprised, to be invited to stand for election as Land Surveyor to the Federal President. I then realised that my own shortcomings were Nigeria Survey Department, outweighed by the knowledge, enthusiasm and expertise returning to the UK in 1964 to of members of Council and of the Society as a whole, so I take up an appointment with agreed to stand. the Ministry of Defence. He “Brian Moody, in The Light of Other Days, describes the then decided on an academic career which lasted until he Society's first three half-centuries as the 'Verulam Years', retired in 2000 as Emeritus Professor of Engineering the 'Wheeler Years' and the 'Post-War Years'. If elected, I Surveying at City University. He is also Visiting Professor shall encourage and support the Society in its use of at University College , where he is engaged on his information technology when it benefits members, or current research. It is not unusual for retired academics in contributes to the Society's Objects set out in the science or engineering to turn to the history of their Constitution. I shall also do all I can to maintain the subjects, a move he prepared for by obtaining a PhD in Society's high standard of scholarship in its 'IT Years'.

JON MEIN PUBLICITY OFFICER Over the last few years, as my sporting days topic can be much less daunting than it used have waned, I have indulged my enjoyment to be. With this and other developments the for history working on the 18th and 19th importance of the Society increases as a century history of the Saundersfoot area in centre for education and research. So, Pembrokeshire. Getting my hands dirty whether you are researching the history of (sometimes literally) in records offices from Saundersfoot or St Albans or simply enjoy London to Haverfordwest has been fun, listening to good lectures, membership of although somewhat daunting in the early the Arch and Arch and, importantly, days. But with the growing availability of on- participation in its activities are line of primary source material (from family indispensable. Raising awareness both history information at Ancestry.co.uk, the inside and outside the Society of what we 18th and 19th century newspaper collection offer is at the heart of my role as Publicity via the British Library), starting to research a Officer. ARCHAEOLOGY GROUP NEW MEMBERS Given better luck with the weather than last year we The following have joined since the last newsletter. We hope will be excavating at Amwell in the summer. This will they enjoy their membership and join in many Society activities be for the last two weeks of August, i.e. the weeks around the Bank Holiday. Anyone wishing to take Mrs S Betteridge and Grange Street, St Albans part should please contact me nearer the scheduled Mr P Vaughan start – say a week or ten days before – to confirm Anthony Druce Culver Road, St Albans that it is going ahead. Christine Dunn Chime Square, St Albans Paid-up members of the Society are free to join in; Dr I St John and Dr C Kau Ridgeway, St Albans anyone from outside the Society will be welcome as Miss T Maurer St Raphael's Court, St Albans well, but required to join the Society in order that Richard Mein Garden City they (a) are covered by our insurance and (b) are contributing to the cost of running the dig. Janet Ouston Spencer Street, St Albans H Petri College Place, St Albans Looking further on, we should be undertaking either Janet Richards Hart Road, St Albans or both of fieldwalking and geophysical surveying in the autumn. Anyone beyond the Archaeology Group David Robathan Yeabridge, Somerset 'regulars' interested in taking part, please contact me John Robins Westfields, St Albans when the excavation is over. Alan J Smith Road, St Albans Alan W Smith Belmont Hill, St Albans Roger Miles :2 :

SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008

SUBSCRIPTION REMINDER VISIT TO APSLEY PAPER MILL By the time you receive this newsletter it will be nearly the On 5th March 31 members went to Frogmore Mill to see end of the Society's financial year. I would remind the very interesting work that is continuing there. This members that at the EGM of the Society held in October followed the lecture that their Chief Executive, Jacky 2006 it was agreed to change the financial year to run Bennett, gave SAHAAS in February. from 1 June to 31 May. As a consequence subscriptions are due and payable for the forthcoming financial year on We were guided around the project after a video 1st June. presentation showing the development of the Mill and Visitor centre. The Heritage Lottery Fund has given As a reminder the level of subscriptions currently in force £1 million and work is still in progress to improve the are as follows; visitor facilities.

Individual member £12 This was the site where paper's industrial revolution began. Frogmore Mill has been making paper for over Spouse or partner of a member, living at £6 200 years. the member's address It gave us access to the heart of a real working Children of a member under the age of 18 £6 environment, an insight into the history of paper making living at the member's address as well as their plans for an active future in recycling and Students who provide evidence that they £6 sustainability. are in full time further or higher education We were made very welcome and enjoyed our morning. Family membership £21

For those of you who signed up to the direct debit system you do not need to do anything; your subscription will Gill Charles automatically be paid on 2nd June (the next banking day following 1st June). For those not signed up to the direct debit system, please reconsider whether you wish to do this. It is highly recommended to do so and you should complete the form sent out last year, sign it and forward it to me. If you have mislaid your form I do have some spare which I can send to you if you call me on 07711 696 417.

For those of you who do not pay by direct debit, please send a cheque for your subscription to our membership secretary, Peter Jeffreys, using the separate form enclosed. If you still pay by standing order, please ensure that you amend this with your bank to give the correct level of subscription with payment at the correct date. Please also cancel all old standing orders as they will make payments of the wrong amount and at the wrong date; this will lead to administrative problems for us both.

If you have any concerns you wish to discuss with me, please call me on the above number.

John Thomson MEMBERSHIP CARDS 2008/9 At the beginning of the new membership year on 1st June full details of the programme for 2008/9 will not have been finalised. It will not, therefore, be possible for Above, some of the old mill buildings which still membership cards, which normally provide these remain. details, to be issued in June immediately following Below, members in high visibility jackets explore this receipt of payment. To all those who have paid their industrial archaeology site subscriptions the cards will be sent out in August with the papers relating to the Annual General Meeting. By this stage it is confidently anticipated that they will contain the full programme for next year.

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REPORT FROM THE PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE

Following the decision of the Architecture and Local History Group to reduce the number of NEW RESEARCH GROUP Tuesday lectures, Council appointed a subcommittee to investigate a fresh approach The Society is planning to form a 19th century St Albans Research How to do to the future programme and widen the scope Group. It is proposed to start with a seminar on research of the Society's activities. It was agreed that , followed by a visit to the Hertfordshire Archives and the full membership be consulted and to do Local Studies (HALS) where members would be introduced to the sources and how to use them. From this beginning it is proposed this a questionnaire was circulated to all that members investigate different aspects of 19th century St members. The subcommittee of Council Albans, with plenary sessions at regular intervals. formed to evaluate the results of the questionnaire is now known as the Interested members should contact Judy Faraday: Programme Development Committee. telephone 01727 841480 or 07976 568664 or email: [email protected]. The Programme Development Committee has met regularly since November to discuss ways in which it could carry the programme forward. Meetings have been held with some OUTINGS 2008 of those members who offered their services to give presentations, serve on Committees Tuesday 24 June and arrange visits. These meetings have Evening walk around the Tonman Ditch and St Albans' been extremely encouraging and have Medieval Defences revealed a depth of hidden talent amongst the membership. Are you a member still This walk which will last two hours will be led by Dr Peter Burley. hiding your light under a bushel? If so please To book your place and for meeting details please telephone Roy make yourself known. and Doreen Bratby (01727 858050). Numbers are limited to 25. Arising from these meetings, the Programme Tuesday 16th September Development Committee, on behalf of the Morning walk around Society, in addition to providing the traditional 1 monthly Friday lectures, is using members' This walk which will last 1 /2 hours will be led by Roy Craske who ideas and suggestions and planning to will have spoken to the Society on Tuesday 9 September. arrange additional lectures which will be held on the third Tuesday of each month, making To book your place and for meeting details please telephone in total three lectures per month. These will Roger Miles (01727 865735). be supplemented with a programme including Numbers are limited to 25. walks and visits during the year 2008-9. Tuesday 23rd September The Programme Development Committee has Day trip to Flag Fen and Peterborough Cathedral and Museum already planned, for this year, additional This outing will cost £20 and will be led by Gill Charles. activities (see right) to include walks around the Tonman Ditch and St Albans' Medieval To book your place and for meeting details please telephone Defences; around Redbourn; around the old Gill Charles (01727 840860) or write to her at 9 Tilsworth Walk, St historical hospital sites of Hill End and Cell Albans AL4 9JT. Cheques should be made payable to SAHAAS. Barns which surround St Albans. There will Saturday 11th October also be a visit to Ashwell and a day trip to Morning walk around Cell Barnes and Hill End Hospital Sites Flag Fen and Peterborough Cathedral and Museum. Plans are also under way for the This walk will be led by Maggie Davison. There will be an optional formation of a new 19th Century Research lunch at the Plough at Tyttenhanger Group (see right). This walk will be led by Maggie Davison I hope that the new activities listed here will appeal to all members and I shall look To book your place and for meeting details please telephone forward to your joining us. Maggie Davison (01727 840564). November (Date to be finalised) Visit to Jeffrey Museum and the Museum of Childhood

ChairmanRoy Bratby This visit will be led by Gillian Harvey. Details will appear in the August newsletter.

:4 : SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008 LIBRARY NOTES AND QUERIES

This is the first appearance of what we hope will be a regular column, trailed at excavation of burials from around the the Library's talk to the Society in March. It is intended to (1) provide news of time of the Roman conquest, with what the library can offer to Society members; and (2) help pick the brains of some mention of finds at Verulamium. Society members. Recently acquired books include: Objective 1 will be met by providing Please send replies via the A&A news of new library developments, website, www.stalbanshistory.org Wills at 1415-1858. Edited activities, and acquisitions. (go to the “How to contact us” link on by Beryl , with an introduction the left of the screen, and then click by Susan Flood. British Record Objective 2 needs more introduction. on “Enquiries”). Or by snail mail to Gill Society, 2007. We would like to help share the Harvey at 18A Gainsborough Avenue, The Roman theatre at Verulamium (St knowledge of Hertfordshire and St St Albans AL1 4NL. Albans history in the possession of Albans): a reconstruction. Anthony the Society's membership. The And to return to our first objective, W.G.Lowther. Marchand Press, no date. library team sometimes finds that the NOTES. printed record, or those parts of it to Street and placenames in . which we have access, is not able to The chief pre-occupation of the library team at present is to continue Alan W. Ball. Watford Borough answer enquiries which we receive. Council, 1973. We are also aware that A&A with the lengthy task of cataloguing members know much more than we books and pamphlets. We have yet An Edwardian village and its people. do, and might be able to throw light to tackle maps, drawings, and Cyril H Martin. Privately published, no on questions to which we have been miscellaneous papers and journal date. The village described and unable to find answers. Members' articles... illustrated is Park Street and knowledge might be represented in We receive several journals, and Frogmore. publications, photographs, drawings recent articles which might be of or other documents, but also in History of Watford, by W.R. interest to members include: personal knowledge and recollection. Saunders. Peacock, 1931. Articles It is this informal corporate resource Herts Past and Present no 10 reprinted from the West Herts and that we hope to tap into. In return, Autumn 2007, pp3-13: Mathew Lamb Watford Observer. members might like to use this of Brocket Hall, 1705-1768: his career . S.G.Thicknesse. column to ask questions themselves, as moneylender and agent to the Staples Press, 1946. for answer by other members, or by aristocracy. By Paul Barton. the library team, in the next or History of Watford and trade subsequent issues of the Newsletter. Herts Past and Present no 10 directory. Henry Williams. Pardon and It is also planned to put the queries Autumn 2007, pp 14-21: Is there a Sons,1884. and replies on the Society's website. Hertfordshire architecture?. By Mervyn Miller. (The answer is not Most of the books and journals in the Replies will enrich the library's straightforward.) library may be borrowed by A&A resources, on which we can draw members. when dealing with future enquiries, British Archaeology Jan-Feb 2008 pp and we hope will be of interest to the 44-47. Putting the iron into Iron Age, by Rachel Hall. An excavation has membership in general. The success THE LIBRARY TEAM or otherwise of this initiative will revealed the first substantial remains depend on your responses. of Britain's prehistoric smelting furnaces. Gill Harvey, 01727 853415 So, to address first, and anomalously, our second objective, QUERIES: British Archaeology Jan-Feb 2008, Anne Wares, 01727 860705 Pp14-17. Drapers Gardens, by Nigel a) Information is sought on the Hawkins, Gary Brown and Jon Butler. Donald Munro 01727 760808 Watson's Walk and Keyfield area Early insights into discoveries from Scott Chalmers 01727 844336 of St Albans, especially in the Roman London. 18th and 19th centuries. Tony Cooper 01727 865032 British Archaeology Jan-Feb 2008, b ) Similarly, information on the Pp26-27. From a field near Sleaford. They can also be contacted by history of the site in Sandpit Lane Illustrations of newly discovered well- email via the Society's website. on which St Saviour's church is preserved artefacts from a hitherto built. unknown Anglo-Saxon cemetery. The library is open on Wednesday and Friday mornings from 10 a.m. c) Does anyone know of a British Archaeology March-April 2008, to 12 noon in the former Judge's photograph of the old police pp28-33. Stanway: an elite cemetery Robing Room at the Old Town Hall. station which stood in Chequer at . By Philip Crummy Access is currently through the Street behind the old Town Hall? and colleagues. An account of an Tourist Information Office.

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SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008 CLOCK TOWER REPORT

The Clock Tower now boasts new, specially- past season are given a little 'thank you', in the designed admission tickets, designed by the form of a voucher from Marks & Spencers, and Museum and illustrating the clock tower. These this spring I had the pleasure of giving them to are like cheque books, with ticket-stubs to keep Mrs Frances Massey and Dr David & Mrs Jane account of daily visitor numbers. On the Kelsall. reverse, the tickets include a '2 for 1' offer on admission for non-residents to Verulamium Our remaining weekends this season are as Museum ( it is free to those living in St Albans). follows: So encourage visitors to keep their tickets Sat/Sun/Mon 24th/25th/26th May instead of throwing them away. Sat/Sun 7th/8th June Less welcome visitors are deathwatch beetles! Not on the ground floor - but higher up in the Sat/Sun 21st/22nd June tower, I understand, so there's no likelihood of your seeing them. Rather than using chemicals, *Sat/Sun 5th/6th July Museum staff are leaving traps, which have to Sat/Sun 19th/20th July be checked regularly to count the corpses! Because of this, we cannot have our usual Sat/Sun 2nd/3rd August weekly clean, so it would help if clockateers could empty the wastebin when necessary each *Sat/Sun 30th/31st August weekend. Sat 13th September Heritage Open Day SAHAAS and the Civic Society enjoy a Sunday will be covered by the Civic Society considerable income from the efforts of clockateers, which helps keep our subscription I still need to find Weekend Organisers for two of costs down. Each year, a large proportion of these weekends: 5th-6th July and 30th-31st the income from ticket sales is divided between August, marked * above, and would be delighted our two societies, in return for keeping it open to to hear from someone able to cover these dates. the public. As Clock Tower Treasurer, I was able With just seven of us (Weekend Organisers) to send cheques for £1,500 to both societies in covering a 14-weekend season - well I'll leave March. This is raised by just a small proportion you to do the maths . . . of the membership: approx. 60 Arc&Arc members help in the Clock Tower, out of a membership of over 500 … Should that inspire Jill Bennett you to join our exclusive 'clockateers club' - do Clock Tower Co-ordinator contact me, details below. Existing clockateers - why not encourage your friends to join? Tel/Fax: 01727 867685 29 Cornwall Rd, St Albans Those who did the most sessions during the E-mail: [email protected]

E-MAIL NEWS BROADCASTS FROM WWW.STALBANSHISTORY.ORG

Council would like to make more use of e-mail to ❏ There is no fixed schedule; notes are sent when there communicate with members rapidly - especially to is something to say. publicise news when the next printed Newsletter would be too late - but has not sent unsolicited messages because ❏ eMail addresses are not stored on any website and are some members might regard them as spam. e-Mail News not vulnerable to spam generators. Broadcasts were started in March 2007 to a list of people ❏ The recipient's address is in the ‘blind copy’ or Bcc: who have chosen to subscribe and Council would now like field of the email and cannot be seen by anyone else. to encourage as many members as possible to join this list. There have been 24 messages since March and I do ❏ The distribution list includes only those who wish to be not expect there to be a great increase in traffic. on it.

❏ The notes are ordinary emails with a serial number, If you would like to receive these broadcasts please go to and a Subject: field of the form ‘Arc & Arc eNews our website www.stalbanshistory.org, click on the link eMail No.xx: Title.’ News Broadcasts, and follow the instructions. ❏ There are no attachments; larger material will be put onto the website and a brief advice note broadcast. Brian Bending :6 :

SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008

VERULAMIUM HERITAGE PARK PROJECT

This is an ambitious project by St o Conservation of the extant and their relationship with the river, Albans Council. It arose initially after portions of the Roman town wall. the lakes and the . I also sent concerns expressed by the St Albans detailed comments on the o Creation of a `woodland walk' Environment over the water consultants' draft report on the along the Roman town ditch quality in the lakes and river in heritage aspects of the Park and between the London Gate and the Verulamium. In 2004 a report was emphasising the importance of all the Silchester Gate, a part of a new produced detailing a number of Park's historic and archaeological circular walk around the Park. options for their improvement and features. These comments were management. This was subsequently o Creation of a raised viewpoint accepted by the consultants and their expanded and the Heritage Lottery and interpretation area next to the final report amended. Fund awarded a Project Planning site of the Silchester Gate with a Grant enabling the appointment of new entrance into the Park from It is not envisaged that the proposed consultants charged with producing a the northwest end of King Harry works will have a substantial impact conservation management plan for Lane. on archaeological remains the whole park. A steering group to themselves. Nevertheless, any work o Creation of a new path along the act as an advisory body to the council carried out will be subject to line of the Roman street leading was set up including representatives archaeological watching briefs and if from the Silchester Gate to the from all the local interest groups and necessary limited evaluation Verulamium Museum. providing liaison with the wider excavation. Hopefully a community. I am the Society's o Provision of an open area in the comprehensive geophysical and representative. centre of the Park as a `stage' for topographical survey will be future public events and art undertaken which should provide In addition to improving the water installations interpreting the important new information on the quality in the lakes and river and Roman town. town. enhancing their appearance and ecological value, the Project aims to o Provision of interpretative panels An application for £2,000,000 was improve the play and sports facilities. next to the site of St Germain's submitted to the Heritage Lottery Equally important are the historic and chapel, the Roman town ditch, the Fund in March and the result is archaeological considerations and the Roman town wall, the Forum and expected to be announced in Project aims to improve and conserve and at the Park September; meanwhile I will continue these vital elements. Specific entrances. to attend the meetings of the steering group on behalf of the Society. `heritage' features of the plans are: o The appointment of an education o Enhancement of the London Gate officer. to help recreate the experience of On behalf of the society I have entering the Roman town along accompanied the council's TheRos park Niblett masterplan is too detailed Roman with views consultants and the English Heritage to reproduce here but you can view across the Park to the site of the Inspector of Ancient Monuments on a it and keep up to date with Forum around St Michael's tour around the Park, to discuss the developments at Church. archaeological and historic aspects www.verpark.stalbans.gov.uk

HERTFORDSHIRE ASSOCIATION FOR LOCAL HISTORY On Saturday 10th May, Dr. Hugh produced and copies should be his family and their farm stock and Prince's book on Parks of available at society meetings, in any came from west Wales to Hertfordshire since 1500 will be Hertfordshire library or at the Hertfordshire in the course of a single launched at the Spring meeting of the Society's Library. day by train. They drove the animals Hertfordshire Association of Local to a Welsh train and from North History [HALH] priced at £18.99. Next Autumn, on Saturday 1st Welwyn Railway Station later the What I didn't know until I asked the November, the 29th Symposium will same day. This I gleaned from last University of Hertfordshire Press this be in Barnet with the theme Care in year's Symposium at ! week was that members of HALH can the Community, to which I shall be Consider becoming a member of purchase this and any books in the contribute a short paper on Jim HALH as well as the Arch&Arch: you Hertfordshire Publications series with Forrester and the unemployed of won't regret it. a 25% discount. Individual members Brynmawr, South Wales. Further pay a modest £10 subscription to details will be published about July. belong to HALH and receive four Did you know that Mr Williams of newsletters a year, together with two John Cox Tewinbury Farm, Tewin, became a A&A representative on the HALH copies of Herts Past and Present. A tenant in 1931. He uprooted himself, Executive Committee new publicity leaflet has now been

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SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008

WESTMINSTER LODGE

Everyone in St Albans knows something about Westminster Lodge – it During the 1860s Henry Edwards is a very good leisure centre at the bottom of Holywell Hill, with facilities married a second wife, as his first had for drama, swimming, athletics, and sometimes skating. It has a good died, and the family moved to a carpark (used to be free) for visitors to the modern Lake and ancient smaller farm at Beech Hyde, Verulamium, and at Carnival time half the population seems to be there, Redbourn, but one still requiring enjoying the fun of the fair. But what about its history? seven paid hands. In 1863 Isaac Newton qualified as an attorney and After the Romans had left the area, deterred. (He may even have planned solicitor, and was operating as a the land on the west side of St it.) partner in the firm of Blagg and Stephens Hill did not get developed at Edwards. By 1865 he was married all until the latter part of the 19th Presumably the farm at and living in a big house in Hatfield century, and the first people to take was still profitable, but he found an Road, one of the very few houses an interest were the Edwards family. additional way of trying to make then in the whole of that road. They Henry Edwards was born in St Albans money. Together with his friend the soon acquired four children and four in 1803, presumably of farming stock, solicitor Thomas Blagg, who had servants. He was doing very well, because he became tenant of the fine been St Albans Town Clerk since and in 1867 Mr I N Edwards, as he Great Hansteads farm at Bricket 1835, they got into the electoral was known officially, became Borough Wood, with a 16th century farmhouse bribery business, taking large fees Treasurer, at a salary (part-time?) of which is still there and 287 acres of from parliamentary candidates or £20. land. He employed nine labourers, their sponsors, and handing out It was time for Isaac Newton to make and had an increasing family of sons hundreds of sovereigns to electors another move, and it appears that he to help with the farm. He also seems who agreed to vote for them. All this decided to build a new house on St to have had significant financial has been well reported elsewhere, Stephens Hill. About 8 acres of land resources, and was evidently keen to particularly in David Dean's recent were leased from the Gape family, make his money, as well as his sons, lecture to the Society. The practice and a large mansion appeared, in work profitably. was eventually stopped by the Bribery what might be called Victorian Tudor style. It had four reception rooms, a billiard room, a large hall, 13 bedrooms and two bathrooms. There was also an entrance lodge, with stables and a coach house, all of which still exist today. It was named Westminster Lodge, perhaps remembering the family's parliamentary exploits. Henry Edwards died in 1874, and it is not certain how far he was involved with the new house, but his son lived there for the rest of his time in St Albans.

When Blagg died in 1875, Edwards moved up to become Town Clerk in his place. The salary was £100, plus £30 for legal expenses. He was not Westminster Lodge. Photo by courtesy of David Dean averse to a bit of wheeler-dealing himself. For example, he just happened to be the owner of some In 1837 Holywell House had been Commission's investigation and the property at the top of Sweetbriar demolished, in order to allow the disenfranchisement of St Albans. Lane which obstructed the junction turnpike down Holywell Hill to be with Chequer Street. So when road straightened, and Henry Edwards During all this furore, Henry Edwards widening became essential in 1876, purchased the remainder of the had apparently decided that the as solicitor he had to transfer the Holywell estate. Perhaps he was fourth of his six sons, born in 1839, property from himself to the Town thinking of building himself a house whom he had curiously christened Clerk, for £700. there, but it did not happen, and Isaac Newton, would be more use as a solicitor than as a farmer. So he within a few years he sold the land on Apart from his professional work, was sent away to school at Christ's to Daniel Foster, who owned the Isaac had a great interest in dairy Hospital, and became an articled George Inn and much other local farming, and in improving the output property. In 1844 Edwards was clerk working for Thomas Blagg at his office in Chequer Street. declared bankrupt, but he was not Continued on the next page

:8 : SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008 of his large herd of pedigree was it possibly one of his have plans for a supermarket). Shorthorns, which won him awards parliamentary enemies who was and commendations from all over the behind this? By July he was Next, Westminster Lodge became the country. The cattle were kept in discharged from bankruptcy, with a headquarters of the Youth Hostel various St Albans farms, and some surplus of about £10,000, and he Association, who renamed it no doubt grazed at Westminster moved with his family to a farm Trevelyan House in memory of their Lodge. Also he in , where he founder President, Dr George demonstrated great skills died in 1900. Trevelyan, who was uncle of our in organising election member Sir Geoffrey Trevelyan. In campaigns for The next recorded 1963 62 new homes were built in the parliamentary occupant of the Lodge grounds, named Westminster candidates, having Lodge was Walter Court. Finally, since the YHA moved evidently learned Edward Martin, a to Matlock, there has been further from his father how London fur merchant development of private housing not to do it. From who was there by around the Lodge, in the area now 1868 he was election 1896, maybe earlier. known as Trevelyan Place. The agent for no less than He was a widower, Lodge itself has been divided into five 27 candidates in born in 1852, and he units. London, Hertfordshire lived there with his After the 1939-45 war, the area north and elsewhere, all of sister-in-law. Some of the Lodge remained unoccupied, whom won! time before the Great War, he disposed of his apart from the prefabs of the Army It seemed that he could do no coach house, which was Cadets, the Sea Scouts and later the wrong, but in 1888 Isaac Newton Edwards turned into a Air Training Corps. They usually gave he ran into a veterinary their address as the 'Abbey Camp'. cashflow problem, as did farming hospital, much as it is today. He Then in 1967, the City Council started generally. He had sold some client's became a JP,and died about 1939. to refer to this area as the property for £3,500, but was taken to 'Westminster Lodge Estate', even the High Court of Justice for failing to In 1940 the London printing firm of J though it did not include any part of hand the money over when Evershed & Co had been bombed out the Lodge as we have described it. demanded. In March 1888 he was of their works at Bow, and moved to The Abbey Theatre opened in 1968, struck off the Roll of Solicitors, so he St Albans to join up with the local firm and the Leisure Complex with its immediately resigned all his civic of Dangerfields. They acquired swimming pool in 1970, now all offices, and filed for bankruptcy. He Westminster Lodge for their head known as 'Westminster Lodge'. thus lost his home at Westminster office, and stayed there until new Lodge, his cattle and his livelihood - offices were built in 1955 on their works site off Inkerman Road (where Brian Moody MAYOR'S PRIZE FOR CONTRIBUTION TO HISTORY IN ST ALBANS AND HERTFORDSHIRE In keeping with the theme of her Council will establish an assessment mayoralty and to encourage panel which will draw on the continuing interest in local history, this membership and other academic year's Mayor, former President of contacts. SAHAAS, Councillor Kate Morris, has established a fund dedicated to an Speaking of the prize, Kate said: “We annual prize for an outstanding have such a rich history, but much is contribution to the history of St still to be researched. The Society's Albans and Hertfordshire. This Library is now much more accessible, initiative, and her contribution to the in the Judges' Robing Room at the old Town Hall, and it has much to fund, form her valedictory gift as St Albans District Council, Civic offer researchers. There is such Mayor to the city and corporation. Centre, St Peter's Street, St Albans, public interest in heritage and I should AL1 3JE. Enquiries about the prize The fund is to be administered by like to encourage good research so will be welcomed by the Secretary to SAHAAS, and Council is delighted to more can be published.” SAHAAS on: be able to encourage researchers in [email protected]. Further this way. Prize-winners will receive a Any member wishing to contribute to information is also available on the certificate, to be presented by the the fund to ensure that the prize Society's website Mayor, a sum of money and money is adequate to encourage www.stalbanshistory.org. assistance from the Society with researchers is invited to send publication of their submission. cheques payable to St Albans District Council to the Mayor's Office,

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SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008

TUESDAY LECTURES The first lecture after the Christmas closely built suburb, though Simons' Jacky gave an excellent lecture which break was given by Bob Redman of shop building is still there under a traced the long history of local paper- the Screen Heritage Group, new guise. The development of the making as well as telling us about the who spoke about Elstree: Britain's timber-framed shop through the years important activities relating to 20th Hollywood. His excellent lecture was explained, along with the century needs. traced the history of film-making, ingenious layout of the cellar for which started with Neptune Studios in storage and salting. The property had Our next lecturer was Caroline Rawle, 1914 and the ebb and flow over the five wells available for its needs. Curator with years of the various companies such Museum Service, who talked about as Rock, Gate and MGM studios. Richard's topic opened a unique the History of , window on 19th century life in a small now some 80 years old. Four of the biggest grossing films Hertfordshire village, and the story of were made at Elstree. The UK's first his tightly knit family and their role in WGC was the second garden city 'talkie' (Hitchcock's Blackmail in 1929) that life provided a most interesting project in Hertfordshire of Ebenezer was also made here and Bob listed and informative evening. Howard, just under 20 years after some of the stars of film and, later, . The garden movement TV who worked at the studio. By the SAHAAS Council member Professor aimed to provide a pleasant mid-1990s many original buildings Bill Martin addressed a large environment for Londoners, with good and much of the site had been sold audience in February on the country air, although the cost of off, but the remainder was saved by Geophysical Surveys around housing and moving did not enable Borough Council and new Hertfordshire, being carried out by the very poor to participate. Howard investment meant that, by 2000, film the Society's Archaeology Group. had to work hard to raise capital, production had recommenced. After an enlightening description of mainly from industrialists, and during non-destructive survey methods, he the funding campaign he frugally Bob is secretary of the Heritage concentrated on resistivity, using the entertained the Prime Minister, Group, which has education, apparatus he had constructed and Ramsey Macdonald, to lunch in an publication and festival projects and developed with the Group. The value ABC teashop! Louis de Soissons runs public tours which keep alive the of the technique, before any digging was appointed as the main architect, recognition of the studio's continuing takes place, was illustrated by an and his elegant Georgian style now contribution to the industrial history of excellent compilation of photos graces the town. The project had its Hertfordshire and the valuable historic overlaid with the physical data. The own brickworks, with a light railway to record which the films have provided results show how much work remains carry heavy materials. Industry came over some 80 years. to be done, time, manpower and in, including Murphy Radio, Shredded money permitting. Wheat, Norton Grinding, Cresta Silks The following lecturer was Professor and Barclays Bank, followed by the Richard Simons (secretary of Abbotts The following week Jacky Bennett of pharmaceutical firms. Langley History Society) who talked the Apsley Mill Heritage Trust outlined about An Abbotts Langley the History of Apsley Paper Caroline's lecture clearly covered a Butcher's Day Book of 1828. His Manufacturing, right up to the most interesting background to the family was in the butchery business in present day. Apsley Mill will always rise of Welwyn Garden City, a town the village for many generations and be remembered as the home of the so well known to most of us, and this rare daybook was discovered by large Dickinson Company, at its provided members with an informative chance on a wall behind a fixture. The height employing some 5000 people, and entertaining evening. earliest known Simons ancestor was the village growing up around the a horse collar maker c.1700. works which stretched almost to In March our first lecturer was Dr Watford. Started in 1809, Dickinsons Ralph Jackson, Curator of the The butchery business started in developed the first envelopes and Romano-British Collection of the 1820 when Robert Simons bought the produced paper for printing the first British Museum, who described the shop which continued until 1978. postage stamps. It closed in 1996. knowledge, methods and instruments Butchers did their own slaughtering in The site was ideal because of its of Roman Medicine. the19th century, cattle being driven to easy access to water, both for The art of medicine was inherited the shop and killed in the street or in manufacturing and for transport from the Greeks and developed by the yard behind. Meat was quite purposes. Small pockets of the the Romans. Treatments ranged from expensive but the Simons' business original works remain, and paper is the suspension upside down of flourished, patronised by the large still produced from recycled shredded patients suffering from a dislocated houses and estates which paper. There are other projects such hip to various operations, for example surrounded the village. as a research centre, education and on eye cataracts, kidney stones and business training. The Trust aims to Richard's excellent illustrations cranio-trepanning. The importance reinstate a working water mill and the showed Abbotts Langley village in and function of the pulse site will be open to the public by the deep countryside, and his maps end of May 2008. traced the relentless march to a Continued on the next page

: 10 : SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008 was understood and there were a Town Hall. They outlined the history special towers were built to provide a wide variety of drops, salves and of this facility, which appears to have point in the chain if there was no medicines used as cures before started in 1845 with various natural high ground in the area. The surgery was attempted. The range of donations, which were then kept in lecturer also referred to other systems needles, catheters, forceps and other the Courthouse. After World War 2 such as Morse code, and the instruments was illustrated and the library moved to the Hatfield Road heliograph, right up to the airport showed a high standard of design Museum, and then to the Brett Centre control towers of modern times, and craftsmanship. Petitions for the in Victoria Street, where it remained which ended a very comprehensive adoption of new instruments were until the 1970s, when the building coverage of the many ways constantly presented. was demolished. Its next home was communications have been made the store in Inkerman Road. For over the years. This excellent lecture, given by one of many years it was under the care and the leading authorities on Roman supervision of Joyce Wells, former The following week Rev Peter medicine, has added to our Society Librarian, so well known to us Wadsworth of St Saviour's presented understanding of Roman life. all. Joyce remains an ever-ready a lecture on The Peasants' Revolt. source of advice and knowledge on He described the tensions between In March, following the ALH Group local history as well as library the Crown, Parliament and the AGM, our speaker was Brian Adams matters. people, which kept flaring up during from the Museum of St Albans on most of the 14th century. Crises Ways to Annoy the Enemy during The Society is fortunate to have the caused by bad harvests, the Hundred the Napoleonic Wars. He described support of volunteer members (all Years War, the Black Death (which the role of St Albans' clock tower skilled librarians) who have done a halved the population) and the which, from 1805 to 1815, had a first-class job in setting up this very struggle against the feudal system shutter-type telegraph on its roof as smart library in such an accessible caused deep resentment. To restore part of the signal chain between the location. Work is, of course, ongoing depleted Crown coffers, three Admiralty in London and Yarmouth. on various projects, including successive poll taxes were imposed: There were some 11 signal points in cataloguing our holdings on computer the first was at 4d a head and the this chain. The clock tower roof also and sorting out books of no direct second in 1339 too complicated to housed a cabin into which were relevance to the Society. These can administer. The third, in 1380, crammed three men, two manning the then be offered for sale and valuable imposed a crushing 12d a head on telescopes and one working the funds have already been received, those up to 80 years of age - on a shutters conveying messages to the and will be particularly useful in the population of some 6,000. Much next signal point on repair work necessary for some of fraud resulted as people 'disappeared' Downs. Similar signal chains linked our very old books, to avoid paying. the Admiralty to Dover, Portsmouth and Plymouth. The evening provided members with Issues in St Albans were local and the opportunity to learn about this concerned with control by the Abbey. The St Albans clock tower is the valuable facility for researching local The people wanted release from the oldest remaining, and once had a history and the speakers were iron control of the abbot, particularly house and lean-to built on its front, congratulated for their support and control over mills: even family hand occupied by a shoemaker. In the hard work. mills were forbidden. In 1381 revolt tower's later years it was allowed to broke out and Hertfordshire men deteriorate and was only saved from On 1st April our speaker was Victor joined those of and other demolition by one vote; it was later Ludlow of the Signals Museum, RAF home counties, later those of Kent restored and is now rightly recognised Henlow, whose talk was entitled too, and marched on London. The as an important civic treasure. Flags, Feathers and Further failure of this uprising, with economic Communications. The history of problems still unresolved, possibly Brian's talk painted an interesting signalling goes back a long way and delayed the end of serfdom in the picture of early 19th century life in St Victor showed an illustration of the short term, but highlighted the great Albans during the Napoleonic Wars, Roman telegraph, with five staves need for change for the civil which stretched over 20 years of mounted on a wooden stand. population. intermittent conflict, and his account Pigeons were a well-used method provided a very entertaining evening. until modern times, and flags and Rev Wadsworth presented this huge semaphore systems were used by the subject splendidly, and with great On 18th March our Society Library railways and the navy. In the early clarity, providing an outstanding Team – Scott Chalmers, Tony Cooper, 19th century, during the Napoleonic evening. Gill Harvey, Donald Munro, and Ann Wars, the telegraph with shutter Wares – gave a presentation on The system was mounted on high points Library, which has now opened to (including St Albans' clock tower as members in its new home in the Old described in a previous lecture) and Berry Ewens Judges' Robing Room in the Old

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FRIDAY LECTURES

On Friday 28th March George Ireland them to indulge in their passion for landscape consisted mostly of this presented to the Society a description hunting. A luxurious lifestyle, however, Ancient type. of the early years of the Rothschild was not without its disadvantages, as family in Britain under the enigmatic both brothers suffered from gout. A This discussion led into his second title From Family Gold to Family further manifestation of their success topic, the contentious issue of why Gout; Plutocrats, a Rothschild was their political power, with Mayer these different landscapes Inheritance. The rise of the family in elected to Parliament, part of the first predominated in select parts of the the early nineteenth century was wave of Jewish MPs. country. The answer, he maintained, spectacular. Coming to in lies in the soil! The type of farming in 1798 with little English and only a For those wanting to research further a particular area is dictated by the small set of business contacts in the into the family, George gave a brief soil type. For example, the large textile trade must have been daunting overview of the holdings at the 'commons' of Hertfordshire are in but within 25 years Nathan Meyer substantial Rothschild Archive in river valleys with little alluvium, a soil Rothschild had secured a leading London type that does not produce good hay position in the growing bullion trade. (http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ta/). meadows. These commons met the By this time, his reputation was such This well-presented and illustrated communal need for meadowland. that the Bank of England came to rely talk provided an excellent overview of In his third topic, while discussing the on his abilities to shore up the the importance of this family in the process for dating the landscape, he country's finances particularly during growth of London as a financial debunked the theory that the age of a the banking crisis of the 1820s. centre in the nineteenth century. hedge could be gauged by the variety The continued strength of the On Friday 25th April, Hertfordshire- of tree species that formed its core. business was supported by the family born Dr Tom Williamson lectured on Lastly, Dr Williamson addressed some network across Europe, a feature that the subject of How Old is the recent research into the landscape of was maintained throughout the Landscape? In a jam-packed Wormley near Hertford that may nineteenth century through session lasting 60 minutes he indicate that the 'co-axial' landscape intermarriage between the branches. covered four main topics. Firstly, he (i.e. a field system that runs at right- The family's success continued with defined the two main landscape angles to the topography) there (and the next generation to run the types: 'Champion' (i.e. landscape at other several other places in the business in the shape of his sons containing mostly nucleated county) may be Iron Age in origin. Nathanial and Meyer. settlements and open fields, resistant to the enclosure process until the This was a lively and fast-paced By now their wealth was on display in advent of Parliamentary enclosure presentation, enhanced by many the purchase of estates at Aston movement of the 18th and 19th excellent slides. Clinton near and the centuries) and 'Ancient' (i.e. generally development of the Mentmore estate enclosed field systems with dispersed in Buckinghamshire which allowed settlements). The Hertfordshire Jon Mein ALH AGM At the AGM held on 11th March the Thanks go to Gerard McSweeney, our lecture, on the second Tuesday of the Chairman reported that the group's Group secretary, for his hard work in month, averaging nine per season. lectures attracted an average identifying and booking speakers and This decision was made with attendance of 60 people; we were liaising with the school and lecturers; reluctance, but will make the task delighted to see many new members, to the Committee for their valuable much less worrying and less onerous which bodes well for the future. support; and to Norman Oldknow for for all concerned. his unfailing work quietly carried out Tuesday lectures again provided a each evening; and, of course to Jean Taylor, who is standing down wide variety of subjects within the Society members for their steadfast from the Committee, was thanked for constraints of the Group's terms of support, whatever the weather. her support over the years. Robin reference. The early beginnings of Green kindly offered his services and the garden city movement were An announcement was made was proposed by Bob Gordon and explored. A talk on the slave trade concerning the next season of seconded by Jean Gourvenac. The was included and again industrial Tuesday lectures, 2008-9. Successive remaining members of the existing history was added to the range. secretaries and committees have committee agreed to stand again, Several speakers have expressed found it quite a struggle to compile proposed by Mike North and pleasure at our large, attentive and some 22-24 lectures a season, year seconded by Margaret Taylor. well informed audience and the after year. The ALH Group has friendly atmosphere. therefore decided that their coming lecture season will consist of one Betty Ewens

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SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008 S OCIETY L ECTURES 2008 Tuesday 20th May 2008 battle, look at the political background that led to the outbreak of Beneath City Streets: hostilities, briefly cover the layout of 15th Century St Albans and London's Unseen History investigate what landmarks associated with the battle can still be seen today. Peter Lawrence Harvey Watson is a senior Project Manager with the Ministry of Friday 30th May 2008 Defence where he has worked for over thirty years. Although The First Battle of St Albans 1455 usually based in Whitehall, his job often involves extensive travelling abroad. He has had a lifetime interest in military history Harvey Watson and in his spare time is a keen supporter of the Battlefields On 22nd May 1455 the streets of St Albans became the site of a Trust. The Battlefields Trust is a charity dedicated to the violent and bloody conflict. The First Battle of St Albans marked preservation, interpretation and presentation of Battlefield sites the start of that confused and turbulent period known as The as an educational and heritage resource. The Trust has also (1455-1487), the longest period of civil strife been closely involved in the development of Battlefield in English history. The talk will cover the dramatic events of the archaeology.

Tuesday meetings are held at St Albans School and start at 8.00 p.m. Friday meetings are at the College of Law, Hatfield Road, and start at 7.45 p.m. They are open to all members of the Society. Non-members may attend two meetings as guests.

WHAT’SON? RIVER VER: CAN

Hertfordshire Association trowel! YOU HELP? for Local History Jacqui Banfield-Taylor's father, local If you are interested in learning more, author Ted Banfield, was writing a The HALH annual garden party will please contact Bryan Hanlon (01727- book on the River Ver, when he died this year be held in on 13th 851734) or visit suddenly in 2004 aged just 68. July. The afternoon will begin at www.coppedhalltrust.org.uk. Before he died, he made her promise 2.00pm at Bushey Museum where that she would finish the book he was members will have an opportunity to Birkbeck College summer programme working on as it was a subject very see the collection. Members will close to his heart. Jacqui is now able move on to Reveley Lodge at 3.00pm. If you would like details of their part- to start to dedicate the time and (Built in 1842, the house was left to time courses, five day practical attention to completing his work. the safe keeping of the Bushey courses and study days or Museum trust by its owner, Eila archaeological walks around London, Although he had written a rough copy Chewett, widow of Albert Ranney then please contact Bryan Hanlon of the book and had many of his own Chewett.) Tea will be served in the (01727-851734) or visit photos, postcards, cuttings etc, there garden at 4.15pm. www.bbk.ac.uk/ce/archaeology/ are still many gaps that need to be filled and updated. She would be Applications for tickets should be sent Time Team / World Monuments interested in personal photos and to Friends of Bushey Museum, Fund memories of the Ver and its Bushey Museum, Rudolph Road, surroundings, mills and watercress Bushey, WD23 3HW with a cheque Tony Robinson will be giving a lecture beds etc. for £5 person, enclosing a stamped on the subject of Fifteen Years of addressed envelope for your ticket Time Team in St. George's Church, If anyone has photos, information or and a location map. Bloomsbury, on 6th June at 7.00 pm. memories that they would like to The meeting will also include an share for use in the book please Archaeological Field School annual review of the World contact her at The Copped Hall Trust Archaeological Monuments Fund's global projects. [email protected] Project (near Epping in Essex) is Refreshments and wine will be served or via Bryan Hanlon. running a Field School for two weeks on the portico and this gives all (11-15th Aug. and 18-22nd Aug) for attending an opportunity to see the anyone who has already learned the restored interior of this Hawksmoor basic techniques of archaeological masterpiece. excavation, and wishes to continue Tickets are £20, £25 and £30 - please under the guidance of professional call 0207 7305344, or visit archaeologists. The CHTAP is www.wmf.org.uk. continuing its investigation of the Tudor/ re-Tudor building on this site that was demolished in the mid 18th century. Lunch and tea/coffee will be served - but take your own digging

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SAHAAS Newsletter No. 168 May 2008

CURRENT SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS

Please contact me if you would like copies from our list at special prices for members of SAHAAS. Copies of books are usually available at Society events. If you are out of town I can quote you the cost of delivering copies.

Clare91 Sandpit Ellis Lane, St Albans AL1 4BJ. Tel 01727 856250 [email protected]

The Street Memorials of The Story of the St Albans Abbey Parish Abbey School Alice Goodman, 1987 Alice Goodman, 1991

Describes St Albans during the History of the National School 1914-18 War, and the unique founded by the Abbey Parish in street memorials erected to the 1848. fallen. £4

Education by Election, £4 Reed's School, Clapton and Watford St Albans 1553 Norman Alvey, 1990 by David Dean, Pat Howe, Betty Masters & Kate Morris, 2003 Orphans were selected for admission by votes from Celebrates the granting of a subscribers to a charity between Charter to St Albans by the boy 1813 and 1940. king Edward VI in 1553, and explains its importance in providing the foundations for our £4 local government, establishing the Mayoralty and authorising the The Light of Other Days town's markets. Brian Moody, 1995 £4 A short history of the Society's first 150 years. AVAILABLE AT WATERSTONE’S,ST ALBANS St Albans 1650-1700, a thoroughfare town £1 and its people Ed. J T Smith & M A North, 2003

The result of twelve years of work by the Society's A History in All Men's Research Group, with ten authors. Lives Those who contributed to the book may be interested and encouraged to know that a visit to Google Book Search Ed. Brian Moody, 1999 reveals that 49 libraries in the USA, including the most Papers on notable past members prestigious, have acquired copies (as well as one in of the Society and events from Australia). Complete figures for the UK are not available. the first 150 years. Authors F Kilvington, R Busby, J Brodrick, B Moody, D Aubrey and J T Smith. Gerard McSweeney £2

The SAHAAS Newsletter welcomes your comments, ideas or contributions, which may be edited; please send to [email protected] or to 9 Samian Gate, St Albans, Herts AL3 4JW 01727 868765

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