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Drilling Waste Management and Control the Effects ed Chem nc i a ca Sharif et al., J Adv Chem Eng 2017, 7:1 v l d E A n f g DOI: 10.4172/2090-4568.1000166 o i n l e Journal of Advanced a e n r r i n u g o J ISSN: 2090-4568 Chemical Engineering Research Article Open Access Drilling Waste Management and Control the Effects Ahammad Sharif MD*, Nagalakshmi NVR, Srigowri Reddy S, Vasanth G and Uma Sankar K Department of Petroleum Engineering, GIET College of Engineering, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract Petroleum is among the world’s most important natural resources. The production of petroleum involves the generation of drilling waste which forms a major source of pollution in oil producing environment. Almost every process in the finding and production of petroleum generates many types of wastes which impacts the environment negatively such as the generation and disposal of cuttings and excess drilling fluids. These materials are discharged overboard in offshore operations or buried when drilling in land-based locations. As an effort to manage and reduce the impact of drilling waste on the environment there have been a number of techniques. Technologies such as directional drilling, slim-hole drilling, coil-tubing drilling and pneumatic drilling are few of the drilling practices that generates less amount of drilling waste. In this we discuss the environmentally responsible actions that require an understanding of the types of wastes and how they are generated and also a number of drilling waste managing technologies of minimising and eliminating the effect of drilling waste on environment. Keywords: Drilling waste management; Environment; Exploration injection, ingestion, or inhalation. Similarly, a lethal concentration that and producing kills 50% of the animals within a given period of time is called as LC50 whiles the lowest lethal concentration for the same period of time is Introduction called LCLO. Drilling waste Concentration is the toxicity measure most commonly used for All activities related to Oil & Gas Exploration, Production, Storage and Transportation involve waste generation associated to potential risk Possible environmentally Type of Waste Main components to environment. Waste types are related to Exploration and Producing significant constituents (E&P) activities. These activities are: Drilling operations, Production Waste lubricants Lube oil, grease Heavy metals, organics operations, Completion operations, Work-over operations, Gas plant Mineral oil, detergents, Spacers Hydrocarbon, alcohol, aromatic operations. surfactants Spent/ Types of wastes contaminated Heavy metals, inorganic salts, Whole mud, mineral oil, water based biocides, hydrocarbons, solids/ biodegradable matters During drilling operations, drilling fluid or mud is pumped down muds (include cutting, BOD, organics the drill string to lift drill cuttings to the surface. The drilling fluid brine) Heavy metals, inorganic salts, together with the suspended drill cuttings and some heavy metals Water based Formation solids, water biocides, hydrocarbons, are carried through the annulus to the surface where the cuttings are muds and cutting based muds mineral oil solid/cutting separated from the fluid and the fluid is re-injected to lift more cuttings. Spent/ Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, The solid cuttings are then either treated and disposed of grinded into contaminated oil Whole mud mineral oil inorganic salts, solids, BOD, slurries and injected or kept in a waste pit for further treatment and based muds organics, surfactants disposal (Tables 1 and 2). Oil based muds Formation solids, oil Heavy metals, inorganic salts, cuttings based muds hydrocarbons, solid/cutting Toxicity of drilling waste Cement, Bentonite, barites, viscosities, Spent bulk Heavy metals, hydrocarbon, The toxicity of a substance is a measure of how it reduces the life thinners, fluid loss chemical organics, solids and health of living organisms following exposure to the substance. In reducers, speciality most cases, the effect of the substance on human life and health is of product Zinc carbonates, iron oxides, primary importance. Toxicities are determined through bioassays by Spent special H2S scavengers, hydrocarbons, silicon oils, potassium products defoamers, tracers exposing laboratory animals to different amounts of the substance in salts, radioactive material question (Res, 1993). The resulting effects on the health of the animals Table 1: Types of Waste. are observed. For oil and gas industries wastes, common test species used for marine waters are the mysid shrimp and sheepshead minnow, while fathead minnow and daphnid shrimp are used for fresh waters. *Corresponding author: Ahammad Sharif MD, Department of Petroleum Two types of toxicity measurements are commonly used: dose Engineering, GIET College of Engineering, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India, Tel: +919603056177; E-mail: [email protected] and concentration. The dose is the concentration of a substance that has been absorbed into the sample tissue of the test species, while the Received March 23, 2017; Accepted April 05, 2017; Published April 07, 2017 concentration is measure of the concentration of a substance in the Citation: Sharif MDA, Nagalakshmi NVR, Reddy SS, Vasanth G, Uma Sankar K environment that the species lives in. Toxicity measurements using (2017) Drilling Waste Management and Control the Effects. J Adv Chem Eng 7: 166. doi: 10.4172/2090-4568.1000166 concentration also include a time interval of exposure. A dose that is lethal to 50% of the animals is called LD50, whiles the dose resulting Copyright: © 2017 Sharif MDA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits in the first death is called LDLO. The dose levels required for any unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the particular effect also depend on how the animals are exposed - by original author and source are credited. J Adv Chem Eng, an open access journal ISSN: 2090-4568 Volume 7 • Issue 1 • 1000166 Citation: Sharif MDA, Nagalakshmi NVR, Reddy SS, Vasanth G, Uma Sankar K (2017) Drilling Waste Management and Control the Effects. J Adv Chem Eng 7: 166. doi: 10.4172/2090-4568.1000166 Page 2 of 9 materials associated with the oil and gas industries. If a material is Environmental issues based on location highly toxic, then only a small concentration will be lethal and the The process of drilling oil and gas wells generates large volumes numerical values of the lethal doses and concentrations - LD50 and of drill cuttings and used muds. Onshore and offshore operators have LDLO, would be low. Conversely, a high value of these parameters employed a variety of methods for managing these drilling wastes. In indicates low toxicity. LC50 values on the order of 10 are normally offshore, options are limited to cuttings reinjection, offshore discharge considered highly toxic. and transportation to onshore disposal facility. This is as a result of the limited space and stringent environmental regulations governing an Impacts of drilling waste on the environment offshore drilling operation. As a result some offshore wastes have to be Many of the materials and wastes associated with drilling activities transported to an onshore facility for treatment and disposal. Onshore have the potential to impact on the environment negatively. The potential operations however, have a wider waste management options. The impact depends primarily on the material, its concentration after selection of a disposal method for a particular location depends on other factors which must be evaluated extensively before implementation. release of the biotic community that is exposed. Some environmental The main aim should be towards ensuring an environmentally safe risks may be significant whiles others are very low. The major impacts waste disposal approaches (Figure 1). of great concerns are pollution of water bodies, pollution of land, as well as air pollution. Improper disposal of contaminated drill cuttings In drilling operations, drilling mud is pumped down the drill into water bodies (ocean) exposes marine life to danger. Excessive string and ejected through the nozzles in the drill bit at high velocity and pressure to lift cuttings to the surface. At the surface, solids control release of air pollutants from internal combustion engines makes the air equipment is used to remove the unwanted solids from the drilling fluid unsafe for both humans and animals and some of their effects includes to provide the maximum practical recovery of drilling fluid for re-use. respiratory difficulties in humans and animals, damage to vegetation The recovered drilling fluid is re-circulated down the drill string to lift and soil acidification. Release of hydrogen sulphide, of course, can be more cuttings and the cycle continues. The remaining solid component fatal to those exposed (Table 3). which forms the waste stream is then subjected to one of these disposal methods: Offshore Discharge, hauling to Onshore Facility or reinjection Element Water Cutting Barite Clay Lignite Caustic into the formation. Managing waste in an offshore operation is usually Aluminum 0.3 40,400 40,400 88,600 6,700 0.013 more challenging and costly than on onshore operation. This is due to the stringent environmental regulations governing offshore drilling Arsenic 0.0005 3.9 34 3.9 10.1 0.039 operations as well as limited space available for operation (Figure 2). Barium 0.1 158 590,000 640 640 0.26 Calcium 15 240,000 7,900 4,700 16,100 5,400 Solids control equipment Cadium 0.0001 0.08 6 0.5 0.2 0.0013 The solids control system forms the first waste management Chromium 0.001 183 183 8.02 65.3 0.00066 practice in any drilling operation. It removes drill cuttings from the drilling mud at the surface just before the mud re-enters the mud-pit for Cobalt 0.0002 2.9 3.8 2.9 5 0.00053 recirculation. Apart from drill cuttings, the solids control equipment Copper 0.003 22 49 8.18 22.9 0.039 also removes some gases and other contaminants in the mud before they Iron 0.5 21,900 21,950 37,500 7,220 0.04 are re-circulated.
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